W. Harcourt, D. Robertson, D. Macfarlane, B. Rea, M. Spagnolo, D. Benn, M. James
Abstract Close-range sensors are employed to observe glaciological processes that operate over short timescales (e.g. iceberg calving, glacial lake outburst floods, diurnal surface melting). However, under poor weather conditions optical instruments fail while the operation of radar systems below 17 GHz do not have sufficient angular resolution to map glacier surfaces in detail. This letter reviews the potential of millimetre-wave radar at 94 GHz to obtain high-resolution 3-D measurements of glaciers under most weather conditions. We discuss the theory of 94 GHz radar for glaciology studies, demonstrate its potential to map a glacier calving front and summarise future research priorities.
{"title":"Glacier monitoring using real-aperture 94 GHz radar","authors":"W. Harcourt, D. Robertson, D. Macfarlane, B. Rea, M. Spagnolo, D. Benn, M. James","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.30","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Close-range sensors are employed to observe glaciological processes that operate over short timescales (e.g. iceberg calving, glacial lake outburst floods, diurnal surface melting). However, under poor weather conditions optical instruments fail while the operation of radar systems below 17 GHz do not have sufficient angular resolution to map glacier surfaces in detail. This letter reviews the potential of millimetre-wave radar at 94 GHz to obtain high-resolution 3-D measurements of glaciers under most weather conditions. We discuss the theory of 94 GHz radar for glaciology studies, demonstrate its potential to map a glacier calving front and summarise future research priorities.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"116 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48414516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. MacDonell, Paloma Núñez Farías, Valentina Aliste, Á. Ayala, Camilo Guzmán, Patricio Jofré Díaz, N. Schaffer, Simone Schauwecker, E. Sproles, Eduardo Yáñez San Francisco
Abstract Citizen science and related engagement programmes have proliferated in recent years throughout the sciences but have been reasonably limited in the cryospheric sciences. In the semiarid Andes we at the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas have developed a range of initiatives together with the wider community and stakeholder institutions to improve our understanding of the role snow and ice play in headwater catchments. In this paper we reflect on ongoing engagement with communities living and working in and near study sites of cryospheric science in northern Chile as a strategy that can both strengthen the research being done and empower local communities.
近年来，公民科学和相关的参与计划在整个科学领域激增，但在冰冻圈科学中却受到合理的限制。在半干旱的安第斯山脉，我们在Avanzados en Zonas中心Áridas与更广泛的社区和利益相关者机构一起制定了一系列倡议，以提高我们对冰雪在水源集水区中的作用的理解。在本文中，我们反思了在智利北部冰冻圈科学研究地点及其附近生活和工作的社区的持续参与，作为一种既可以加强正在进行的研究又可以赋予当地社区权力的战略。
{"title":"Snow and ice in the desert: reflections from a decade of connecting cryospheric science with communities in the semiarid Chilean Andes","authors":"S. MacDonell, Paloma Núñez Farías, Valentina Aliste, Á. Ayala, Camilo Guzmán, Patricio Jofré Díaz, N. Schaffer, Simone Schauwecker, E. Sproles, Eduardo Yáñez San Francisco","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.51","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Citizen science and related engagement programmes have proliferated in recent years throughout the sciences but have been reasonably limited in the cryospheric sciences. In the semiarid Andes we at the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas have developed a range of initiatives together with the wider community and stakeholder institutions to improve our understanding of the role snow and ice play in headwater catchments. In this paper we reflect on ongoing engagement with communities living and working in and near study sites of cryospheric science in northern Chile as a strategy that can both strengthen the research being done and empower local communities.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"158 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45470243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Miles, B. Hubbard, E. Miles, D. Quincey, A. Rowan
Abstract The debris that covers the ablation areas of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers contributes to the distinctive features and processes occurring both on and within such glaciers. Despite recent advances, knowledge of the subsurface environments of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers is still extremely limited. In particular, targeted field-based data are needed to parameterise and refine the projections of these glaciers in numerical models. Here, we outline the current understanding of the internal properties of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers based on direct field-based methods and suggest future research directions for field-based studies.
{"title":"Field-based research directions for investigating the interior of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers","authors":"K. Miles, B. Hubbard, E. Miles, D. Quincey, A. Rowan","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.21","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The debris that covers the ablation areas of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers contributes to the distinctive features and processes occurring both on and within such glaciers. Despite recent advances, knowledge of the subsurface environments of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers is still extremely limited. In particular, targeted field-based data are needed to parameterise and refine the projections of these glaciers in numerical models. Here, we outline the current understanding of the internal properties of high-elevation debris-covered glaciers based on direct field-based methods and suggest future research directions for field-based studies.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"107 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47265513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sue Cook, K. Nicholls, Irena Vaňková, S. Thompson, B. Galton-Fenzi
Abstract Ocean-driven melt of Antarctic ice shelves is an important control on mass loss from the ice sheet, but is complex to study due to significant variability in melt rates both spatially and temporally. Here we assess the strengths and weakness of satellite and field-based observations as tools for testing models of ice-shelf melt. We discuss how the complementary use of field, satellite and model data can be a powerful but underutilised tool for studying melt processes. Finally, we identify some community initiatives working to collate and publish coordinated melt rate datasets, which can be used in future for validating satellite-derived maps of melt and evaluating processes in numerical simulations.
{"title":"Data initiatives for ocean-driven melt of Antarctic ice shelves","authors":"Sue Cook, K. Nicholls, Irena Vaňková, S. Thompson, B. Galton-Fenzi","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ocean-driven melt of Antarctic ice shelves is an important control on mass loss from the ice sheet, but is complex to study due to significant variability in melt rates both spatially and temporally. Here we assess the strengths and weakness of satellite and field-based observations as tools for testing models of ice-shelf melt. We discuss how the complementary use of field, satellite and model data can be a powerful but underutilised tool for studying melt processes. Finally, we identify some community initiatives working to collate and publish coordinated melt rate datasets, which can be used in future for validating satellite-derived maps of melt and evaluating processes in numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"27 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43216312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Basal channels, which form where buoyant plumes of ocean water and meltwater carve troughs upwards into ice-shelf bases, are widespread on Antarctic ice shelves. The formation of these features modulates ice-shelf basal melt by influencing the flow of buoyant plumes, and influences structural stability through concentration of strain and interactions with fractures. Because of these effects, and because basal channels can change rapidly, on timescales similar to those of ice-shelf evolution, constraining the impacts of basal channels on ice shelves is necessary for predicting future ice-shelf destabilization and retreat. We suggest that future research priorities should include constraining patterns and rates of basal channel change, determining mechanisms and detailed patterns of basal melt, and quantifying the influence that channel-related fractures have on ice-shelf stability.
{"title":"The role of channelized basal melt in ice-shelf stability: recent progress and future priorities","authors":"K. Alley, T. Scambos, R. Alley","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Basal channels, which form where buoyant plumes of ocean water and meltwater carve troughs upwards into ice-shelf bases, are widespread on Antarctic ice shelves. The formation of these features modulates ice-shelf basal melt by influencing the flow of buoyant plumes, and influences structural stability through concentration of strain and interactions with fractures. Because of these effects, and because basal channels can change rapidly, on timescales similar to those of ice-shelf evolution, constraining the impacts of basal channels on ice shelves is necessary for predicting future ice-shelf destabilization and retreat. We suggest that future research priorities should include constraining patterns and rates of basal channel change, determining mechanisms and detailed patterns of basal melt, and quantifying the influence that channel-related fractures have on ice-shelf stability.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"18 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45640383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Ice-penetrating radar sounding is a powerful geophysical tool for studying terrestrial and planetary ice with a rich glaciological heritage reaching back over half a century. Recent years have also seen rapid growth in both the radioglaciological community itself and in the scope and sophistication of its analysis of ice-penetrating radar data. This has been spurred by a combination of growing datasets and improvements in computational resources as well as advances in radar sounding instrumentation and platforms. Together, these developments are transforming the field and highlight exciting paths forward for future innovation and investigation.
{"title":"Paths forward in radioglaciology","authors":"D. Schroeder","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ice-penetrating radar sounding is a powerful geophysical tool for studying terrestrial and planetary ice with a rich glaciological heritage reaching back over half a century. Recent years have also seen rapid growth in both the radioglaciological community itself and in the scope and sophistication of its analysis of ice-penetrating radar data. This has been spurred by a combination of growing datasets and improvements in computational resources as well as advances in radar sounding instrumentation and platforms. Together, these developments are transforming the field and highlight exciting paths forward for future innovation and investigation.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"13 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46316542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Karplus, T. J. Young, S. Anandakrishnan, J. Bassis, Elizabeth Case, A. Crawford, A. Gold, Leilani Henry, J. Kingslake, A. Lehrmann, P. A. Montano, E. Pettit, T. Scambos, Elizabeth M. Sheffield, Emma C. Smith, M. Turrin, J. Wellner
Abstract To increase inclusivity, diversity, equity and accessibility in Antarctic science, we must build more positive and inclusive Antarctic field work environments. The International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC) has engaged in efforts to contribute to that goal through a variety of activities since 2018, including creating an open-access ‘Field and Ship Best Practices’ guide, engaging in pre-field season team dynamics meetings, and surveying post-field season reflections and experiences. We report specific actions taken by ITGC and their outcomes. We found that strong and supported early career researchers brought new and important perspectives regarding strategies for transforming culture. We discovered that engaged and involved senior leadership was also critical for expanding participation and securing funding to support efforts. Pre-field discussions involving all field team members were particularly helpful for setting expectations, improving sense of belonging, describing field work best practices, and co-creating a positive work culture.
{"title":"Strategies to build a positive and inclusive Antarctic field work environment","authors":"M. Karplus, T. J. Young, S. Anandakrishnan, J. Bassis, Elizabeth Case, A. Crawford, A. Gold, Leilani Henry, J. Kingslake, A. Lehrmann, P. A. Montano, E. Pettit, T. Scambos, Elizabeth M. Sheffield, Emma C. Smith, M. Turrin, J. Wellner","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To increase inclusivity, diversity, equity and accessibility in Antarctic science, we must build more positive and inclusive Antarctic field work environments. The International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC) has engaged in efforts to contribute to that goal through a variety of activities since 2018, including creating an open-access ‘Field and Ship Best Practices’ guide, engaging in pre-field season team dynamics meetings, and surveying post-field season reflections and experiences. We report specific actions taken by ITGC and their outcomes. We found that strong and supported early career researchers brought new and important perspectives regarding strategies for transforming culture. We discovered that engaged and involved senior leadership was also critical for expanding participation and securing funding to support efforts. Pre-field discussions involving all field team members were particularly helpful for setting expectations, improving sense of belonging, describing field work best practices, and co-creating a positive work culture.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"125 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48251060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A comparison of major ion chemistry of subglacial boreholes and discharging subglacial waters reveals three fundamentally different glacier hydrochemical regimes. Subglacial waters from alpine glaciers have chemistry distinct from the subglacial waters of Greenland or Antarctica. Greenland and Antarctica also differ fundamentally from each other, with Greenland Ice Sheet waters, at least during the summer melt season, remaining dilute and unaffected by saturation reactions and Antarctic Ice Sheet waters controlled by a range of saturation states. Some Antarctic waters form concentrated brines, capable of depressing the freezing point by >10°C. While these waters have only been directly sampled where they rarely emerge, geophysical observations from Devon Ice Cap and Greenland show liquid water at the glacier bed in locations where ice is thin and slowly moving and a cold bed is otherwise expected. This raises the possibility that lithogenic subglacial brines could be widespread and that our existing subglacial hydrochemical measurements might be biased by seasonal sampling of freely discharging water. The potential for diverse ranges of subglacial environments under ice sheets suggests the need for new and ambitious sampling programs to characterize difficult to access subglacial waters and quantify their impact on glacier dynamics, geobiology and global geochemical cycling.
{"title":"Geological and glacial-hydrologic controls on chemical weathering in the subglacial environment","authors":"J. Graly, Soroush Rezvanbehbahani","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.56","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A comparison of major ion chemistry of subglacial boreholes and discharging subglacial waters reveals three fundamentally different glacier hydrochemical regimes. Subglacial waters from alpine glaciers have chemistry distinct from the subglacial waters of Greenland or Antarctica. Greenland and Antarctica also differ fundamentally from each other, with Greenland Ice Sheet waters, at least during the summer melt season, remaining dilute and unaffected by saturation reactions and Antarctic Ice Sheet waters controlled by a range of saturation states. Some Antarctic waters form concentrated brines, capable of depressing the freezing point by >10°C. While these waters have only been directly sampled where they rarely emerge, geophysical observations from Devon Ice Cap and Greenland show liquid water at the glacier bed in locations where ice is thin and slowly moving and a cold bed is otherwise expected. This raises the possibility that lithogenic subglacial brines could be widespread and that our existing subglacial hydrochemical measurements might be biased by seasonal sampling of freely discharging water. The potential for diverse ranges of subglacial environments under ice sheets suggests the need for new and ambitious sampling programs to characterize difficult to access subglacial waters and quantify their impact on glacier dynamics, geobiology and global geochemical cycling.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"165 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45280333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cryogenic brines are under-studied, despite the fact that they may contain information about past ice-sheet behavior. Cryogenic brines form through cryoconcentration of seawater, although the specific setting and mechanism of formation have been debated. Previous conceptual models of brine formation require seawater isolation from the ocean in a closed basin experiencing freezing. We propose instead that they may form in pore spaces of marine sediments subjected to repeat cycles of ice-sheet advance and retreat. During periods of basal freezing, cryoconcentration produces hypersaline brines which experience downward flow driven by unstable density stratification. Our advection-diffusion model of porewater chemistry evolution successfully recreates the porewater chemistry of two deep Antarctic cores containing cryogenic brines (AND-1B and AND-2A), suggesting that cryogenic brines can be formed through the repeated isolation and cryoconcentration of marine waters within subglacial sediment pore spaces of modern and past ice sheets.
{"title":"Mechanism for the subglacial formation of cryogenic brines","authors":"S. Neuhaus, S. Tulaczyk","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cryogenic brines are under-studied, despite the fact that they may contain information about past ice-sheet behavior. Cryogenic brines form through cryoconcentration of seawater, although the specific setting and mechanism of formation have been debated. Previous conceptual models of brine formation require seawater isolation from the ocean in a closed basin experiencing freezing. We propose instead that they may form in pore spaces of marine sediments subjected to repeat cycles of ice-sheet advance and retreat. During periods of basal freezing, cryoconcentration produces hypersaline brines which experience downward flow driven by unstable density stratification. Our advection-diffusion model of porewater chemistry evolution successfully recreates the porewater chemistry of two deep Antarctic cores containing cryogenic brines (AND-1B and AND-2A), suggesting that cryogenic brines can be formed through the repeated isolation and cryoconcentration of marine waters within subglacial sediment pore spaces of modern and past ice sheets.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"121 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47130025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Steiner, P. Buri, J. Abermann, R. Prinz, L. Nicholson
Abstract Ice cliffs are features along ice sheet margins, along tropical mountain glaciers, at termini of mountain glaciers and on debris-covered glacier tongues, that have received scattered attention in literature. They cover small relative areas of glacier or margin surface respectively, but have been involved in two apparent anomalies. On the one hand, they have been identified as potential hotspots of extreme melt rates on debris-covered tongues contributing to their relatively rapid ablation, compared to the surrounding glacier surface. On the other hand, they appear where the ice margin is stable (or temporarily advancing) even under conditions of negative mass balance. In this manuscript, we recapitulate why ice cliffs remain interesting features to investigate and what we know about them so far. We conclude by suggesting to further investigate their genesis and variable morphology and their potential as windows into past climates and processes.
{"title":"Steep ice – progress and future challenges in research on ice cliffs","authors":"J. Steiner, P. Buri, J. Abermann, R. Prinz, L. Nicholson","doi":"10.1017/aog.2023.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.41","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ice cliffs are features along ice sheet margins, along tropical mountain glaciers, at termini of mountain glaciers and on debris-covered glacier tongues, that have received scattered attention in literature. They cover small relative areas of glacier or margin surface respectively, but have been involved in two apparent anomalies. On the one hand, they have been identified as potential hotspots of extreme melt rates on debris-covered tongues contributing to their relatively rapid ablation, compared to the surrounding glacier surface. On the other hand, they appear where the ice margin is stable (or temporarily advancing) even under conditions of negative mass balance. In this manuscript, we recapitulate why ice cliffs remain interesting features to investigate and what we know about them so far. We conclude by suggesting to further investigate their genesis and variable morphology and their potential as windows into past climates and processes.","PeriodicalId":8211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Glaciology","volume":"63 1","pages":"132 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44961847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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