Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6287
M. Jweeg, Z.Kh. Hamdan, A. Majeed, K. K. Resan, M. Al-Waily
Purpose: The residual stresses in different welding methods are fundemental problems to consider. Friction stir welding is one of a solid state joining process, it is economical in that it permits joining together different materials, the specimens in this method (FSW) have excellent properties of mechanical as proven by tensile, flextural and fatigue tests, also it is environmentally friendly process minimizes consumption of energy and generate no gasses or smoke. In friction stir welding , there are two kinds of generated residual stresses: tensile stress and compressive stress. So, this study measuring the residual stresses by using a new method for measuring residual stresses depends on tensile testing and stress concentration factor, this method is a simple, fast and low cost, also it is not need special device. Design/methodology/approach: In previous studies, several techniques were used to predict the value of residual stress and its location, such as destructive, semi-destructive, and non-destructive methods. In this study, a simple, new, and inexpensive way was used based on the tensile test and stress concentration of the friction stir welding (FSW). Findings: By comparing the results obtained with the previous studies using the X-ray method, with the current research, it was found that the results are good in detecting the location and value of the residual stress of friction stir welding. The value of discrepancy of the residual stress in the results between those obtained by the previous method and the current method was about 3 MPa. Research limitations/implications: There are many rotational and linear feeding speeds used in this type of welding. This research used two plates from 6061 AA with 3mm thickness, 100 mm width, and 200 mm length. The rotational speed used in friction stir welding was 1400 rpm, and the feeding speed was 40 mm/min. Practical implications: The residual stress obtained with the new method is 6.2 MPa, and this result approximates other known methods such as the X-ray method in previus studies. Originality/value: Using a new simple method for measuring residual stresses of friction stir welding depends on stress concentration factor and tensile testing. This method is fast and low cost , also it is not need specialized device, compared to other methods such as x-ray or hole drilling methods.
{"title":"A new method for measurement the residual stresses in friction stir welding","authors":"M. Jweeg, Z.Kh. Hamdan, A. Majeed, K. K. Resan, M. Al-Waily","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6287","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The residual stresses in different welding methods are fundemental problems to consider. Friction stir welding is one of a solid state joining process, it is economical in that it permits joining together different materials, the specimens in this method (FSW) have excellent properties of mechanical as proven by tensile, flextural and fatigue tests, also it is environmentally friendly process minimizes consumption of energy and generate no gasses or smoke. In friction stir welding , there are two kinds of generated residual stresses: tensile stress and compressive stress. So, this study measuring the residual stresses by using a new method for measuring residual stresses depends on tensile testing and stress concentration factor, this method is a simple, fast and low cost, also it is not need special device.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: In previous studies, several techniques were used to predict the value of residual stress and its location, such as destructive, semi-destructive, and non-destructive methods. In this study, a simple, new, and inexpensive way was used based on the tensile test and stress concentration of the friction stir welding (FSW).\u0000Findings: By comparing the results obtained with the previous studies using the X-ray method, with the current research, it was found that the results are good in detecting the location and value of the residual stress of friction stir welding. The value of discrepancy of the residual stress in the results between those obtained by the previous method and the current method was about 3 MPa.\u0000Research limitations/implications: There are many rotational and linear feeding speeds used in this type of welding. This research used two plates from 6061 AA with 3mm thickness, 100 mm width, and 200 mm length. The rotational speed used in friction stir welding was 1400 rpm, and the feeding speed was 40 mm/min.\u0000Practical implications: The residual stress obtained with the new method is 6.2 MPa, and this result approximates other known methods such as the X-ray method in previus studies.\u0000Originality/value: Using a new simple method for measuring residual stresses of friction stir welding depends on stress concentration factor and tensile testing. This method is fast and low cost , also it is not need specialized device, compared to other methods such as x-ray or hole drilling methods.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47294332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6286
A. Baryłka, D. Tomaszewicz
Purpose: The article presents the possibilities of using anchoring systems in the walls of three-layer large slab panel buildings. The use of diagonal anchors allows to increase the effective anchorage depth, which significantly increases the durability of the façade textured layer. Design/methodology/approach: Pilot tests have confirmed the necessity to use an anchor system in various configurations. Findings: The documents used included the conclusions of the pilot tests on the real object and the main experimental tests carried out on concrete samples. Research limitations/implications: The design of new anchorage systems and the proposed theoretical models for estimating their theoretical load capacity are based on the Guidelines contained in the European Technical Approvals. Practical implications: Single bonded anchorages used in engineering practice require evaluation in order to increase the durability of larger areas of the façade textured layer. Originality/value: The possibility of differentiating system anchors makes it possible to use them in very thin structural layers (diagonal anchors).
{"title":"Relationship of the interaction load capacity of anchors on their number and anchoring system","authors":"A. Baryłka, D. Tomaszewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6286","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article presents the possibilities of using anchoring systems in the walls of three-layer large slab panel buildings. The use of diagonal anchors allows to increase the effective anchorage depth, which significantly increases the durability of the façade textured layer.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Pilot tests have confirmed the necessity to use an anchor system in various configurations.\u0000Findings: The documents used included the conclusions of the pilot tests on the real object and the main experimental tests carried out on concrete samples.\u0000Research limitations/implications: The design of new anchorage systems and the proposed theoretical models for estimating their theoretical load capacity are based on the Guidelines contained in the European Technical Approvals.\u0000Practical implications: Single bonded anchorages used in engineering practice require evaluation in order to increase the durability of larger areas of the façade textured layer.\u0000Originality/value: The possibility of differentiating system anchors makes it possible to use them in very thin structural layers (diagonal anchors).\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46251354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289
D. Abdulamer
Purpose: The useful data and information during the sand compaction process steps should be collected. Direct measurement methods of the sand mould properties during the actual moulding process are not adopted yet. Design/methodology/approach: In this work, a remote control system [1] have been integrated into a new flowability sensor [2]. Findings: To overcome the complexity of the tools and equipment that existed in laboratory, and in foundry. Research limitations/implications: In order to investigate, and control behavior of the moulding process of bentonite-bonded green sand process, the sensors have been equipped with the Bluetooth technology for a wireless transmission of the measured data to computers. Originality/value: This technique contributes to improve of the compaction process based on the non-destructive tests, enhances prediction of the optimum parameter conditions, and reduced the energy, and the compaction time consumed for the green sand moulding process.
{"title":"Investigation of flowability of the green sand mould by remote control of portable flowability sensor","authors":"D. Abdulamer","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The useful data and information during the sand compaction process steps should be collected. Direct measurement methods of the sand mould properties during the actual moulding process are not adopted yet.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: In this work, a remote control system [1] have been integrated into a new flowability sensor [2].\u0000Findings: To overcome the complexity of the tools and equipment that existed in laboratory, and in foundry.\u0000Research limitations/implications: In order to investigate, and control behavior of the moulding process of bentonite-bonded green sand process, the sensors have been equipped with the Bluetooth technology for a wireless transmission of the measured data to computers.\u0000Originality/value: This technique contributes to improve of the compaction process based on the non-destructive tests, enhances prediction of the optimum parameter conditions, and reduced the energy, and the compaction time consumed for the green sand moulding process.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71286027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5927
M. Ilieva, N. Ferdinandov, D. Gospodinov, R.H. Radev
Purpose: The presented research aims to determine the microstructural changes in weldments of commercially pure titanium Grade 1 after welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum and related changes in the corrosion behaviour of the weldments. Design/methodology/approach: Macro and microstructure of weldments were studied using optical microscopy. Corrosion behaviour of untreated Grade 1 and heat-affected zone of weldments of Grade 1 was investigated using electrochemical testing, including open circuit potential measurements and potentiodynamic polarisation. As an aggressive environment, 1 M KBr water solution was used. Findings: Welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum leads to the formation of a coarse Widmanstätten structure in the heat-affected zone. This imperfect structure results in a passive layer with worsened protective properties, thus increasing the corrosion rate of weldments by up to two orders of magnitude compared to Grade 1 in as-received condition. The passive layer on the welded surfaces did not allow Grade 1 to acquire a stable corrosion potential during potenitodynamic polarization. Research limitations/implications: Titanium and its alloys are passivating metallic materials, and their corrosion resistance depends on the properties of a thin protective surface layer. Changes in the underlying metal microstructure can affect the passivation behaviour of titanium and the properties of this layer. Welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum alters the microstructure of heat-affected zone, thereby causing Widmanstätten microstructure to form. As the passive layer over that microstructure has worsened protective properties, we suggest additional heat treatment after welding to be applied. Future experimental research on this topic is needed. Originality/value: Welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum is a welding method allowing weldments to be done in a clean environment and even in space. In the specialised literature, information on the structure and corrosion resistance of weldments of commercially pure titanium Grade 1 welded by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum is missing. The present research fills in a tiny part of this gap in our knowledge.
目的:本研究旨在确定1级商品纯钛真空空心阴极电弧放电焊接后焊缝的显微组织变化及其腐蚀行为的相关变化。设计/方法/方法:使用光学显微镜研究焊接件的宏观和微观结构。采用电化学测试，包括开路电位测量和动电位极化，研究了未处理的1级焊件和1级焊件热影响区的腐蚀行为。作为侵蚀环境，使用1 M KBr水溶液。结果:真空空心阴极电弧放电焊接导致热影响区形成粗糙的Widmanstätten组织。这种不完美的结构导致钝化层的防护性能恶化，从而使焊接件的腐蚀速度比在接收条件下的1级腐蚀速度提高了两个数量级。在电位动态极化过程中，焊接表面的钝化层不允许1级获得稳定的腐蚀电位。研究局限/启示:钛及其合金是钝化金属材料，其耐腐蚀性取决于薄保护表面层的性能。底层金属微观结构的变化会影响钛的钝化行为和该层的性能。真空空心阴极电弧放电焊接改变了热影响区的微观组织，从而形成Widmanstätten微观组织。由于该组织上的钝化层保护性能恶化，我们建议在焊接后进行额外的热处理。需要对该课题进行进一步的实验研究。独创性/价值:真空空心阴极电弧放电焊接是一种可以在清洁的环境甚至空间中进行焊接的焊接方法。在专门的文献中，关于在真空中空心阴极电弧放电焊接的商业纯钛1级焊条的结构和耐腐蚀性的信息是缺失的。目前的研究填补了这一知识空白的一小部分。
{"title":"Structure and electrochemical behaviour of weldments of titanium Grade 1 in a bromine-containing solution","authors":"M. Ilieva, N. Ferdinandov, D. Gospodinov, R.H. Radev","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5927","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The presented research aims to determine the microstructural changes in weldments of commercially pure titanium Grade 1 after welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum and related changes in the corrosion behaviour of the weldments.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Macro and microstructure of weldments were studied using optical microscopy. Corrosion behaviour of untreated Grade 1 and heat-affected zone of weldments of Grade 1 was investigated using electrochemical testing, including open circuit potential measurements and potentiodynamic polarisation. As an aggressive environment, 1 M KBr water solution was used.\u0000Findings: Welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum leads to the formation of a coarse Widmanstätten structure in the heat-affected zone. This imperfect structure results in a passive layer with worsened protective properties, thus increasing the corrosion rate of weldments by up to two orders of magnitude compared to Grade 1 in as-received condition. The passive layer on the welded surfaces did not allow Grade 1 to acquire a stable corrosion potential during potenitodynamic polarization.\u0000Research limitations/implications: Titanium and its alloys are passivating metallic materials, and their corrosion resistance depends on the properties of a thin protective surface layer. Changes in the underlying metal microstructure can affect the passivation behaviour of titanium and the properties of this layer. Welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum alters the microstructure of heat-affected zone, thereby causing Widmanstätten microstructure to form. As the passive layer over that microstructure has worsened protective properties, we suggest additional heat treatment after welding to be applied. Future experimental research on this topic is needed.\u0000Originality/value: Welding by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum is a welding method allowing weldments to be done in a clean environment and even in space. In the specialised literature, information on the structure and corrosion resistance of weldments of commercially pure titanium Grade 1 welded by hollow cathode arc discharge in vacuum is missing. The present research fills in a tiny part of this gap in our knowledge.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5929
M. Nimko
Purpose: This paper aims to assess an influence of thermal welding parameters on microstructural evolution in the weld adjacent zone of P91 steel, overlayed by austenitic consumables, after post weld heat treatment. Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the width of decarburized layer on microphotographs of overlayed specimens after tempering 750°C, 7 and 18 hours. Specimens were made by using different heat input and preheating temperature parameters. Findings: It is shown that with increase of the heat input energy, the width of the resulting decarbonized layer decreases linearly; the effect of heating temperature on the layer width is parabolic with a minimum at a temperature of ~195°C. Research limitations/implications: Future research may include comparison of the creep rupture strength of the weldments, made with different welding parameters, to assess the influence of kinetics of decarburization and variation of the parameters on creep rupture strength. Practical implications: Results permit to achieve minimization of rate of carbon diffusion in the weld adjacent zone of the HAZ by means of variation of welded parameters. Originality/value: Experimentally was confirmed a role of high-diffusivity paths (grain boundaries) on carbon diffusion in the HAZ of dissimilar weldments; found correlation between welding parameters and the rate of the diffusion during high temperature exposure.
{"title":"Influence of welding parameters on decarburization in heat affected zone of dissimilar weldments after post weld heat treatment","authors":"M. Nimko","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5929","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This paper aims to assess an influence of thermal welding parameters on microstructural evolution in the weld adjacent zone of P91 steel, overlayed by austenitic consumables, after post weld heat treatment.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the width of decarburized layer on microphotographs of overlayed specimens after tempering 750°C, 7 and 18 hours. Specimens were made by using different heat input and preheating temperature parameters.\u0000Findings: It is shown that with increase of the heat input energy, the width of the resulting decarbonized layer decreases linearly; the effect of heating temperature on the layer width is parabolic with a minimum at a temperature of ~195°C.\u0000Research limitations/implications: Future research may include comparison of the creep rupture strength of the weldments, made with different welding parameters, to assess the influence of kinetics of decarburization and variation of the parameters on creep rupture strength.\u0000Practical implications: Results permit to achieve minimization of rate of carbon diffusion in the weld adjacent zone of the HAZ by means of variation of welded parameters.\u0000Originality/value: Experimentally was confirmed a role of high-diffusivity paths (grain boundaries) on carbon diffusion in the HAZ of dissimilar weldments; found correlation between welding parameters and the rate of the diffusion during high temperature exposure.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47941086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5930
M. Czerwinski, J. Żmudzki, K. Kwieciński, M. Kowalczyk
Purpose: Defect of the interproximal wall of the tooth is filled with use the shaped matrix and wedge which seals bottom margin during filling. Better fit of the wedge and equalization of the pressure forces on the matrix is achieved by the compliance of the wedge structure through cuts and perforations and the use of silicone materials and unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The work presents a methodology for model studies of the mechanics of dental wedges in order to evaluate and compare the impact of wedge materials on functional features. The hypothesis of the work was that the mechanical properties of ePTFE determine the effectiveness of the dental wedge. Design/methodology/approach: Effect of modulus of elasticity and friction coefficient of wedge and matrix materials on the functional features of the wedge was studied on the way Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Simulation included contact sliding between wedge and matrix what was simulated in nonlinear large displacements regime. The sealing evaluation criterion was the pressure distribution between the wedge and matrix below the lower edge of the defect. Displacement values were the criterion for the loss of convexity as a result of matrix deformation. Findings: The material for the wedge should be characterized by a low coefficient of friction, low elasticity (ensuring high compliance of the wedge) and at the same time the ability to large permanent deformations, which allows for plastic shaping of the matrix from the side of the defect in order to achieve the required wall convexity and the tangent point. Research limitations/implications: Results show tendency of phenomena in limitation to model simplification of the interdental gap and the ideal adhesion of the matrix to the tooth and linear elasticity of materials. Practical implications: The material that best meets the requirements is unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, which has one of the lowest coefficients of friction and very high plasticity necessary to shape the matrix from the inside of the cavity. Originality/value: Methodology of model study and criteria of functional characteristics of dental wedge was presented.
{"title":"Finite element analysis of the impact of the properties of dental wedge materials on functional features","authors":"M. Czerwinski, J. Żmudzki, K. Kwieciński, M. Kowalczyk","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5930","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Defect of the interproximal wall of the tooth is filled with use the shaped matrix and wedge which seals bottom margin during filling. Better fit of the wedge and equalization of the pressure forces on the matrix is achieved by the compliance of the wedge structure through cuts and perforations and the use of silicone materials and unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The work presents a methodology for model studies of the mechanics of dental wedges in order to evaluate and compare the impact of wedge materials on functional features. The hypothesis of the work was that the mechanical properties of ePTFE determine the effectiveness of the dental wedge.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Effect of modulus of elasticity and friction coefficient of wedge and matrix materials on the functional features of the wedge was studied on the way Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Simulation included contact sliding between wedge and matrix what was simulated in nonlinear large displacements regime. The sealing evaluation criterion was the pressure distribution between the wedge and matrix below the lower edge of the defect. Displacement values were the criterion for the loss of convexity as a result of matrix deformation.\u0000Findings: The material for the wedge should be characterized by a low coefficient of friction, low elasticity (ensuring high compliance of the wedge) and at the same time the ability to large permanent deformations, which allows for plastic shaping of the matrix from the side of the defect in order to achieve the required wall convexity and the tangent point.\u0000Research limitations/implications: Results show tendency of phenomena in limitation to model simplification of the interdental gap and the ideal adhesion of the matrix to the tooth and linear elasticity of materials.\u0000Practical implications: The material that best meets the requirements is unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, which has one of the lowest coefficients of friction and very high plasticity necessary to shape the matrix from the inside of the cavity.\u0000Originality/value: Methodology of model study and criteria of functional characteristics of dental wedge was presented.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44354651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5928
A. El Magri, S. Vaudreuil
Purpose: This work aims to study the relationship between various processing parameters to fabricate PLA-graphene based 3D parts with high mechanical properties. The selected parameters in this study are known for their critical impact on the final properties of printed parts. Design/methodology/approach: Three key printing parameters are simultaneously studied in a systematic manner using central composite design (CCD). The selected printing parameters are printing temperature, printing speed, and layer thickness. Findings: Through a variance analysis, all tested printing parameters significantly impact the final properties of printed PLA-graphene’s parts. A response surface methodology (RSM) was also applied to analyse the results and to optimize the tensile and the flexural properties. According to this latter methodology, the optimum factor levels are found at 200°C printing temperature, 34.65 mm s-1 printing speed and 0.2 mm layer thickness. Research limitations/implications: Results indicate that layer thickness and printing speed are the dominant contributors to tensile and flexural properties. Originality/value: As one of the few polymers loaded with nanoparticles available, polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced graphene was selected in this study as a base material for FFF 3D printing process. A response surface methodology was applied to analyse the results and to maximize the tensile and flexural properties of 3D printed PLA-graphene composite.
目的:研究制备高力学性能pla -石墨烯基3D零件的工艺参数之间的关系。本研究中所选择的参数对打印部件的最终性能有重要影响。设计/方法/方法:使用中心复合设计(CCD)以系统的方式同时研究三个关键的打印参数。选择的打印参数是打印温度、打印速度和层厚。结果:通过方差分析，所有测试的打印参数显著影响打印pla -石墨烯部件的最终性能。响应面法(RSM)也被应用于分析结果和优化拉伸和弯曲性能。根据后一种方法，发现最佳因子水平为200°C印刷温度，34.65 mm s-1印刷速度和0.2 mm层厚度。研究局限/启示:结果表明，层厚度和打印速度是影响拉伸和弯曲性能的主要因素。独创性/价值:聚乳酸(PLA)增强石墨烯是为数不多的纳米颗粒负载聚合物之一，本研究选择聚乳酸(PLA)增强石墨烯作为FFF 3D打印工艺的基础材料。应用响应面方法分析结果，并最大限度地提高3D打印pla -石墨烯复合材料的拉伸和弯曲性能。
{"title":"Optimizing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLA-graphene composite using response surface methodology","authors":"A. El Magri, S. Vaudreuil","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5928","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This work aims to study the relationship between various processing parameters to fabricate PLA-graphene based 3D parts with high mechanical properties. The selected parameters in this study are known for their critical impact on the final properties of printed parts.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Three key printing parameters are simultaneously studied in a systematic manner using central composite design (CCD). The selected printing parameters are printing temperature, printing speed, and layer thickness.\u0000Findings: Through a variance analysis, all tested printing parameters significantly impact the final properties of printed PLA-graphene’s parts. A response surface methodology (RSM) was also applied to analyse the results and to optimize the tensile and the flexural properties. According to this latter methodology, the optimum factor levels are found at 200°C printing temperature, 34.65 mm s-1 printing speed and 0.2 mm layer thickness.\u0000Research limitations/implications: Results indicate that layer thickness and printing speed are the dominant contributors to tensile and flexural properties.\u0000Originality/value: As one of the few polymers loaded with nanoparticles available, polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced graphene was selected in this study as a base material \u0000for FFF 3D printing process. A response surface methodology was applied to analyse the results and to maximize the tensile and flexural properties of 3D printed PLA-graphene composite.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42699302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5807
Saja Adeeb, Sanadra Adeeb, G. Chladek
Purpose: Bleaching agents are commonly used to make the natural dentition look more attractive. Currently, in addition to products from reputable manufacturers, products of not fully known origin are available for purchase. The aim of the study was to investigate whether products of this type have a destructive influence on the mechanical and aesthetic properties of the dental restorative nanocomposite. Design/methodology/approach: Four bleaching agents were used, two recognized brands, and two products were purchased from Chinese websites (their manufacturer is unknown). Two gels and two types of whitening strips were used. One composite nanomaterial was used. Microhardness, diametral tensile strength,, compressive strength and colour measurements were tested. Findings: For some bleaching agents, studies have shown a relatively small effect on mechanical properties and an acceptable effect on colour changes. Regardless of the observed changes, the use of bleaching agents qualified for the experiment should be considered safe for composites. Research limitations/implications: The number of blenching agents used as well as dental composites in this study was limited. In future studies, increasing the number of cycles in the bleaching process should be considered. Practical implications: A popular method of improving the aesthetic properties of teeth is the use of a wide range of blenching agents. Most patients who use teeth whitening procedures are also users of composite fillings. The use of bleaching agents may have a different effect on the mechanical and aesthetic restorative composites. For economic reasons, many people decide to import cheap bleaching agents of unknown or dubious origin via Internet services to perform the bleaching process on their own. In this study, it was investigated whether products of this type have an influence on the mechanical and aesthetic properties of the dental restorative nanocomposite. Originality/value: Until now, no comparison of the safety of the use of bleaching agents of recognized manufacturers and of unknown origin in terms of the effect on composite materials has been presented, despite their high social importance.
{"title":"Influence of blenching agents on the mechanical properties and colour of dental restorative nanocomposite","authors":"Saja Adeeb, Sanadra Adeeb, G. Chladek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5807","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Bleaching agents are commonly used to make the natural dentition look more attractive. Currently, in addition to products from reputable manufacturers, products of not fully known origin are available for purchase. The aim of the study was to investigate whether products of this type have a destructive influence on the mechanical and aesthetic properties of the dental restorative nanocomposite.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Four bleaching agents were used, two recognized brands, and two products were purchased from Chinese websites (their manufacturer is unknown). Two gels and two types of whitening strips were used. One composite nanomaterial was used. Microhardness, diametral tensile strength,, compressive strength and colour measurements were tested.\u0000Findings: For some bleaching agents, studies have shown a relatively small effect on mechanical properties and an acceptable effect on colour changes. Regardless of the observed changes, the use of bleaching agents qualified for the experiment should be considered safe for composites.\u0000Research limitations/implications: The number of blenching agents used as well as dental composites in this study was limited. In future studies, increasing the number of cycles in the bleaching process should be considered.\u0000Practical implications: A popular method of improving the aesthetic properties of teeth is the use of a wide range of blenching agents. Most patients who use teeth whitening procedures are also users of composite fillings. The use of bleaching agents may have a different effect on the mechanical and aesthetic restorative composites. For economic reasons, many people decide to import cheap bleaching agents of unknown or dubious origin via Internet services to perform the bleaching process on their own. In this study, it was investigated whether products of this type have an influence on the mechanical and aesthetic properties of the dental restorative nanocomposite.\u0000Originality/value: Until now, no comparison of the safety of the use of bleaching agents of recognized manufacturers and of unknown origin in terms of the effect on composite materials has been presented, despite their high social importance.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48043540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5806
M. Othmani, K. Zarbane, A. Chouaf
Purpose: The present work aims to investigate the effect of many infill patterns (rectilinear, line, grid, triangles, cubic, concentric, honeycomb, 3D honeycomb) and the infill density on the mechanical tensile strength of an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) test specimen manufactured numerically by FDM. Design/methodology/approach: Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software has been used to model the geometry and the mesostructure of the test specimens in a fully automatic manner from a G-code file by using a script. Then, a Numerical Design of Experiments (NDoE) has been carried out by using Taguchi method and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The tensile behaviour of these numerical test specimens has been studied by the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Findings: The FEA results showed that a maximal Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) was reached by using the ‘concentric’ infill pattern combined with an infill density of 30%. The results also show that the infill pattern and the infill density are significant factors. Research limitations/implications: The low infill densities of 20% and 30% that have already been used in many previous studies, we have also applied it in order to reduce the time of the simulations. Indeed, with high infill density, the simulations take a very excessive time. In an ongoing study, we predicted higher percentages. Practical implications: This study provided an important modelling tool for the design and manufacture of functional parts and helps the FDM practitioners and engineers to manufacture strong and lightweight FDM parts by choosing the optimal process parameters. Originality/value: This study elucidated the effect of various infill patterns on the tensile properties of the test specimens and applied for the first time a NDoE using numerical test specimens created by the mesostructured approach, which considerably minimized the cost of the experiments while obtaining an error of 6.8% between the numerical and the experimental values of the UTS.
{"title":"Effect of infill and density pattern on the mechanical behaviour of ABS parts manufactured by FDM using Taguchi and ANOVA approach","authors":"M. Othmani, K. Zarbane, A. Chouaf","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5806","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The present work aims to investigate the effect of many infill patterns (rectilinear, line, grid, triangles, cubic, concentric, honeycomb, 3D honeycomb) and the infill density on the mechanical tensile strength of an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) test specimen manufactured numerically by FDM.\u0000Design/methodology/approach: Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software has been used to model the geometry and the mesostructure of the test specimens in a fully automatic manner from a G-code file by using a script. Then, a Numerical Design of Experiments (NDoE) has been carried out by using Taguchi method and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The tensile behaviour of these numerical test specimens has been studied by the Finite Element Analysis (FEA).\u0000Findings: The FEA results showed that a maximal Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) was reached by using the ‘concentric’ infill pattern combined with an infill density of 30%. \u0000The results also show that the infill pattern and the infill density are significant factors.\u0000Research limitations/implications: The low infill densities of 20% and 30% that have already been used in many previous studies, we have also applied it in order to reduce the time of the simulations. Indeed, with high infill density, the simulations take a very excessive time. In an ongoing study, we predicted higher percentages.\u0000Practical implications: This study provided an important modelling tool for the design and manufacture of functional parts and helps the FDM practitioners and engineers \u0000to manufacture strong and lightweight FDM parts by choosing the optimal process parameters.\u0000Originality/value: This study elucidated the effect of various infill patterns on the tensile properties of the test specimens and applied for the first time a NDoE using numerical test specimens created by the mesostructured approach, which considerably minimized the cost of the experiments while obtaining an error of 6.8% between the numerical and the experimental values of the UTS.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48703723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5805
E. Njim, S. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily
Purpose: This paper develops a new analytical solution to conduct the free vibration analysis of porous functionally graded (FG) sandwich plates based on classical plate theory (CPT). The sandwich plate made of the FGM core consists of one porous metal that had not previously been taken into account in vibration analysis and two homogenous skins. Design/methodology/approach: The analytical formulations were generated based on the classical plate theory (CPT). According to the power law, the material properties of FG plates are expected to vary along the thickness direction of the constituents. Findings: The results show that the porosity parameter and the power gradient parameter significantly influence vibration characteristics. It is found that there is an acceptable error between the analytical and numerical solutions with a maximum discrepancy of 0.576 % at a slenderness ratio (a/h =100), while the maximum error percentage between the analytical and experimental results was found not exceeding 15%. Research limitations/implications: The accuracy of analytical solutions is verified by the adaptive finite elements method (FEM) with commercial ANSYS 2020 R2 software. Practical implications: Free vibration experiments on 3D-printed FGM plates bonded with two thin solid face sheets at the top and bottom surfaces were conducted. Originality/value: The novel sandwich plate consists of one porous polymer core and two homogenous skins which can be widely applied in various fields of aircraft structures, biomedical engineering, and defense technology. This paper presents an analytical and experimental study to investigate the free vibration problem of a functionally graded simply supported rectangular sandwich plate with porosities. The objective of the current work is to examine the effects of some key parameters, such as porous ratio, power-law index, and slenderness ratio, on the natural frequencies and damping characteristics.
{"title":"Free vibration analysis of imperfect functionally graded sandwich plates: analytical and experimental investigation","authors":"E. Njim, S. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5805","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This paper develops a new analytical solution to conduct the free vibration analysis of porous functionally graded (FG) sandwich plates based on classical plate theory (CPT). The sandwich plate made of the FGM core consists of one porous metal that had not previously been taken into account in vibration analysis and two homogenous skins. Design/methodology/approach: The analytical formulations were generated based on the classical plate theory (CPT). According to the power law, the material properties of FG plates are expected to vary along the thickness direction of the constituents. Findings: The results show that the porosity parameter and the power gradient parameter significantly influence vibration characteristics. It is found that there is an acceptable error between the analytical and numerical solutions with a maximum discrepancy of 0.576 % at a slenderness ratio (a/h =100), while the maximum error percentage between the analytical and experimental results was found not exceeding 15%. Research limitations/implications: The accuracy of analytical solutions is verified by the adaptive finite elements method (FEM) with commercial ANSYS 2020 R2 software. Practical implications: Free vibration experiments on 3D-printed FGM plates bonded with two thin solid face sheets at the top and bottom surfaces were conducted. Originality/value: The novel sandwich plate consists of one porous polymer core and two homogenous skins which can be widely applied in various fields of aircraft structures, biomedical engineering, and defense technology. This paper presents an analytical and experimental study to investigate the free vibration problem of a functionally graded simply supported rectangular sandwich plate with porosities. The objective of the current work is to examine the effects of some key parameters, such as porous ratio, power-law index, and slenderness ratio, on the natural frequencies and damping characteristics.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8297,"journal":{"name":"Archives of materials science and engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42718586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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