Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I730396
U. Udofia, F. Okoro, A. Joseph
Aim: The study investigated the toxicological effects of Calabar municipal dumpsite leachate on the fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus. Experimental Design: The study was set-up in a 6 × 2 Complete Randomized Block Design. Methodology: During the studt 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings were used. Each group was made up of 10 fingerlings. The fingerlings were exposed to 0% (control group), 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% of leachate in duplicate. Histopathology was also carried-out on the gills and liver of the fingerlings of each exposure group. Results: The temperature, pH, conductivity, and BOD increased with increasing leachate concentration, while the DO decreased with concentration. 5.17 ± 0.66 cm and 1.09 ± 0.40 g mean length and weight respectively of fingerlings were determined. Mortality depended on concentration. The 96 hours LC50 value with 95% confidence limit of C. gariepinus fingerlings exposed to leachate was 22.5% ± 0.89, and was significant with a determination coefficient (r2) of 0.93 at P<0.05. Leachates altered the orientation of gills and liver of the fingerlings. Conclusion and Recommendations: The low LC50 value of fingerlings exposed to different concentrations of leachate indicates a high toxicity of the leachate and altered the gills and liver of fingerlings. To this end, we recommended dumpsites are sited at a distance far from water bodies and areas inhabited by human, to mitigate the leeching of leachate into nearby aquatic systems. Law against indiscriminate discharge of waste into drainage channels and any aquatic system should be enforced by Government, to prevent mortality of biological organisms, extinction of species, contamination of organisms in nearby aquatic systems, changes in the physical properties, and health risk to humans that depends on resources from these aquatic systems for food.
目的:研究卡拉巴尔市垃圾场渗滤液对克拉丽鱼(Clarias gariepinus)鱼种的毒理学影响。实验设计:本研究采用6 × 2完全随机区组设计。方法:在研究期间，使用了120只加里皮鱼鱼种。每组10只鱼种。分别以0%(对照组)、15%、20%、25%、30%和35%的渗滤液进行二次处理。对各暴露组鱼种的鳃和肝脏进行组织病理学检查。结果:温度、pH、电导率和BOD随渗滤液浓度的增加而增加，而DO随渗滤液浓度的增加而降低。测定鱼种平均体长5.17±0.66 cm，平均体重1.09±0.40 g。死亡率取决于浓度。浸出液对沙棘沙棘仔鱼96 h LC50的95%置信限为22.5%±0.89，决定系数(r2)为0.93,P<0.05。渗滤液改变了鱼苗的鳃和肝脏的方向。结论与建议:不同浓度的渗滤液对鱼种的LC50值较低，表明渗滤液毒性高，并改变了鱼种的鳃和肝脏。为此，我们建议在远离水体和人类居住地区的地方设置垃圾场，以减轻渗滤液对附近水生系统的吸收。政府应执行禁止向排水渠和任何水生系统任意排放废物的法律，以防止生物有机体死亡、物种灭绝、附近水生系统的有机体受到污染、物理特性发生变化以及对依赖这些水生系统资源作为食物的人类造成健康危险。
{"title":"Toxicological Impact of Leachates from Lemna Refuse Dump Site on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1882) Fingerlings Under Laboratory Condition","authors":"U. Udofia, F. Okoro, A. Joseph","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I730396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I730396","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The study investigated the toxicological effects of Calabar municipal dumpsite leachate on the fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus. \u0000Experimental Design: The study was set-up in a 6 × 2 Complete Randomized Block Design. \u0000Methodology: During the studt 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings were used. Each group was made up of 10 fingerlings. The fingerlings were exposed to 0% (control group), 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% of leachate in duplicate. Histopathology was also carried-out on the gills and liver of the fingerlings of each exposure group. \u0000Results: The temperature, pH, conductivity, and BOD increased with increasing leachate concentration, while the DO decreased with concentration. 5.17 ± 0.66 cm and 1.09 ± 0.40 g mean length and weight respectively of fingerlings were determined. Mortality depended on concentration. The 96 hours LC50 value with 95% confidence limit of C. gariepinus fingerlings exposed to leachate was 22.5% ± 0.89, and was significant with a determination coefficient (r2) of 0.93 at P<0.05. Leachates altered the orientation of gills and liver of the fingerlings. \u0000Conclusion and Recommendations: The low LC50 value of fingerlings exposed to different concentrations of leachate indicates a high toxicity of the leachate and altered the gills and liver of fingerlings. To this end, we recommended dumpsites are sited at a distance far from water bodies and areas inhabited by human, to mitigate the leeching of leachate into nearby aquatic systems. Law against indiscriminate discharge of waste into drainage channels and any aquatic system should be enforced by Government, to prevent mortality of biological organisms, extinction of species, contamination of organisms in nearby aquatic systems, changes in the physical properties, and health risk to humans that depends on resources from these aquatic systems for food.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82198513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-13DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i730395
Akintola Adebola Olayemi, Kehinde Busuyi David, S. Adeoye, Oyewande Esther Ajoke, A. Akinpelu, O. M. Akinloye
Cardiovascular disease is the world's leading cause of death, killing 17 to 19 million people each year. The usage of traditional drugs was influenced by the need for effective medications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease without side effects. The current study investigated the cardio-protective effects of Adansonia digitata leaf extract on doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity in laboratory rats. Thirty-five albino rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of seven rats. Group 1 was given filtered water as a control, while Group 2 was given saline and doxorubicin, Group 3 received doxorubicin and Vitamin E, and Groups IV and V were myocardial oxidative animals treated with Adansonia digitata leaf extract (150 and 300 mg/kg/wt) for two weeks. After the rats were sacrificed, their hearts were collected and homogenized for biochemical assays. The results on the activities of creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde were determined. Histopathology examination was used in addition to assays to validate myocardial damage. In comparison to the control group, rats provided doxorubicin showed a significant increase in the activities of cardiac marker enzymes (CK, LDH, and AST), as well as a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and NOS), implying cardiotoxicity. In rats with doxorubicin-induced myocardial infection, pretreatment with Adansonia digitata leaf extract reduced myocardial damage, these biochemical results were confirmed by histopathology. Finally, the new study demonstrates that Adansonia digitata has cardioprotective properties.
{"title":"Doxorubicin-Induced Cardio Toxicity in Albino Rats Protected by Adansonia Digitata (Baobab) Leaf Extract","authors":"Akintola Adebola Olayemi, Kehinde Busuyi David, S. Adeoye, Oyewande Esther Ajoke, A. Akinpelu, O. M. Akinloye","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i730395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i730395","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disease is the world's leading cause of death, killing 17 to 19 million people each year. The usage of traditional drugs was influenced by the need for effective medications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease without side effects. The current study investigated the cardio-protective effects of Adansonia digitata leaf extract on doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity in laboratory rats. Thirty-five albino rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of seven rats. Group 1 was given filtered water as a control, while Group 2 was given saline and doxorubicin, Group 3 received doxorubicin and Vitamin E, and Groups IV and V were myocardial oxidative animals treated with Adansonia digitata leaf extract (150 and 300 mg/kg/wt) for two weeks. After the rats were sacrificed, their hearts were collected and homogenized for biochemical assays. The results on the activities of creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde were determined. Histopathology examination was used in addition to assays to validate myocardial damage. In comparison to the control group, rats provided doxorubicin showed a significant increase in the activities of cardiac marker enzymes (CK, LDH, and AST), as well as a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and NOS), implying cardiotoxicity. In rats with doxorubicin-induced myocardial infection, pretreatment with Adansonia digitata leaf extract reduced myocardial damage, these biochemical results were confirmed by histopathology. Finally, the new study demonstrates that Adansonia digitata has cardioprotective properties.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90639498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-10DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I730394
V. Obinna, G. O. Agu
Portulaca oleracea Linn. has a history of extensive use as a medicinal plant and is a component of the Nigerian ethnomedical pharmacopoeia. Although several studies have been carried out exclusively on the leaves to ascertain the physiological effect, there seems to be dearth of literature on the physiological effect of the stem. This study which was designed to fill this gap investigated the sub-chronic effect of oral administration of chloroform stem extract of P.oleracea (CSEPO) on haematological parameters and plasma activities of some enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase - ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase - ALP & Aspartate Aminotransferase - AST) and levels of other biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine in male wistar rats. Twenty animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group A(Control) received 0.5 ml of olive oil(vehicle) while Groups B, C & D received 125, 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight of CSEPO respectively for 21 days by oral gavage. At the end, the animals were anaesthetized and blood samples were collected for haematology and plasma biochemical assay. No significant (P > .05) variation occurred in the mean values of ALT, ALP, AST, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration, RBC, WBC and differential leucocyte counts relative to the control. There was a highly significant (P < .01) increase in the total platelet count only at the dose of 500mg/kg in comparison with control. Oral administration of CSEPO as used in this study had no adverse effect on haematological and biochemical parameters. Secondly, CSEPO may be a useful remedy in thrombocytopenia, due to its potential to increase platelet count. However, further study is recommended in that regards.
{"title":"Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Wistar Rats Exposed to Chloroform Stem Extract of Portulaca oleracea Linn. (Purslane)","authors":"V. Obinna, G. O. Agu","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I730394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I730394","url":null,"abstract":"Portulaca oleracea Linn. has a history of extensive use as a medicinal plant and is a component of the Nigerian ethnomedical pharmacopoeia. Although several studies have been carried out exclusively on the leaves to ascertain the physiological effect, there seems to be dearth of literature on the physiological effect of the stem. This study which was designed to fill this gap investigated the sub-chronic effect of oral administration of chloroform stem extract of P.oleracea (CSEPO) on haematological parameters and plasma activities of some enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase - ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase - ALP & Aspartate Aminotransferase - AST) and levels of other biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine in male wistar rats. Twenty animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group A(Control) received 0.5 ml of olive oil(vehicle) while Groups B, C & D received 125, 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight of CSEPO respectively for 21 days by oral gavage. At the end, the animals were anaesthetized and blood samples were collected for haematology and plasma biochemical assay. No significant (P > .05) variation occurred in the mean values of ALT, ALP, AST, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration, RBC, WBC and differential leucocyte counts relative to the control. There was a highly significant (P < .01) increase in the total platelet count only at the dose of 500mg/kg in comparison with control. Oral administration of CSEPO as used in this study had no adverse effect on haematological and biochemical parameters. Secondly, CSEPO may be a useful remedy in thrombocytopenia, due to its potential to increase platelet count. However, further study is recommended in that regards.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79426356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630392
P. Alaba, K. Abotsi, K. Adjonou, K. Segla, A. Kokutse, K. Kokou
Background and Aims: The sylviculture of Pterocarpus erinaceus is still in its infancy due to lack of information on its biology. The aim of this study is to investigate its mycorrhizal status in order to better address its sylviculture. Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed on the field from May 2019 to December 2020 and data were analyzed at the laboratory from January to March 2021. Methodology: The frequency and intensity of mycorrhization were determined under a microscope after staining with trypan blue of fine roots collected at a depth of 20 cm under adult plants at 5 sites, 3 in the Guinean zone and 2 in the Sudanian zone in Togo. The spore density was obtained on soil samples taken at the same depth under the same trees. Results: Results indicate, without significant differences (P value = 0.166) among sites, and show that P. erinaceus is frequently mycorrhized (88% to 94%). However, there were significant differences (P value = 0.001) in spore densities between sites located in the Sudanian zone (16.53 ± 1.25 and 10.66 ± 0.71 spores per gram of soil – SPGS – respectively for the Fazao-Malfakassa and Oti-Kéran-Mandouri) and those located in the Guinean zone (4.54 ± 0.3, 2.93 ± 0.43 and 3.76 ± 1.01 SPGS respectively at Abdoulaye, Hahomegbe and Togodo). There are significant differences between mycorrhization intensities Togodo which has a mycorhization intensity of 33.52 ± 2.54 and other sites. The redundancy analysis carried out by taking into account substrates’ chemical characteristics shows that spore density remains low when phosphorus and nitrogen are important in the rhizosphere whereas the intensity of mycorhizations is low when PHKCl is high. Conclusion: This study provided evidence of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Pterocarpus erinaceus whether in the Sudanian or Guinean zone. Chemical quality of the growing substrate has an influence on parameters of mychorization. Further studies should therefore allow an assessment of the degree of dependence of this species with respect to the possible benefits associated with this symbiosis.
{"title":"Mycorrhizal Status of Natural Stands of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae) in Sudanian and Guinean Zones of West Africa","authors":"P. Alaba, K. Abotsi, K. Adjonou, K. Segla, A. Kokutse, K. Kokou","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630392","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims: The sylviculture of Pterocarpus erinaceus is still in its infancy due to lack of information on its biology. The aim of this study is to investigate its mycorrhizal status in order to better address its sylviculture. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed on the field from May 2019 to December 2020 and data were analyzed at the laboratory from January to March 2021. \u0000Methodology: The frequency and intensity of mycorrhization were determined under a microscope after staining with trypan blue of fine roots collected at a depth of 20 cm under adult plants at 5 sites, 3 in the Guinean zone and 2 in the Sudanian zone in Togo. The spore density was obtained on soil samples taken at the same depth under the same trees. \u0000Results: Results indicate, without significant differences (P value = 0.166) among sites, and show that P. erinaceus is frequently mycorrhized (88% to 94%). However, there were significant differences (P value = 0.001) in spore densities between sites located in the Sudanian zone (16.53 ± 1.25 and 10.66 ± 0.71 spores per gram of soil – SPGS – respectively for the Fazao-Malfakassa and Oti-Kéran-Mandouri) and those located in the Guinean zone (4.54 ± 0.3, 2.93 ± 0.43 and 3.76 ± 1.01 SPGS respectively at Abdoulaye, Hahomegbe and Togodo). There are significant differences between mycorrhization intensities Togodo which has a mycorhization intensity of 33.52 ± 2.54 and other sites. The redundancy analysis carried out by taking into account substrates’ chemical characteristics shows that spore density remains low when phosphorus and nitrogen are important in the rhizosphere whereas the intensity of mycorhizations is low when PHKCl is high. \u0000Conclusion: This study provided evidence of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Pterocarpus erinaceus whether in the Sudanian or Guinean zone. Chemical quality of the growing substrate has an influence on parameters of mychorization. Further studies should therefore allow an assessment of the degree of dependence of this species with respect to the possible benefits associated with this symbiosis.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89522594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-23DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630389
O. I. Eyong, E. E. Ekpiken, O. A. Iso
Cucurbits are group of plants which belonged in the Cucurbitaceae family and constitute one of the most important vegetables for human consumption throughout the world. A survey conducted between January to March 2021 across major cucurbit-growing area in Cross River State revealed wide spread virus infection of these crops, surveyed plants showed mosaic, mottle and leaf deformation symptoms. This research was aimed at identifying viruses infecting some cucurbits in the study areas. Twenty four samples showing virus like symptoms were collected and tested against ACP-ELISA and RT-PCR. Result obtained from ACP-ELISA showed that 20 out of 24 samples collected tested positive to universal potyvirus antisera, the gene sequence analysis revealed that samples were predominantly infected with Algerian watermelon mosaic virus representing 40% of total viruses detected followed by Morroccan watermelon mosaic virus representing 15% of total viruses detected followed by Papaya ringspot virus, Zucchini tigre mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus and Soybean mosaic virus representing 10% each for total viruses detected and finally Potato virus Y representing 5% of total virus detected. This survey is an accurate and timely detection and will form the basis for mitigating yield losses resulting from virus infection on cucurbits. This is the first report of wide scale detection of viruses infecting cucurbits in Nigeria.
{"title":"Occurrence, Distribution and Identification of Viruses Infecting Some Cucurbits Across Major Cucurbit-Growing Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"O. I. Eyong, E. E. Ekpiken, O. A. Iso","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630389","url":null,"abstract":"Cucurbits are group of plants which belonged in the Cucurbitaceae family and constitute one of the most important vegetables for human consumption throughout the world. A survey conducted between January to March 2021 across major cucurbit-growing area in Cross River State revealed wide spread virus infection of these crops, surveyed plants showed mosaic, mottle and leaf deformation symptoms. This research was aimed at identifying viruses infecting some cucurbits in the study areas. Twenty four samples showing virus like symptoms were collected and tested against ACP-ELISA and RT-PCR. Result obtained from ACP-ELISA showed that 20 out of 24 samples collected tested positive to universal potyvirus antisera, the gene sequence analysis revealed that samples were predominantly infected with Algerian watermelon mosaic virus representing 40% of total viruses detected followed by Morroccan watermelon mosaic virus representing 15% of total viruses detected followed by Papaya ringspot virus, Zucchini tigre mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus and Soybean mosaic virus representing 10% each for total viruses detected and finally Potato virus Y representing 5% of total virus detected. This survey is an accurate and timely detection and will form the basis for mitigating yield losses resulting from virus infection on cucurbits. This is the first report of wide scale detection of viruses infecting cucurbits in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77378805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-23DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630388
S. B. Chuku, E. Nwachukwu, I. Agbagwa, H. Stanley
Fungi play vital roles as decomposers. White rot fungi are an eco-physiological group that degrades wood by the secretion of specialized extracellular enzymes including lignin-modifying enzymes. There is growing interest in the use of extracellular enzymes for bioremediation. This study determined the Lignin Modifying Enzymes (LMEs) associated with two species of mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus. The qualitative study was conducted using agar medium substituted with chromogenic substances to determine the production of LMEs by the species. The appearance of colour change and clearance due to reaction with chromogenic substrates were used to determine LMEs production by the fungi. The results showed that Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus tested positive by the appearance of light brown colouration, reddish-brown colouration and discolouration of media for overall polyphenol oxidase, Laccase and Peroxidase activity, respectively. The study showed that the species studied are candidates for large scale production of LMEs that can be utilized as an eco-friendly solution for bioremediation of contaminated sites.
{"title":"Determination of Lignin Modifying Enzymes from Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus","authors":"S. B. Chuku, E. Nwachukwu, I. Agbagwa, H. Stanley","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630388","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi play vital roles as decomposers. White rot fungi are an eco-physiological group that degrades wood by the secretion of specialized extracellular enzymes including lignin-modifying enzymes. There is growing interest in the use of extracellular enzymes for bioremediation. This study determined the Lignin Modifying Enzymes (LMEs) associated with two species of mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus. The qualitative study was conducted using agar medium substituted with chromogenic substances to determine the production of LMEs by the species. The appearance of colour change and clearance due to reaction with chromogenic substrates were used to determine LMEs production by the fungi. The results showed that Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus tested positive by the appearance of light brown colouration, reddish-brown colouration and discolouration of media for overall polyphenol oxidase, Laccase and Peroxidase activity, respectively. The study showed that the species studied are candidates for large scale production of LMEs that can be utilized as an eco-friendly solution for bioremediation of contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87872151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-19DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630387
Dool-Ri Oh, Yujin Kim, Kyonyeo Oh, Yonguk Kim, Donghyuck Bae
Polygonatum humile Fisch is commonly called Sookjuk in Korea. The roots of P. humile are typically used in traditional medicine as an anti-rheumatic, demulcent, and sedative agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the P. humile extracts to treat depression. Mice were administered P. humile water extract (PH) and were subjected to the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open-field test (OFT). The levels of brain monoamines including serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, and dopamine were evaluated. In addition, the PH antidepressant-like effects were studied based on the regulation of 5-HT-mediated Ca2+ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in human 1321N1 cells stably expressing the 5-HT subunit 6 receptor (5-HT6). In FST and TST, PH (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time without changing the locomotor activity in mice. In addition, PH enhanced the level of 5-HT in the mice brain. The results further indicated an inhibitory activity of PH on both the 5-HT6 receptor expression level and the 5-HT6 receptor dependent downstream signal pathway ERK1/2.These findings indicated antidepressant-like effects of PH as evidenced by decreased immobility time in mice through a 5-HT6 receptor antagonistic mechanism.
{"title":"Antidepressant-like Effects of Polygonatum humile Fisch via Serotonergic System in Mouse Model: Involvement of the Serotonin Subunit 6 Receptor","authors":"Dool-Ri Oh, Yujin Kim, Kyonyeo Oh, Yonguk Kim, Donghyuck Bae","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630387","url":null,"abstract":"Polygonatum humile Fisch is commonly called Sookjuk in Korea. The roots of P. humile are typically used in traditional medicine as an anti-rheumatic, demulcent, and sedative agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the P. humile extracts to treat depression. Mice were administered P. humile water extract (PH) and were subjected to the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open-field test (OFT). The levels of brain monoamines including serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, and dopamine were evaluated. In addition, the PH antidepressant-like effects were studied based on the regulation of 5-HT-mediated Ca2+ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in human 1321N1 cells stably expressing the 5-HT subunit 6 receptor (5-HT6). In FST and TST, PH (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time without changing the locomotor activity in mice. In addition, PH enhanced the level of 5-HT in the mice brain. The results further indicated an inhibitory activity of PH on both the 5-HT6 receptor expression level and the 5-HT6 receptor dependent downstream signal pathway ERK1/2.These findings indicated antidepressant-like effects of PH as evidenced by decreased immobility time in mice through a 5-HT6 receptor antagonistic mechanism.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89174732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630386
T. Hashimoto, Maki Kobayashi, K. Kanazawa
Objective: The effects of 6-MSITC on cell cycle progression were investigated in quiescent mouse epidermal JB6 cells. Background: 6-Methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC) derived from wasabi (Wasabia japonica) has been reported to prevent tumor development in vivo. Material and methods: Treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) to quiescent JB6 cells, which were serum-starved for 36 h, promoted cell cycle progression from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase. Effects of pretreatment with 6-MSITC on cell cycle progression were estimated by flowcytometry and real-time RT-PCR. Results: Pretreatment with 6-MSITC at 0.25-1.0 μg/ml prior to the growth stimulation with EGF significantly inhibited cell cycle progression. Pretreatment with 6-MSITC inhibited the gene expression of DNA synthesis-related proteins cyclin A2, dumbbell former 4, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Conclusion: These results showed that 6-MSITC inhibits cell cycle progression in quiescent cells, accompanied by the inhibition of gene expression of DNA synthesis proteins.
{"title":"6-Methylsulfinylhexyl Isothiocyanate Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression in Quiescent Jb6 Cells Stimulated with Epidermal Growth Factor","authors":"T. Hashimoto, Maki Kobayashi, K. Kanazawa","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630386","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The effects of 6-MSITC on cell cycle progression were investigated in quiescent mouse epidermal JB6 cells. \u0000Background: 6-Methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC) derived from wasabi (Wasabia japonica) has been reported to prevent tumor development in vivo. \u0000Material and methods: Treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) to quiescent JB6 cells, which were serum-starved for 36 h, promoted cell cycle progression from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase. Effects of pretreatment with 6-MSITC on cell cycle progression were estimated by flowcytometry and real-time RT-PCR. \u0000Results: Pretreatment with 6-MSITC at 0.25-1.0 μg/ml prior to the growth stimulation with EGF significantly inhibited cell cycle progression. Pretreatment with 6-MSITC inhibited the gene expression of DNA synthesis-related proteins cyclin A2, dumbbell former 4, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. \u0000Conclusion: These results showed that 6-MSITC inhibits cell cycle progression in quiescent cells, accompanied by the inhibition of gene expression of DNA synthesis proteins.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88401790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630385
B. Ekeng, E. Ochang, D. E. Elem, P. A. Owai, B. E. Monjol, I. Ukweh, C. Nwagboso, B. A. Abraka, S. Ereh
Introduction: Urinary tract infection is a major reason for hospital visits and a common clinical condition encountered by clinicians. The causative agents of urinary tract infection and their resistant pattern vary globally. The aim of this study was to highlight the profile of pathogens associated with urinary tract infections in our locality. The objective was to investigate the resistant pattern of these microbial isolates from patients with urinary tract infection and offer recommendations for effective treatment. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the urine culture and antimicrobial sensitivity reports of patients with suspected urinary tract infection at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria, from September 2019 to August 2020. Methicillin resistance was detected by disk diffusion method using 30 µg cefoxitin disk. Production of Extended spectrum beta lactamases was detected by the Combination disk and the double-disk synergy method. Results: Of 979 urine culture and sensitivity reports, 306 (31.26%) were positive for microbial growth. Two microbial isolates each were recovered from urine samples of 5 patients giving a total number of 311 isolates from 306 patients. 45.75% of positive results were in males. The predominant isolate was Escherichia coli (n=97, 31.19%). Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) producing strains comprised 10.08% (10/238) of Gram-negative group of organisms, while 47.39% (145/306) of all bacterial isolates in our study were multi drug resistant (MDR). 14.29% (6/42) of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant S. aureus, while 33.33% (2/6) of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were multi drug resistant. Conclusion: Urinary tract infection caused by antimicrobial resistant organisms is common among studied patients. This emphasizes the need for urine culture and sensitivity tests in the management of urinary tract infection.
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Uropathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"B. Ekeng, E. Ochang, D. E. Elem, P. A. Owai, B. E. Monjol, I. Ukweh, C. Nwagboso, B. A. Abraka, S. Ereh","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630385","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Urinary tract infection is a major reason for hospital visits and a common clinical condition encountered by clinicians. The causative agents of urinary tract infection and their resistant pattern vary globally. The aim of this study was to highlight the profile of pathogens associated with urinary tract infections in our locality. The objective was to investigate the resistant pattern of these microbial isolates from patients with urinary tract infection and offer recommendations for effective treatment. \u0000Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the urine culture and antimicrobial sensitivity reports of patients with suspected urinary tract infection at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria, from September 2019 to August 2020. Methicillin resistance was detected by disk diffusion method using 30 µg cefoxitin disk. Production of Extended spectrum beta lactamases was detected by the Combination disk and the double-disk synergy method. \u0000Results: Of 979 urine culture and sensitivity reports, 306 (31.26%) were positive for microbial growth. Two microbial isolates each were recovered from urine samples of 5 patients giving a total number of 311 isolates from 306 patients. 45.75% of positive results were in males. The predominant isolate was Escherichia coli (n=97, 31.19%). Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) producing strains comprised 10.08% (10/238) of Gram-negative group of organisms, while 47.39% (145/306) of all bacterial isolates in our study were multi drug resistant (MDR). 14.29% (6/42) of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant S. aureus, while 33.33% (2/6) of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were multi drug resistant. \u0000Conclusion: Urinary tract infection caused by antimicrobial resistant organisms is common among studied patients. This emphasizes the need for urine culture and sensitivity tests in the management of urinary tract infection.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77693103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630384
O. O. Ojo, O. Ajayi, B. Ogunbiyi
Several studies on the adverse effects of methotrexate have been reported, especially its implication in the degeneration of spermatogenesis, reduced sperm count and ultimate male infertility. As an antagonist, methotrexate (MTX) uses folic acid to obstruct the production of some biomolecules involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. It is used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases such as psoriasis, and rheumatism. Reports have also revealed that the expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP8a) promotes spermatogenesis and fertility through the induction and activation of signaling sets of transcription factors, SMAD1/5/8. Hence, the expressions of these proteins and role of apoptosis are crucial to understand the mechanism involved in Methotrexate-induced infertility. In view of this, albino mice (Swiss strain) were randomly sorted to four groups. Group I served as control while groups II, III & IV (n=5) were treated with 5, 10 and 20mg/kg/day of Methotrexate (IP) respectively. Expressions of BMP8A and SMADs 1/ 5/ 8 were done by PCR and Western blotting techniques. Germ cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry techniques. Ultrastructural changes were assessed in leydig cells as well as sertoli cells. The results of this study reveal a down-regulation of BMP8A and SMAD1/5/8 proteins in a dose-dependent pattern. Induction of apoptosis was also confirmed by the expression of primary apoptotic Bax antibody. The sertoli cells which play their major roles of nourishing and protecting the development of sperm cells were severely impaired too. These findings suggest that the function of BMP8A and SMAD1/5/8 proteins in promoting proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia was severely disrupted following methotrexate exposure. Caution should therefore be taken when administering this drug.
{"title":"Down-regulation of BMP8A, SMADs 1/5/8 and BAX Proteins Following Methotrexate-treatment in Testicular Tissue of Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"O. O. Ojo, O. Ajayi, B. Ogunbiyi","doi":"10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/V36I630384","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies on the adverse effects of methotrexate have been reported, especially its implication in the degeneration of spermatogenesis, reduced sperm count and ultimate male infertility. As an antagonist, methotrexate (MTX) uses folic acid to obstruct the production of some biomolecules involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. It is used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases such as psoriasis, and rheumatism. Reports have also revealed that the expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP8a) promotes spermatogenesis and fertility through the induction and activation of signaling sets of transcription factors, SMAD1/5/8. Hence, the expressions of these proteins and role of apoptosis are crucial to understand the mechanism involved in Methotrexate-induced infertility. In view of this, albino mice (Swiss strain) were randomly sorted to four groups. Group I served as control while groups II, III & IV (n=5) were treated with 5, 10 and 20mg/kg/day of Methotrexate (IP) respectively. Expressions of BMP8A and SMADs 1/ 5/ 8 were done by PCR and Western blotting techniques. Germ cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry techniques. Ultrastructural changes were assessed in leydig cells as well as sertoli cells. The results of this study reveal a down-regulation of BMP8A and SMAD1/5/8 proteins in a dose-dependent pattern. Induction of apoptosis was also confirmed by the expression of primary apoptotic Bax antibody. The sertoli cells which play their major roles of nourishing and protecting the development of sperm cells were severely impaired too. These findings suggest that the function of BMP8A and SMAD1/5/8 proteins in promoting proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia was severely disrupted following methotrexate exposure. Caution should therefore be taken when administering this drug.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87075291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：