Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis a medical condition that is challenging for both parties involved-the one suffering as well as for the one treating. One major part of the challenge is what the medical practitioner faces connected with the difficulty in detecting and diagnosing this condition. For the patient the challenge is about expressing their plight so that their problem is understood and then treated appropriately. Global figures say that takes approximately 10 years for a patient to get a diagnosis in place. There is also data to show that that patient usually go through evaluation by an average of 10 doctors before the problem gets identified and treated. Evidently, IC/BPS is a medical condition deserving better attention and understanding from all the stakeholders-the patient medical professionals and the family members.
{"title":"Diet Matters in Bladder Pain Syndrome and Interstitial Cystitis","authors":"Neelanjana Singh, R. Taneja","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.21.12.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.21.12.140","url":null,"abstract":"Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis a medical condition that is challenging for both parties involved-the one suffering as well as for the one treating. One major part of the challenge is what the medical practitioner faces connected with the difficulty in detecting and diagnosing this condition. For the patient the challenge is about expressing their plight so that their problem is understood and then treated appropriately. Global figures say that takes approximately 10 years for a patient to get a diagnosis in place. There is also data to show that that patient usually go through evaluation by an average of 10 doctors before the problem gets identified and treated. Evidently, IC/BPS is a medical condition deserving better attention and understanding from all the stakeholders-the patient medical professionals and the family members.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87640290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution amongst warm-blooded animals and can affect anyone in contact with the parasitic oocysts or tissue cysts. Tuberculosis (TB) and T. gondii coinfection is a serious public health problem to the health of these patients in developing countries. We determined the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors among newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary TB patients. Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study including 158 TB patients. Laboratory analyses were based on quantification of anti T.gondii IgM and IgG antibodies test using sandwich ELISA. A questionnaire captured known risk factors for toxoplasmosis among participants. Risk factors for toxoplasmosis were analyzed in a binary logistic model. The results presented as odds ratios were used to assess association of toxoplasmosis and potential risk factors. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Of the 158 participants, 87.97% [139/158] were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies. Eating cat meat [P=0.009, OR=4.2498, 95%CI=1.4300-11.1997] and water source [P=0.026, OR=5.4983, CI=1.2189-23.5827], were significant risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. We noted a threefold increase in the risk of toxoplasmosis among TB patients having farming as occupation. Conclusion: The prevalence of toxoplasmosis IgM and IgG antibodies among sputum positive pulmonary TB patients in the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Cameroon was found to be 87.97%. The principal risk factor associated with Toxoplasma gondii among TB patients was consumption of Cat meat and untreated water sources.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM Antibodies and Associated Risks Factors in Tuberculosis Patients Admitted at the Bamenda Regional Hospital, NW Cameroon","authors":"N. Michel, L. F. Sama, Oulianovie Guessom Kamgue, Valery Pacome Tchenkam, Elvis Chongsi Wam, Tume Christopher B","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.1.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.1.104","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution amongst warm-blooded animals and can affect anyone in contact with the parasitic oocysts or tissue cysts. Tuberculosis (TB) and T. gondii coinfection is a serious public health problem to the health of these patients in developing countries. We determined the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors among newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary TB patients. Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study including 158 TB patients. Laboratory analyses were based on quantification of anti T.gondii IgM and IgG antibodies test using sandwich ELISA. A questionnaire captured known risk factors for toxoplasmosis among participants. Risk factors for toxoplasmosis were analyzed in a binary logistic model. The results presented as odds ratios were used to assess association of toxoplasmosis and potential risk factors. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Of the 158 participants, 87.97% [139/158] were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies. Eating cat meat [P=0.009, OR=4.2498, 95%CI=1.4300-11.1997] and water source [P=0.026, OR=5.4983, CI=1.2189-23.5827], were significant risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. We noted a threefold increase in the risk of toxoplasmosis among TB patients having farming as occupation. Conclusion: The prevalence of toxoplasmosis IgM and IgG antibodies among sputum positive pulmonary TB patients in the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Cameroon was found to be 87.97%. The principal risk factor associated with Toxoplasma gondii among TB patients was consumption of Cat meat and untreated water sources.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84599880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of airborne bacteria isolated from general surgical and labour theatres in Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA), Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Forty (40) air samples were collected using settle plate method. Airborne bacterial isolates were identified and characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were phenotypically confirmed for ESBL production using the double disc synergy test. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were also screened for methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) using oxacillin screening agar. S. aureus (100%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (65%), Bacillus spp. (62.5%), Micrococcus spp. (40.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.5%), Klebsiella spp. (20.0%), Streptococcus spp. (17.5%), and Acinetobacter spp. (17.5%) were isolated from the air samples of the two theatres. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were also screened for extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) production. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that isolates were highly resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100%), penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), oxacillin (67%), and clindamycin (50%), but susceptible to ticarcillin (100%), tobramycin (100%), erythromycin (80%), and norfloxacin (71%). There was no statistically significant difference in the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility frequencies of isolates in the surgical and labour theatres (P<0.05). Exactly 30 (75%) of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), while 17 Gram-negative bacterial isolates (2 Acinetobacter spp., 7 Klebsiella spp., and 8 P. aeruginosa) were ESBLpositive. Generally, bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant. The presence of airborne bacterial isolates in surgical and theatre wards might indicate that sterilization techniques employed in the disinfection of these critical hospital areas are not efficient enough. This can put patients at risk of post-operative infections. Therefore, hospital environment requires special attention to ensure good indoor air quality for patients and healthcare workers which will greatly help to curtail nosocomial infections.
{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Airborne Bacteria Isolated from Surgical and Labour Theatres of Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki","authors":"Iroha Ir, J. O. Okpada, Moses Ib, A. Onuora, A. Kalu, E. Nwakaeze, Ani Se, I. Mohammed, J. N. Agbom, C. C. Okorie","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.4.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.4.115","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of airborne bacteria isolated from general surgical and labour theatres in Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA), Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Forty (40) air samples were collected using settle plate method. Airborne bacterial isolates were identified and characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were phenotypically confirmed for ESBL production using the double disc synergy test. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were also screened for methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) using oxacillin screening agar. S. aureus (100%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (65%), Bacillus spp. (62.5%), Micrococcus spp. (40.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.5%), Klebsiella spp. (20.0%), Streptococcus spp. (17.5%), and Acinetobacter spp. (17.5%) were isolated from the air samples of the two theatres. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were also screened for extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) production. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that isolates were highly resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100%), penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), oxacillin (67%), and clindamycin (50%), but susceptible to ticarcillin (100%), tobramycin (100%), erythromycin (80%), and norfloxacin (71%). There was no statistically significant difference in the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility frequencies of isolates in the surgical and labour theatres (P<0.05). Exactly 30 (75%) of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), while 17 Gram-negative bacterial isolates (2 Acinetobacter spp., 7 Klebsiella spp., and 8 P. aeruginosa) were ESBLpositive. Generally, bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant. The presence of airborne bacterial isolates in surgical and theatre wards might indicate that sterilization techniques employed in the disinfection of these critical hospital areas are not efficient enough. This can put patients at risk of post-operative infections. Therefore, hospital environment requires special attention to ensure good indoor air quality for patients and healthcare workers which will greatly help to curtail nosocomial infections.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82146174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Escherichia coli O157: H7 is shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli which is recognized as an important cause of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the burden of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its antibiotic resistance pattern in different foods in Ethiopia. Methods: The literature search was conducted to identify all published articles reporting the proportion and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods. From all screened articles, 21 studies were eligible for i¬A‚Ânal systematic review and meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was done by using STATA14 software. Results: The pooled proportion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is 0.05 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.07%). Moreover, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains were found to be highly resistant to Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Streptomycin, with a pooled resistance ratio of 79.72, 63.44, 52.65, and 50.77%, respectively. On the other hand, comparably low levels of resistance ratio were noted to Nitrofurantoin 7.54% and Norfloxacin 9.72%. Conclusion: The overall burden of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is low. However, it indicates the probability of food contamination by Escherichia coli O157:H7. And, E. coli O157:H7 showed resistance to Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Streptomycin.
{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Proportion and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Different Human Foods in Ethiopia","authors":"Tigist Engda, A. Atnafu, M. Alemayehu","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.3.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.3.114","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Escherichia coli O157: H7 is shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli which is recognized as an important cause of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the burden of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its antibiotic resistance pattern in different foods in Ethiopia. Methods: The literature search was conducted to identify all published articles reporting the proportion and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods. From all screened articles, 21 studies were eligible for i¬A‚Ânal systematic review and meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was done by using STATA14 software. Results: The pooled proportion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is 0.05 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.07%). Moreover, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains were found to be highly resistant to Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Streptomycin, with a pooled resistance ratio of 79.72, 63.44, 52.65, and 50.77%, respectively. On the other hand, comparably low levels of resistance ratio were noted to Nitrofurantoin 7.54% and Norfloxacin 9.72%. Conclusion: The overall burden of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is low. However, it indicates the probability of food contamination by Escherichia coli O157:H7. And, E. coli O157:H7 showed resistance to Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Streptomycin.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80072306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak is the third recognised case of infection of an animal coronavirus to humans in the 21st century with the first two being SARS and MERS. One of the major environmental transmission route for coronavirus is the person-to-person faecal droplet-respiratory transmission route. In order to better evaluate the hazards posed by this exposure pathway, there is the need for more information on the survival and persistence of coronavirus in water and sewage. This review collates information from research on transmission and stability of coronavirus in natural, wastewater and sewage. Factors that can influence virus survival in water include temperature, organic matter, and aerobic microorganisms. Our review reflects that the potential for long-term survival of coronavirus coupled with airborne faecal droplet transmission could be a major health risk in this pandemic. Water or sewage contaminated with coronavirus can become aerosolized exposing a major chunk of populace to infection in spite of quarantine measures being followed.
{"title":"Covid-19 Transmission via Water: Should we be Worried about the Faecal Droplet-Respiratory Transmission Route?","authors":"Smriti Sharma, Vinayak Bhatia","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.4.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.4.119","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak is the third recognised case of infection of an animal coronavirus to humans in the 21st century with the first two being SARS and MERS. One of the major environmental transmission route for coronavirus is the person-to-person faecal droplet-respiratory transmission route. In order to better evaluate the hazards posed by this exposure pathway, there is the need for more information on the survival and persistence of coronavirus in water and sewage. This review collates information from research on transmission and stability of coronavirus in natural, wastewater and sewage. Factors that can influence virus survival in water include temperature, organic matter, and aerobic microorganisms. Our review reflects that the potential for long-term survival of coronavirus coupled with airborne faecal droplet transmission could be a major health risk in this pandemic. Water or sewage contaminated with coronavirus can become aerosolized exposing a major chunk of populace to infection in spite of quarantine measures being followed.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82767833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although nucleic acid test and immunity antibody test are the only standards for the diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), while it was rarely applied for primary screening in all COVID-19 related close contacts. The management of such kind of population still need additional method besides medical observation. Chest CT as a routinely examination in most hospital, it has certain advantages and limitation in the management of COVID-19. Here, we summarized and commented the role of chest by clinical perspective in the primary screening.
{"title":"Application of Chest CT in the Primary Screening of COVID-19 Related HighRisk Population","authors":"Ting-ting Zhou, Feng-Xian Wei, Zhao Liu","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.3.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.3.112","url":null,"abstract":"Although nucleic acid test and immunity antibody test are the only standards for the diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), while it was rarely applied for primary screening in all COVID-19 related close contacts. The management of such kind of population still need additional method besides medical observation. Chest CT as a routinely examination in most hospital, it has certain advantages and limitation in the management of COVID-19. Here, we summarized and commented the role of chest by clinical perspective in the primary screening.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89857605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of human microbiome is widely perceived to be a young biomedical discipline. Recent studies indicate an association between human microbiome and chronic disease conditions such as diabetes and obesity. An understanding of human microbiome structure and function is important for design and delivery of microbial based therapies especially against immunological and metabolic chronic diseases. In this review, we demonstrate the role human microbiota in health and disease in various anatomic sites and in development of neonate immunity. In particular, the review focuses on the role of placental microbiota in fetoplacental unit receptivity and the effect of early microbiota exposure on neonate immunity development. Additionaly, microbiota impact on health and disease in the gut, lung and skin is explored.
{"title":"A General Perspective of Microbiota in Human Health and Disease","authors":"Mbuvi P Mutua, S. Muya, G. M. Muita","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.2.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.2.106","url":null,"abstract":"The study of human microbiome is widely perceived to be a young biomedical discipline. Recent studies indicate an association between human microbiome and chronic disease conditions such as diabetes and obesity. An understanding of human microbiome structure and function is important for design and delivery of microbial based therapies especially against immunological and metabolic chronic diseases. In this review, we demonstrate the role human microbiota in health and disease in various anatomic sites and in development of neonate immunity. In particular, the review focuses on the role of placental microbiota in fetoplacental unit receptivity and the effect of early microbiota exposure on neonate immunity development. Additionaly, microbiota impact on health and disease in the gut, lung and skin is explored.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79181675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified in the city of Wuhan, since then more than 6,267,488 laboratory confirmed cases have been reported as of June 1st, 2020 and on March 11th WHO declared it a global pandemic. The highest numbers of fatalities are so far reported from USA (n=106,195), followed by UK (n=38,489), Italy (n=33,415) and Brazil (n=29,341). Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical virus with a diameter of 120 nm-160nm. Its genome consists of a positive sense single stranded RNA (ssRNA+) of 26-32 kilo base pairs in length. Recent genome sequencing elucidated remarkable genetic similarity with bat-SLCoVZXC21, bat-SL-CoVZC45 virus strains and the sequenced strains showed 99.9% genetic homology with each other. The S2 protein of this novel virus has 93% similarity with bat-SL-CoVZXC21, bat-SL-CoVZC45 strains. The RNA was detected in the blood and stool samples. The most frequent manifestation of the infection is cough, fever, anosmia, pneumonia characterized by bilateral infiltrates and dyspnea on chest imaging. The Reverse Transcriptase Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR) can be used effectively for the detection of viral RNA. National Health Commission of China suggested combination of anti-HIV drug lopinavir and ritonavir and a dose of nebulized interferon α for the treatment. A novel nucleotide analogue remdesivir is also being used for the treatment in United States. Enforcing timely preventive measures such as wearing masks, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, respiratory hygiene, avoiding contact with live or dead animals, regular hand washing at (least for 20s) and use of hand sanitizers can significantly reduce risk of transmission.
{"title":"A Brief Overview of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"I. Ali, Javed Iqbal Dasti, S. Khan, A. Jabbar","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.4.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.4.118","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified in the city of Wuhan, since then more than 6,267,488 laboratory confirmed cases have been reported as of June 1st, 2020 and on March 11th WHO declared it a global pandemic. The highest numbers of fatalities are so far reported from USA (n=106,195), followed by UK (n=38,489), Italy (n=33,415) and Brazil (n=29,341). Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical virus with a diameter of 120 nm-160nm. Its genome consists of a positive sense single stranded RNA (ssRNA+) of 26-32 kilo base pairs in length. Recent genome sequencing elucidated remarkable genetic similarity with bat-SLCoVZXC21, bat-SL-CoVZC45 virus strains and the sequenced strains showed 99.9% genetic homology with each other. The S2 protein of this novel virus has 93% similarity with bat-SL-CoVZXC21, bat-SL-CoVZC45 strains. The RNA was detected in the blood and stool samples. The most frequent manifestation of the infection is cough, fever, anosmia, pneumonia characterized by bilateral infiltrates and dyspnea on chest imaging. The Reverse Transcriptase Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR) can be used effectively for the detection of viral RNA. National Health Commission of China suggested combination of anti-HIV drug lopinavir and ritonavir and a dose of nebulized interferon α for the treatment. A novel nucleotide analogue remdesivir is also being used for the treatment in United States. Enforcing timely preventive measures such as wearing masks, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, respiratory hygiene, avoiding contact with live or dead animals, regular hand washing at (least for 20s) and use of hand sanitizers can significantly reduce risk of transmission.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77668055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evaluation of the Multi-drug resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from a pediatric ward, in AkwaIbom State was conducted using standard clinical microbiological procedures. Of the 100 samples from skin, wound, ear, throat and nose swabs, 28 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus and were subjected to a range of selected commercially available antibiotics like: amoxicillin, ampiclox, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin and streptomycin, to evaluate their susceptibilities. The wound swabs gave the highest isolate percentage yield (32%) followed by skin swabs (29%). While susceptibility results showed that amoxicillin and ampiclox were more resisted by the isolates, while ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin were more effective against the isolates. The MAR indices showed that 85.7% of the isolates had confirmed multi-drug resistance status, with 60.7% of the isolates having resistance for between four or more the tested antimicrobials. MAR indices revealed that 96.4% of the isolates had 0.3, indicating that the resistance resulted from isolates that adapted to the tested drugs due to some form of abuse. Restricted use of these drugs would help curtail the high resistance currently experienced amongst microorganisms.
{"title":"Multi-Drug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Pediatric ward, General Hospital, Ikot-Ekpaw, Mkpat Enin LGA, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Ibanga, O. Akan, F. Z. Uyanga, E. Mantu, M. Asuquo","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.1.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.1.105","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of the Multi-drug resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from a pediatric ward, in AkwaIbom State was conducted using standard clinical microbiological procedures. Of the 100 samples from skin, wound, ear, throat and nose swabs, 28 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus and were subjected to a range of selected commercially available antibiotics like: amoxicillin, ampiclox, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin and streptomycin, to evaluate their susceptibilities. The wound swabs gave the highest isolate percentage yield (32%) followed by skin swabs (29%). While susceptibility results showed that amoxicillin and ampiclox were more resisted by the isolates, while ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin were more effective against the isolates. The MAR indices showed that 85.7% of the isolates had confirmed multi-drug resistance status, with 60.7% of the isolates having resistance for between four or more the tested antimicrobials. MAR indices revealed that 96.4% of the isolates had 0.3, indicating that the resistance resulted from isolates that adapted to the tested drugs due to some form of abuse. Restricted use of these drugs would help curtail the high resistance currently experienced amongst microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73491183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The carriage of Staphylocoque aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a significant risk factor for subsequent staphylococcal infection. The nares are the most consistent sites of colonization. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence for community acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal carriage among a pediatric population as well as to find out antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated strains. Patients and methods: We conducted a prospective study from June 2017 to June 2018 on 300 children, who consulted in the different pediatric specialties of Mohamed VI University Hospital of Marrakesh. Nasal swabs were collected from all the consultant children. The identification of nasal carriage of SA was performed in the microbiology laboratory of Mohamed VI University Hospital. Results: Staphylocoque aureus was isolated from the nares in 49 (16.3%) children, two (4%) isolates were classified as CA-MRSA. The mean children age was 75, 14 months (p=0.05), a male predominance was noticed. The majority of SA carriers were from urban areas, it was noted a high carriage in living patients with five or more people (p=0.024). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of MRSA stains expressed a 100% resistance to cotrimoxazole, fusidic acid and sensitivity to all other antibiotics. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential for community MRSA acquisition in our context. These strains, which were initially sensitive to most of antibiotics, begin to become increasingly resistant to nobetalactam antibiotics. This requires continuous monitoring to clarify the factors of antimicrobial resistance and to prevent further spread of community MRSA.
{"title":"Prevalence of Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage among Children of Consultation: Experience of a Moroccan University Hospital","authors":"S. Ed-dyb, M. Aboudourib, F. Azzouzi, W. Quiddi, N. Akhdari, S. Amal, N. Soraa, O. Hocar","doi":"10.36648/1989-8436.11.1.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1989-8436.11.1.100","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The carriage of Staphylocoque aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a significant risk factor for subsequent staphylococcal infection. The nares are the most consistent sites of colonization. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence for community acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal carriage among a pediatric population as well as to find out antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated strains. Patients and methods: We conducted a prospective study from June 2017 to June 2018 on 300 children, who consulted in the different pediatric specialties of Mohamed VI University Hospital of Marrakesh. Nasal swabs were collected from all the consultant children. The identification of nasal carriage of SA was performed in the microbiology laboratory of Mohamed VI University Hospital. Results: Staphylocoque aureus was isolated from the nares in 49 (16.3%) children, two (4%) isolates were classified as CA-MRSA. The mean children age was 75, 14 months (p=0.05), a male predominance was noticed. The majority of SA carriers were from urban areas, it was noted a high carriage in living patients with five or more people (p=0.024). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of MRSA stains expressed a 100% resistance to cotrimoxazole, fusidic acid and sensitivity to all other antibiotics. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential for community MRSA acquisition in our context. These strains, which were initially sensitive to most of antibiotics, begin to become increasingly resistant to nobetalactam antibiotics. This requires continuous monitoring to clarify the factors of antimicrobial resistance and to prevent further spread of community MRSA.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"430 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76657314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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