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A study on internal bond strength detection model based on vibration mechanics 基于振动力学的内部粘接强度检测模型研究
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01570-1
Zhaojun Xu, Yuxuan Wang, Jing Zhang, Nanfeng Zhu, Xinzhou Wang

This study proposed a linear model between internal bond strength and compressive elastic modulus based on Griffith’s fracture theory. The local compressive elastic modulus was determined by non-destructively detecting the inherent frequency of material vibration using a method based on rod longitudinal vibration theory. In the experiment, the inherent vibration frequencies of 10 types of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were measured through excitation and vibration of piezoelectric ceramics based on longitudinal wave vibration theory. Then, the compressive elastic modulus of each board was calculated. The calculated compressive elastic modulus of MDF and the measured internal bond strength values were fitted into a linear regression model. A high linear correlation between them (r2 = 0.972) was found, having a mean square error of (2.6times {10}^{-5}). In addition, the average error between the model prediction value and the measured value was 0.014 MPa, having an average relative error of 1.49%. The maximum error was 0.044 MPa with a maximum relative error of 5.06%, indicating that the developed model was highly consistent with reality and had very small deviations. The results indicated that this proposed method can be used to accurately estimate the internal bond strength by non-destructively detecting the compressive elastic modulus of MDF.

本研究基于格里菲斯断裂理论,提出了内部结合强度与压缩弹性模量之间的线性模型。利用基于杆纵向振动理论的方法,通过无损检测材料振动的固有频率来确定局部压缩弹性模量。在实验中,根据纵波振动理论,通过激励和振动压电陶瓷,测量了 10 种中密度纤维板(MDF)的固有振动频率。然后,计算了每种板材的压缩弹性模量。将计算得出的中密度纤维板压缩弹性模量和测得的内部粘接强度值拟合成线性回归模型。结果发现它们之间具有很高的线性相关性(r2 = 0.972),平均平方误差为(2.6÷times {10}^{-5})。此外,模型预测值与测量值之间的平均误差为 0.014 MPa,平均相对误差为 1.49%。最大误差为 0.044 MPa,最大相对误差为 5.06%,表明所建立的模型与实际情况高度一致,偏差很小。结果表明,所提出的方法可以通过无损检测中密度纤维板的压缩弹性模量来准确估算内部粘接强度。
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引用次数: 0
A lattice model with a progressive damage applied to fracture problems of wood 应用于木材断裂问题的渐进损伤晶格模型
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01589-4
M. Braun, J. Aranda-Ruiz, G. Sal-Anglada, M. P. Ariza

In this study, we have implemented the first lattice model that incorporates progressive material damage, taking into account ductile failure under compression and brittle failure under tension. The model also considers fracture energy within the constitutive model by incorporating progressive material degradation, where damage variables depend on the fracture energy of the material. In addition, the lattice fracture criterion includes a typical failure criterion for wood and assumes a coefficient of variation in elastic constants and strengths to account for the heterogeneity of wood. The lattice model relies on axial springs, with their mechanical properties explicitly calculated based on the wood’s macroscopic mechanical properties. The model’s capability is evidenced by simulating two fracture tests and comparing the results with previously presented numerical and experimental data. The observed results align well with experimental observations.

在本研究中,我们实施了首个包含渐进式材料损伤的晶格模型,考虑到了压缩下的韧性破坏和拉伸下的脆性破坏。该模型还考虑了构成模型中的断裂能,纳入了渐进式材料退化,其中的损伤变量取决于材料的断裂能。此外,晶格断裂准则包括木材的典型断裂准则,并假设弹性常数和强度的变化系数,以考虑木材的异质性。晶格模型依赖于轴向弹簧,其机械性能是根据木材的宏观机械性能明确计算出来的。通过模拟两次断裂试验,并将结果与之前提供的数值和实验数据进行比较,证明了该模型的能力。观察到的结果与实验观察结果非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Electro-depolymerization of Kraft lignin with deep eutectic solvents 用深共晶溶剂电解牛皮纸木质素
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01582-x
Esra Ceylan, Berrin Gürler-Akyüz, Rıfat Kurt, Ayhan Gencer, Mehmet Akyüz, Ayben Kilic-Pekgözlü

The paper production industry annually produces approximately 50 million tons of lignin, an intermediate product. While lignin has the potential for producing valuable chemicals and energy materials, an effective method for its conversion is yet to be developed. This study aims to establish a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for electrochemically synthesizing valuable compounds from lignin with using natural deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes. The study used cyclic voltammetry (CV) for the electrochemical depolymerization of Kraft lignin, examining the effects of different scan numbers on depolymerization and the resulting lignin derivatives. Observed changes in the depolymerization peak current of lignin were reported as the number of scans increased. Choline chloride: Lactic acid (CC:LA), Choline chloride: Ethylene glycol (CC:EG), and Lactic acid:1,2-propanediol (LA:PR) were used as green electrolytes. Syringaldehyde was found to be the major compound obtained by this method. As a result of statistical analysis performed using The Grey Relations Analysis method, it was determined that the conditions that utilized Kraft lignin with the highest added value involved performing five cycles of CV scans with the CC:LA electrolyte. CV scans in DES environments increased the yield of lignin-derived phenolic compounds.

造纸业每年生产约 5000 万吨木质素(一种中间产品)。虽然木质素具有生产有价值化学品和能源材料的潜力,但目前尚未开发出有效的木质素转化方法。本研究旨在利用天然深共晶溶剂作为电解质,建立一种从木质素中电化学合成有价值化合物的可持续且环保的方法。研究采用循环伏安法(CV)对牛皮纸木质素进行电化学解聚,考察了不同扫描数对解聚和所产生的木质素衍生物的影响。随着扫描次数的增加,木质素的解聚峰电流也发生了变化。氯化胆碱乳酸 (CC:LA)、氯化胆碱乙二醇(CC:EG)和乳酸:1,2-丙二醇(LA:PR)用作绿色电解质。发现丁香醛是该方法获得的主要化合物。使用灰色关系分析法进行统计分析的结果表明,利用牛皮纸木质素附加值最高的条件是使用 CC:LA 电解质进行五个循环的 CV 扫描。在 DES 环境中进行 CV 扫描可提高木质素衍生酚类化合物的产量。
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引用次数: 0
A novel process for improving the pore structure and electrochemical performance of wood-derived carbon/MnO composites 改善木质碳/氧化锰复合材料孔隙结构和电化学性能的新工艺
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01585-8
Jing Liu, Lin Lin, Jian Zhang, Hongda Zeng, Junyou Shi

Water has different forms of existence in wood (free water and bound water), which can generate different effects on the microstructure of wood. Compared to other methods, the freeze-thawing method is equipped with simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost features. In this paper, the permeability of wood with different ratios of free water to bound water (water content), as well as the pore structure characteristics and electrochemical properties after carbonization, were investigated by the freeze–thaw method. The results show that dry samples of poplar chips with a moisture content of 15–17% after KMnO4 and freeze–thaw cycle treatment and carbonization (PC@15%-MnO) have a specific surface area of 936.94 m2/g. The areal specific capacitance is 4784 mF/cm2 at a current density of 12 mA/cm2, which is 3.3 and 22 times higher than those of wood-derived carbon without freeze–thaw treatment, respectively. Additionally, PC@15%-MnO maintains 80% of its specific capacitance after 2000 testing cycles, indicating that the freeze–thaw method effectively enhances the permeability, pore structure, and electrochemical properties of wood-derived carbon materials. This strategy offers new avenues for the research and application of wood in electrode materials.

水在木材中的存在形式不同(自由水和结合水),会对木材的微观结构产生不同的影响。与其他方法相比,冻融法具有简单、环保、成本低等特点。本文采用冻融法研究了不同自由水与结合水比例(含水率)的木材的渗透性以及碳化后的孔隙结构特征和电化学性能。结果表明,含水率为 15-17%的杨木屑干样品在经过 KMnO4 和冻融循环处理并碳化后(PC@15%-MnO),其比表面积为 936.94 m2/g。在 12 mA/cm2 的电流密度下,其面积比电容为 4784 mF/cm2,分别是未经冻融处理的木质衍生碳的 3.3 倍和 22 倍。此外,PC@15%-MnO 在经过 2000 次测试循环后仍能保持 80% 的比电容,这表明冻融法能有效提高木质碳材料的渗透性、孔隙结构和电化学性能。这一策略为木材在电极材料中的研究和应用提供了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Three-dimensional visualization of the conducting tissue in a bamboo culm base 竹秆基部导电组织的三维可视化
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01579-6
Shan Li, Chenjun Liu, Yangao Wang, Lili Shang, Xing’e Liu, Siyuan Wang, Shumin Yang

Bamboo is one of the most rapidly growing plants with a highly sophisticated root and rhizome system in its culm base, where conducting tissue plays a key role in water and nutrient absorption and transportation. However, our knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the conducting tissue is incomplete due to the opacity of the bamboo. In this paper, the spatial relationships of the conducting tissues among the main stem, root and rhizome of the culm base are explored. The culm base of a Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda was used for the analysis and high-resolution X-ray microtomography (μCT) was employed. A deep learning algorithm was used to segment the conducting tissue from the culm base. 3D model reconstruction and semi-quantitative characterization of the conducting tissue were realized. It was found that the anatomical characteristics among the main stem, root and rhizome are different, but the conducting tissues in these structures are interconnected in different ways. The transverse conducting tissue mainly originated from the rhizome rather than the root, and its thickness gradually decreased from the bottom of culm base to its top, contrary to the structure of the axial conducting tissue. The results indicate that μCT combined with deep learning segmentation effectively visualizes complex conducting tissue structures, volume filtering enhances detailed observation of network structures within conducting tissues, which provides new insights into the bamboo’s culm base structure and evidence of the sophisticated and interconnected fluid motion pathways among the different tissues of the culm base.

竹子是生长最迅速的植物之一,在其茎秆基部有非常复杂的根和根茎系统,其中导电组织在水分和养分的吸收和运输中起着关键作用。然而,由于竹子的不透明性,我们对导电组织三维结构的了解并不全面。本文探讨了秆基部主茎、根和根茎之间导电组织的空间关系。分析采用了高分辨率 X 射线显微层析成像(μCT)技术,并利用深度学习算法对竹子秆基部的导电组织进行了划分。利用深度学习算法对茎秆基部的导电组织进行分割。实现了导电组织的三维模型重建和半定量表征。研究发现,主茎、根和根茎的解剖特征不同,但这些结构中的导电组织以不同的方式相互连接。横向导电组织主要来源于根茎而非根部,其厚度从茎秆基部底部到顶部逐渐减小,这与轴向导电组织的结构相反。结果表明,μCT结合深度学习分割技术可有效地将复杂的导电组织结构可视化,体积过滤技术可增强对导电组织内部网络结构的详细观察,从而为了解竹子秆基部结构提供了新的视角,并证明了秆基部不同组织之间复杂而相互关联的流体运动路径。
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引用次数: 0
Walnut wood steaming: chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the condensate to assess the potential application 核桃木蒸煮:冷凝物的化学成分和抗氧化活性,以评估其潜在用途
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01584-9
Goran Milić, Milica Rančić, Nebojša Todorović, Nemanja Živanović, Dejan Orčić, Nataša Simin

Steaming of green timber, a common industrial process for various hardwood species, significantly influences wood properties, including coloration and drying characteristics. However, the environmental implications of substantial volumes of condensate generated during wood steaming underscore the urgency for its sustainable management. This study explores the chemical composition of the condensate obtained during the 90-hour indirect steaming of walnut timber (WTSC), aiming to identify potential applications for this wastewater while addressing environmental risks. Chemical characterization of WTSC included qualitative LC-MS/MS analysis, determination of the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the content of selected phenolics. WTSC exhibited high TPC (188 mg gallic acid equivalents per L) and TFC (9.74 mg quercetin equivalents per L) values. Additionally, WTSC showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 (DPPH) = 61.4 µg/mL and 103 µg ascorbic acid equivalents per mL in FRAP assay). Specific phenolic compounds detected in the WTSC distinguish it from other wood industry effluents and are a consequence of the unique characteristics of walnut wood and conditions during steaming process. A variety of acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, cinnamic, cinnamic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, vanillic) and flavonoids (apigenin, genistein, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, vitexin, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, catechin, epicatechin, and quercitrin) were identified and quantified. The condensate exhibited higher TPC value and antioxidant activity than other wood industry effluents, positioning it as a promising natural antioxidant with potential applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. However, our short-term goal is to explore the potential use of WTSC as received – without isolating individual compounds – in studies focused on plant protection, textile dyeing, and wood-based panel production.

对各种硬木树种的生材进行蒸煮是一种常见的工业工艺,它能显著影响木材的特性,包括色泽和干燥特性。然而,木材蒸煮过程中产生的大量冷凝液会对环境造成影响,因此迫切需要对其进行可持续管理。本研究探讨了核桃木材 90 小时间接蒸煮过程中产生的冷凝液 (WTSC) 的化学成分,旨在确定这种废水的潜在用途,同时应对环境风险。WTSC 的化学特征包括定性 LC-MS/MS 分析、总酚含量 (TPC)、总黄酮含量 (TFC) 和特定酚类物质含量的测定。WTSC 表现出较高的 TPC(188 毫克没食子酸当量/升)和 TFC(9.74 毫克槲皮素当量/升)值。此外,WTSC 还显示出显著的抗氧化活性(IC50 (DPPH) = 61.4 µg/mL 和 FRAP 分析法中的每毫升 103 µg 抗坏血酸当量)。在 WTSC 中检测到的特定酚类化合物使其有别于其他木材工业废水,这是核桃木材的独特特性和蒸煮过程中的条件造成的。对黄酮类化合物(芹菜素、染料木素、柚皮苷、木犀草素、山柰醇、金丝桃醇、异鼠李素、芹菜素 7-O-葡萄糖苷、牡荆素、山柰醇 3-O-葡萄糖苷、儿茶素、表儿茶素和槲皮素)进行了鉴定和定量。与其他木材工业废水相比,冷凝物的 TPC 值和抗氧化活性都更高,因此它是一种很有前途的天然抗氧化剂,有望应用于制药和食品行业。不过,我们的短期目标是在不分离单个化合物的情况下,探索 WTSC 作为接收物在植物保护、纺织品染色和人造板生产研究中的潜在用途。
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引用次数: 0
On the char front temperature of beech (Fagus sylvatica) 关于山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica)的炭化前温度
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01574-x
Robert Pečenko, Nataša Knez, Tomaž Hozjan, Jakub Šejna, Kamila Cabová, Goran Turk

The article investigates the charring and the char front temperature of beech, the most widespread hardwood species in Central Europe. The current Eurocode standard EN 1995-1-2 specifies the char front temperature to be 300 (^{circ })C, albeit this determination primarily applies to softwood species. Consequently, this article aims to examine whether this assumption applies to beech. Through advanced experimental analysis and numerical modelling, it was determined that the char front temperature for beech exceeds 300 (^{circ })C. This finding represents crucial information for the correct validation of fire-resistant design for structural elements made of beech. Moreover, it lays the groundwork for improving simplified methods of fire design, particularly for a more accurate determination of the charring depth.

文章研究了中欧最常见的硬木树种山毛榉的炭化和炭化前温度。现行的欧洲规范标准 EN 1995-1-2 规定炭化前温度为 300 (^{circ })C ,尽管这一规定主要适用于软木树种。因此,本文旨在研究这一假设是否适用于榉木。通过先进的实验分析和数值建模,确定了榉木的炭化前温度超过 300 (^{circ })C 。这一发现是正确验证榉木结构件耐火设计的关键信息。此外,它还为改进简化的防火设计方法,特别是更准确地确定炭化深度奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of cellulose fibril cross-linking on the mechanical behavior of wood at different scales 纤维素纤维交联对不同尺度木材机械行为的影响
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01569-8
Nhat-Tung Phan, François Auslender, Joseph Gril, Rostand Moutou Pitti

Predicting the influence of structural parameters on wood elasticity is useful for engineering application, however due to the complex imbrication of several scales it is important to know which features need to be taken into account. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence on wood stiffness of waviness and interconnection of cellulosic fibrils, an observed feature usually overlooked in micromechanical models. For that, a multi-scale model estimating the macroscopic behavior of wood is developed. This model integrates three different scales of wood structure: that of the cell wall, that of the cellular tissue and that of the growth ring. It relies on both numerical and analytical homogenization procedures to determine their effective behavior by defining at each scale a periodic representative volume element. Using this multi-scale model, it is shown that the influence of the oscillations and interconnections of the fibrils is significant for certain moduli at the macroscopic level (ring scale), such as the macroscopic shear moduli, while it can be neglected for others. Furthermore, although the effect of fibril crosslinks is quite strong for certain components of elastic behavior at the cell wall level, it loses its importance at the macroscopic level, especially for low-density wood. This trend can be explained by the anti-symmetric tilt of fibrils in adjacent cell walls. On the other hand, for denser woods where the interactions between adjacent cell walls are less dominant, or in the case of softened wood, the effect of fibril oscillations remains important.

预测结构参数对木材弹性的影响对工程应用非常有用,但由于多种尺度的复杂交错,了解哪些特征需要考虑是非常重要的。这项工作的目的是研究纤维素纤维的波浪状和相互连接对木材刚度的影响,微观力学模型通常会忽略这一观察到的特征。为此,我们开发了一个估算木材宏观行为的多尺度模型。该模型整合了三种不同尺度的木材结构:细胞壁、细胞组织和生长环。它依靠数值和分析均质化程序,通过在每个尺度上定义一个周期性代表体积元素来确定它们的有效行为。通过使用这种多尺度模型,可以看出纤维的振荡和相互连接对宏观层面(环尺度)的某些模量(如宏观剪切模量)有显著影响,而对其他模量则可以忽略不计。此外,虽然纤维交联对细胞壁层面弹性行为的某些成分有相当大的影响,但在宏观层面却失去了其重要性,尤其是对低密度木材而言。这种趋势可以用相邻细胞壁中纤维的反对称倾斜来解释。另一方面,对于密度较大的木材,相邻细胞壁之间的相互作用不那么主要,或者对于软化木材,纤维振荡的影响仍然很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning based tomographic image reconstruction technique to detect hollows in wood 基于机器学习的断层图像重建技术检测木材空洞
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01580-z
Ecem Nur Yıldızcan, Mehmet Erdi Arı, Burcu Tunga, Ali Gelir, Fatih Kurul, Nusret As, Türker Dündar

A new technique based on machine learning algorithms was introduced to detect internal wood defects. This technique relies on analyzing segmented propagation rays of stress waves and successfully generates the tomographic images of the defects by using the stress wave velocity. Utilizing a dual-stage methodology, the initial phase involves ray segmentation for the precise delineation of stress wave propagation, while the subsequent stage integrates advanced classification and clustering algorithms to facilitate the generation of tomographic images. This approach effectively tackles the inherent challenges associated with accurate segmentation and classification of stress wave velocity rays. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated using both synthetic and experimental data. The results showed that the proposed method, when compared with some state-of-the-art methods, has a superior ability to accurately detect defective regions in the wood. The success of the proposed method is evaluated with four different evaluation metrics. It determined that over 90% success is achieved for all metrics. In comparison with related studies, it determined that the results are improved by 7–22% compared to the literature.

介绍了一种基于机器学习算法的检测木材内部缺陷的新技术。该技术依靠分析应力波的分段传播射线,并利用应力波速度成功生成缺陷的断层图像。利用双阶段方法,初始阶段涉及射线分割,以精确划分应力波的传播,而后续阶段则集成了先进的分类和聚类算法,以促进断层图像的生成。这种方法有效地解决了与应力波速度射线精确分割和分类相关的固有难题。我们利用合成数据和实验数据对所提方法的有效性进行了评估。结果表明,与一些最先进的方法相比,所提出的方法在准确检测木材缺陷区域方面具有更强的能力。通过四种不同的评价指标,对所提出方法的成功率进行了评估。结果表明,所有指标的成功率都超过了 90%。与相关研究相比,该方法的结果提高了 7-22%。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of shear creep properties of wood via modified Burger models and off-axis compression test method 通过改良伯格模型和离轴压缩试验方法分析木材的剪切蠕变特性
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01578-7
Kanon Shimazaki, Kosei Ando

In this study, the rheological Burger model combining Maxwell and Voigt–Kelvin model units as well as modified mechanical models were employed to analyze the shear creep mechanism of wood. Off-axis compression tests were conducted on Japanese Hinoki cypress specimens (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and a mechanical analysis of the shear creep mechanism was performed. First, the measured creep compliance curves [JTL(t)] were fitted using this Burger model, which is a typical model used to explain the creep behavior of wood. Furthermore, three modified Burger models with non-Newtonian dashpots were proposed to explain the measured data more accurately: model 1—only the dashpot in the permanent strain unit is non-Newtonian; model 2—both dashpots are non-Newtonian; and model 3—only the dashpot in the delayed elastic strain unit is non-Newtonian. The mean value of the coefficient of determination was highest for model 1. The number of specimens that could be fitted with a tolerance error of 0.1% was 43 out of 50 with the Burger model, 45 with model 1, 25 with model 2, and 45 with model 3. The Burger model exhibited large discrepancies between the theoretical and measured values, model 2 could not be used to explain several specimens, and model 3 exhibited a delayed elastic strain behavior that was inconsistent with the definition. Therefore, we conclude that model 1 is the most appropriate for studying the shear creep behavior of wood.

本研究采用了结合麦克斯韦和 Voigt-Kelvin 模型单元的流变 Burger 模型以及改进的力学模型来分析木材的剪切蠕变机制。对日本桧柏(Chamaecyparis obtusa)试样进行了离轴压缩试验,并对剪切蠕变机制进行了力学分析。首先,测量到的蠕变顺应性曲线[JTL(t)]使用伯格模型进行拟合,该模型是用于解释木材蠕变行为的典型模型。此外,为了更准确地解释测量数据,还提出了三个具有非牛顿冲点的改进伯格模型:模型 1--只有永久应变单元中的冲点是非牛顿的;模型 2--两个冲点都是非牛顿的;模型 3--只有延迟弹性应变单元中的冲点是非牛顿的。模型 1 的判定系数平均值最高。在容许误差为 0.1% 的 50 个试样中,采用伯格模型拟合的试样数量为 43 个,采用模型 1 的试样数量为 45 个,采用模型 2 的试样数量为 25 个,采用模型 3 的试样数量为 45 个。伯格模型的理论值与测量值之间存在较大差异,模型 2 无法解释几个试样,模型 3 显示出与定义不一致的延迟弹性应变行为。因此,我们认为模型 1 最适合用于研究木材的剪切蠕变行为。
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引用次数: 0
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Wood Science and Technology
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