Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.406
MaryEllen Mateleska
{"title":"Book Review: We Are All Whalers: The Plight of Whales and Our Responsibility","authors":"MaryEllen Mateleska","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49417496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.388
Victoria Luong, K. Woo, Kristy L. Biolsi, Bjoern Kils, Preethi Radhakrishnan
{"title":"Directional Orientation of Harbor (Phoca vitulina) and Gray (Halichoerus grypus) Seals at Haul-out Locations in New York City","authors":"Victoria Luong, K. Woo, Kristy L. Biolsi, Bjoern Kils, Preethi Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47192023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.329
David A. Waugh, J. D. Sensor, J. George, J. Thewissen
{"title":"Auditory Health of Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Stock Based on Inner Ear Neuron Counts","authors":"David A. Waugh, J. D. Sensor, J. George, J. Thewissen","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41873420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eden’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) is one of the least-understood baleen whales, with a global distribution that is almost completely unknown; only a few basic population studies of this species have been reported thus far. On 29 June 2021, a single Eden’s whale was sighted in Dapeng Bay, Shenzhen, a busy international container port. This sighting was the first record of a live Eden’s whale in the area, and it attracted immediate widespread attention. Our research team monitored the whale, nicknamed “Xiaobu” by Shenzhen citizens, until its disappearance. There were 48 sightings of the whale over a period of 50 days during vessel-based surveys from 2 July to 29 August 2021. Xiaobu was mainly sighted in coastal areas with a depth of 8.70 to 16.30 m; it remained 1 km offshore. The whale moved in a small minimum convex polygon range of 44.67 km2 and kernel density estimation range of 87.96 km2. From 2 to 27 July 2021, the whale was sighted near the Liquefied Natural Gas Pier in the eastern part of Dapeng Bay; it moved toward the Yantian International Container Terminal in the western part of Dapeng Bay between 28 July and 25 August, after which it was not sighted again. Its shift from east to west may have been influenced by food distribution and/or a gradual increase in familiarity with the local environment. Aerial vertical photogrammetry estimated a short body length of 7.49 m, indicating a young whale. Based on stranding records from the Chinese coastal area, the Eden’s whale population in Beibu Gulf presumably migrates northward to the East China Sea (approximately 2,000 km northeast) in April, and then returns in December. Xiaobu may have become separated from the Eden’s whale group when whales reached Shenzhen during the northward migration.
{"title":"A Young Eden’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) Wandering in a Busy International Container Port","authors":"Jing Sun, Fangting Lu, Baolin Liao, Baohua Xiao, Min Li, Linyun He, Ling Bai, Bingyao Chen","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.321","url":null,"abstract":"Eden’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) is one of the least-understood baleen whales, with a global distribution that is almost completely unknown; only a few basic population studies of this species have been reported thus far. On 29 June 2021, a single Eden’s whale was sighted in Dapeng Bay, Shenzhen, a busy international container port. This sighting was the first record of a live Eden’s whale in the area, and it attracted immediate widespread attention. Our research team monitored the whale, nicknamed “Xiaobu” by Shenzhen citizens, until its disappearance. There were 48 sightings of the whale over a period of 50 days during vessel-based surveys from 2 July to 29 August 2021. Xiaobu was mainly sighted in coastal areas with a depth of 8.70 to 16.30 m; it remained 1 km offshore. The whale moved in a small minimum convex polygon range of 44.67 km2 and kernel density estimation range of 87.96 km2. From 2 to 27 July 2021, the whale was sighted near the Liquefied Natural Gas Pier in the eastern part of Dapeng Bay; it moved toward the Yantian International Container Terminal in the western part of Dapeng Bay between 28 July and 25 August, after which it was not sighted again. Its shift from east to west may have been influenced by food distribution and/or a gradual increase in familiarity with the local environment. Aerial vertical photogrammetry estimated a short body length of 7.49 m, indicating a young whale. Based on stranding records from the Chinese coastal area, the Eden’s whale population in Beibu Gulf presumably migrates northward to the East China Sea (approximately 2,000 km northeast) in April, and then returns in December. Xiaobu may have become separated from the Eden’s whale group when whales reached Shenzhen during the northward migration.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42894827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.336
D. Bergfelt, Maria Vences, Meghan Smallcomb, R. Sánchez-Okrucky, Rocio Canales
The evaluation of circulating concentrations of cortisol associated with controlled cessation of suckling encompassing the weaning process in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under managed care has fundamental and practical implications to enhance and improve management and welfare practices. This study involved five cow–calf pairs of which calves were 12 to 19 months at weaning and accustomed to a fish diet. Blood samples were collected from cows and calves between 0800 and 1100 h episodically for two weeks before weaning day (Day 0) and on Days 1, 3, 5, 8 12, 16, 20, and 31 post-weaning. Pre-weaning involved conditioning through positive reinforcement with respective trainers where cows moved freely from maternity to holding pens while calves remained in maternity pens. After 2 to 6 months, when cows and calves remained separated for at least several minutes without reuniting, weaning day was initiated, and gates between maternity and holding pens were closed. Physical separation resulted in cows and calves exhibiting different types and degrees of behavior dominated by increased vocalization and locomotor activities (rapid and erratic swimming, side jumping, breaching). While pre-weaning cortisol concentrations were at baseline and not different (p > 0.1) between cows and calves, post-weaning concentrations on Day 1 increased in cows (p = 0.0045) and calves (p = 0.0001), reaching higher (p < 0.07) concentrations in calves than in cows. Thereafter, cortisol decreased to pre-weaning concentrations on Day 5 (p = 0.0031) in cows and Day 12 (p = 0.0417) in calves. While stress-like behavior post-weaning returned to pre-weaning conditions by Day 5 in cows and calves, cortisol remained slightly higher (p < 0.1) in calves than in cows until the study ended on Day 31. Thus, although preliminary, the acute, temporal physiological and behavioral responses to the cessation of suckling encompassing weaning in dolphin cow–calf pairs are novel and provide a basis for future studies to comprehensively evaluate short- and long-term physiological and behavioral relationships associated with weaning in dolphins under managed care.
{"title":"Circulating Concentrations of Cortisol Encompassing Controlled Cessation of Suckling During Weaning Under Managed Care in Cow and Calf Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","authors":"D. Bergfelt, Maria Vences, Meghan Smallcomb, R. Sánchez-Okrucky, Rocio Canales","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.336","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of circulating concentrations of cortisol associated with controlled cessation of suckling encompassing the weaning process in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under managed care has fundamental and practical implications to enhance and improve management and welfare practices. This study involved five cow–calf pairs of which calves were 12 to 19 months at weaning and accustomed to a fish diet. Blood samples were collected from cows and calves between 0800 and 1100 h episodically for two weeks before weaning day (Day 0) and on Days 1, 3, 5, 8 12, 16, 20, and 31 post-weaning. Pre-weaning involved conditioning through positive reinforcement with respective trainers where cows moved freely from maternity to holding pens while calves remained in maternity pens. After 2 to 6 months, when cows and calves remained separated for at least several minutes without reuniting, weaning day was initiated, and gates between maternity and holding pens were closed. Physical separation resulted in cows and calves exhibiting different types and degrees of behavior dominated by increased vocalization and locomotor activities (rapid and erratic swimming, side jumping, breaching). While pre-weaning cortisol concentrations were at baseline and not different (p > 0.1) between cows and calves, post-weaning concentrations on Day 1 increased in cows (p = 0.0045) and calves (p = 0.0001), reaching higher (p < 0.07) concentrations in calves than in cows. Thereafter, cortisol decreased to pre-weaning concentrations on Day 5 (p = 0.0031) in cows and Day 12 (p = 0.0417) in calves. While stress-like behavior post-weaning returned to pre-weaning conditions by Day 5 in cows and calves, cortisol remained slightly higher (p < 0.1) in calves than in cows until the study ended on Day 31. Thus, although preliminary, the acute, temporal physiological and behavioral responses to the cessation of suckling encompassing weaning in dolphin cow–calf pairs are novel and provide a basis for future studies to comprehensively evaluate short- and long-term physiological and behavioral relationships associated with weaning in dolphins under managed care.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42012227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.347
Shannia Iskandar, Julia Adelsheim, D. Rosen
Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are known ecosystem engineers that have significant impacts on their kelp forest and rocky intertidal communities due to their high levels of food intake. Quantifying sea otter food biomass and energy intake is a valuable way to understand potential ecological impacts of sea otter populations on ecosystems and for predicting future population trends and potential for expansion. While detailed, fine-scale, age-specific food intake is difficult to quantify in wild sea otters, there is a wealth of potential information available from otters under human care. This study used food and energy intake data from husbandry records of 10 sea otters collected over three decades at the Vancouver Aquarium. Within these husbandry records, daily food biomass intake and body mass measurements were recorded and converted to annual average food mass and gross energy intake (GEI). Age-, sex-, and mass-specific trends were also observed. Young sea otters had the highest relative ingested food mass, equivalent to ~26% of body mass, which decreased to ~20% in adult otters. Young otters similarly had the highest mass-specific GEI, where measures from near birth to year 1 were ~40% higher than at year 3, the age of sexual and physical maturity. There were also key differences in trends between sexes. Captive adult male sea otters were 25 to 42% larger than females and their GEI was 23 to 58% higher, although mass-specific GEI was almost identical for male and non-reproductive female otters at all ages, plateauing at ~650 kJ kg-1 d-1. Despite high levels of ingested food mass, GEI was only 5 to 15% higher than for other captive marine mammals and was comparable to previous estimates for wild sea otters. These estimates of ingested food mass and energy intake requirements are valuable when modelling the ecological impact of sea otter populations and for considering the potential effects of future environmental changes.
{"title":"The Effects of Age and Sex on the Energy Intake of Captive Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris): Implications for Captive Management and Species Conservation","authors":"Shannia Iskandar, Julia Adelsheim, D. Rosen","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.347","url":null,"abstract":"Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are known ecosystem engineers that have significant impacts on their kelp forest and rocky intertidal communities due to their high levels of food intake. Quantifying sea otter food biomass and energy intake is a valuable way to understand potential ecological impacts of sea otter populations on ecosystems and for predicting future population trends and potential for expansion. While detailed, fine-scale, age-specific food intake is difficult to quantify in wild sea otters, there is a wealth of potential information available from otters under human care. This study used food and energy intake data from husbandry records of 10 sea otters collected over three decades at the Vancouver Aquarium. Within these husbandry records, daily food biomass intake and body mass measurements were recorded and converted to annual average food mass and gross energy intake (GEI). Age-, sex-, and mass-specific trends were also observed. Young sea otters had the highest relative ingested food mass, equivalent to ~26% of body mass, which decreased to ~20% in adult otters. Young otters similarly had the highest mass-specific GEI, where measures from near birth to year 1 were ~40% higher than at year 3, the age of sexual and physical maturity. There were also key differences in trends between sexes. Captive adult male sea otters were 25 to 42% larger than females and their GEI was 23 to 58% higher, although mass-specific GEI was almost identical for male and non-reproductive female otters at all ages, plateauing at ~650 kJ kg-1 d-1. Despite high levels of ingested food mass, GEI was only 5 to 15% higher than for other captive marine mammals and was comparable to previous estimates for wild sea otters. These estimates of ingested food mass and energy intake requirements are valuable when modelling the ecological impact of sea otter populations and for considering the potential effects of future environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42854426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.366
T. Jefferson, M. Smultea, E. Ward
Two species of sea lions occur in the in387land waters of Washington State: the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Both species breed elsewhere, but they typically move into Puget Sound and adjacent waters of the Salish Sea from autumn through spring. There is a need for information on their current abundance and seasonal use patterns as both species prey heavily on threatened/endangered stocks of salmon and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus spp.), and empirical abundance estimates of these species are lacking for inland Washington waters. From 2013 to 2016, we conducted 39,399 km of aerial surveys for marine mammals in this area, sighting 255 groups of sea lions. We used a subset of 7,841 km of effort and 165 sea lion sightings made during surveys in good sighting conditions to estimate in-water abundance using line-transect methods. Historical tagging data collected in Pacific Northwest waters were used to evaluate the proportions of time that each species spent on land and conducting dives, and then to develop correction factors to derive total abundance for both sea lion species, providing the first empirical abundance estimates for these waters. We estimated that between 33 and 442 California sea lions were found in Puget Sound/Hood Canal in different seasons, with nearly 3,000 being found in the broader inland Washington waters in the peak season (spring). Steller sea lions occurred in much smaller numbers, with a peak of 219 animals in Puget Sound/Hood Canal/Strait of Juan de Fuca in autumn (and possibly as many as 600 to 700 in the entire study area). While some estimates suffer from low precision, this study demonstrates that substantial numbers of sea lions use waters of the study area throughout much of the year. Our results provide an important step toward a better understanding of these two species in the inland waters of Washington, as well as their potential effects on protected salmonid prey species.
{"title":"Distribution and Abundance of California (Zalophus californianus) and Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) Sea Lions in the Inshore Waters of Washington, 2013-2016","authors":"T. Jefferson, M. Smultea, E. Ward","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.366","url":null,"abstract":"Two species of sea lions occur in the in387land waters of Washington State: the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Both species breed elsewhere, but they typically move into Puget Sound and adjacent waters of the Salish Sea from autumn through spring. There is a need for information on their current abundance and seasonal use patterns as both species prey heavily on threatened/endangered stocks of salmon and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus spp.), and empirical abundance estimates of these species are lacking for inland Washington waters. From 2013 to 2016, we conducted 39,399 km of aerial surveys for marine mammals in this area, sighting 255 groups of sea lions. We used a subset of 7,841 km of effort and 165 sea lion sightings made during surveys in good sighting conditions to estimate in-water abundance using line-transect methods. Historical tagging data collected in Pacific Northwest waters were used to evaluate the proportions of time that each species spent on land and conducting dives, and then to develop correction factors to derive total abundance for both sea lion species, providing the first empirical abundance estimates for these waters. We estimated that between 33 and 442 California sea lions were found in Puget Sound/Hood Canal in different seasons, with nearly 3,000 being found in the broader inland Washington waters in the peak season (spring). Steller sea lions occurred in much smaller numbers, with a peak of 219 animals in Puget Sound/Hood Canal/Strait of Juan de Fuca in autumn (and possibly as many as 600 to 700 in the entire study area). While some estimates suffer from low precision, this study demonstrates that substantial numbers of sea lions use waters of the study area throughout much of the year. Our results provide an important step toward a better understanding of these two species in the inland waters of Washington, as well as their potential effects on protected salmonid prey species.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46394755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.407
M. Böye
{"title":"Letter to the Editor: EAAM Symposium: Marine Mammals in Need: Let People Know that We Are Part of the Solution","authors":"M. Böye","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.1578/am.49.4.2023.382
Cristina Castro, M. Engel, Anthony R. Martin
The humpback whales ( Megaptera novaean-gliae ) of the Southern Hemisphere migrate long distances from their feeding grounds in Antarctic waters to the tropics (Matthews, 1937). At the end of the feeding season, each population (i.e., stock) migrates latitudinally towards the Equator to its own coastal or insular breeding ground in tropical or near-tropical waters. Seven humpback whale breeding stocks (A to G) and six management feeding areas (Areas I to VI) are recognized by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) (1998). Two breeding populations migrate along South America: Breeding Stock A is found in the coastal waters of Brazil, and Breeding Stock G is found on the west coast of South America from northern Peru to south Nicaragua (Pacheco et al., 2009; IWC, 2011; De Weerdt et al., 2020). These populations feed in two Antarctic management areas. Feeding Area I goes from 120° to 60° W (IWC, 2005). South Georgia ( ∼ 54° S, 36° W) and the South Sandwich Islands ( ∼ 58° S, 26° W) in the Scotia Sea, South Atlantic (Feeding Area II), are known feeding grounds for Breeding Stock A (Stevick et al., 2006; Zerbini et al., 2006, 2020; Engel et al., 2008; Engel & Martin, 2009; Marcondes et al., 2021), whereas the western Antarctic Peninsula (Feeding Area I)
南半球的座头鲸（Megaptera novaean gliae）从南极水域的觅食地迁移到热带地区（Matthews，1937）。在觅食季节结束时，每个种群（即种群）都会向赤道方向横向迁徙，到达热带或近热带水域的沿海或岛屿繁殖地。国际捕鲸委员会（IWC）承认了七个座头鲸繁殖种群（A至G）和六个管理饲养区（I至VI区）（1998年）。两个繁殖种群沿南美洲迁徙：繁殖种群A在巴西沿海水域发现，繁殖种群G在从秘鲁北部到尼加拉瓜南部的南美洲西海岸发现（Pacheco等人，2009年；IWC，2011年；De Weerdt等人，2020）。这些种群生活在两个南极管理区。进料区I从120°W变为60°W（IWC，2005）。南大西洋斯科舍海的南乔治亚岛（～54°S，36°W）和南桑威奇群岛（～58°S，26°W）（觅食区II）是已知的繁殖种群A的觅食地（Stevick et al.，2006；Zerbini et al.，20062020；Engel et al.，2008；Engel&Martin，2009；Marcondes et al.，2021），而南极半岛西部（觅食区I）
{"title":"First Humpback Whale Movement Between Ecuador and the South Sandwich Islands: Redefines the Easternmost Migration Point of Breeding Stock G","authors":"Cristina Castro, M. Engel, Anthony R. Martin","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.382","url":null,"abstract":"The humpback whales ( Megaptera novaean-gliae ) of the Southern Hemisphere migrate long distances from their feeding grounds in Antarctic waters to the tropics (Matthews, 1937). At the end of the feeding season, each population (i.e., stock) migrates latitudinally towards the Equator to its own coastal or insular breeding ground in tropical or near-tropical waters. Seven humpback whale breeding stocks (A to G) and six management feeding areas (Areas I to VI) are recognized by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) (1998). Two breeding populations migrate along South America: Breeding Stock A is found in the coastal waters of Brazil, and Breeding Stock G is found on the west coast of South America from northern Peru to south Nicaragua (Pacheco et al., 2009; IWC, 2011; De Weerdt et al., 2020). These populations feed in two Antarctic management areas. Feeding Area I goes from 120° to 60° W (IWC, 2005). South Georgia ( ∼ 54° S, 36° W) and the South Sandwich Islands ( ∼ 58° S, 26° W) in the Scotia Sea, South Atlantic (Feeding Area II), are known feeding grounds for Breeding Stock A (Stevick et al., 2006; Zerbini et al., 2006, 2020; Engel et al., 2008; Engel & Martin, 2009; Marcondes et al., 2021), whereas the western Antarctic Peninsula (Feeding Area I)","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42621167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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