Abstract:Alcohol use was widespread in the slave societies of the British Caribbean. Enslaved Africans and Afro-Creoles drank to facilitate communication with the spiritual world, to remove barriers to social interaction, and to escape the many anxieties of building a life on the unpredictable Caribbean frontier. Plantation owners in the British Caribbean made contrasting claims about the level of drinking among enslaved peoples. Some described them as heavy drinkers, while others described them as abstemious. The disparity in descriptions highlights universal uncertainties about alcohol drinking and its unique ability to generate both harmony and discord. On the one hand, planters in the British Caribbean feared that drinking among enslaved workers was liberating; a fomenter of insurrections that threatened the social order. On the other hand, they saw it as a tool of domination; a way to placate frustrations and soothe social tensions by allowing enslaved peoples to drink and regularly blow off steam. Uncertainties about the conduct that accompanied alcohol consumption help explain why colonial legislatures enacted laws to curb drinking among enslaved peoples, yet planters continued to dole out large amounts of rum to the enslaved peoples on their estates. Travellers' accounts, plantation records, and archaeological evidence indicate that drinking did indeed provide enslaved peoples with a momentary release from the pressures that built up in these societies. As with forms of short-term flight from the plantation (or petite marronage), drinking acted as a safety valve that provided temporary relief from the challenges of daily life and, thus, helped ease tensions between planters and the enslaved. Yet, the evidence also indicates that the sociability and the disinhibition that accompanied alcohol drinking may have, at times, incited civil unrest within enslaved communities. As a result, planters in the British Caribbean had reason to be ambivalent. An ideology of white racism, as well as an economic structure based on the systematic and coerced extraction of labour further increased the planters' ambivalence.
{"title":"Alcoholic Marronage: Drinking by Enslaved Peoples and the Ambivalence of Planters in the British Caribbean","authors":"F. Smith","doi":"10.1353/jch.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Alcohol use was widespread in the slave societies of the British Caribbean. Enslaved Africans and Afro-Creoles drank to facilitate communication with the spiritual world, to remove barriers to social interaction, and to escape the many anxieties of building a life on the unpredictable Caribbean frontier. Plantation owners in the British Caribbean made contrasting claims about the level of drinking among enslaved peoples. Some described them as heavy drinkers, while others described them as abstemious. The disparity in descriptions highlights universal uncertainties about alcohol drinking and its unique ability to generate both harmony and discord. On the one hand, planters in the British Caribbean feared that drinking among enslaved workers was liberating; a fomenter of insurrections that threatened the social order. On the other hand, they saw it as a tool of domination; a way to placate frustrations and soothe social tensions by allowing enslaved peoples to drink and regularly blow off steam. Uncertainties about the conduct that accompanied alcohol consumption help explain why colonial legislatures enacted laws to curb drinking among enslaved peoples, yet planters continued to dole out large amounts of rum to the enslaved peoples on their estates. Travellers' accounts, plantation records, and archaeological evidence indicate that drinking did indeed provide enslaved peoples with a momentary release from the pressures that built up in these societies. As with forms of short-term flight from the plantation (or petite marronage), drinking acted as a safety valve that provided temporary relief from the challenges of daily life and, thus, helped ease tensions between planters and the enslaved. Yet, the evidence also indicates that the sociability and the disinhibition that accompanied alcohol drinking may have, at times, incited civil unrest within enslaved communities. As a result, planters in the British Caribbean had reason to be ambivalent. An ideology of white racism, as well as an economic structure based on the systematic and coerced extraction of labour further increased the planters' ambivalence.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"60 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81291120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The six Dutch Caribbean islands were the only Dutch colonial project in which the Catholic Church played a vital role in society. On the island Curaçao, in particular, a substantial array of Catholic missionary activities was supported by the Dutch colonial government, which was itself, quite notably, not Catholic. The impact of the entanglement of state, religion and civil society on the social position and mobility of the Afro-Curaçaoan population in the period 1915–1970 is analysed. Presenting rich empirical evidence, not only are the persistent patterns of exclusion demonstrated, but the forces of resilience and resistance in the long-neglected Afro-Curaçaoan population are also highlighted.
{"title":"Social Exclusion and the Entanglement of State, Religion and Civil Society in Mid-Twentieth Century Curaçao","authors":"Margo Groenewoud","doi":"10.1353/jch.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The six Dutch Caribbean islands were the only Dutch colonial project in which the Catholic Church played a vital role in society. On the island Curaçao, in particular, a substantial array of Catholic missionary activities was supported by the Dutch colonial government, which was itself, quite notably, not Catholic. The impact of the entanglement of state, religion and civil society on the social position and mobility of the Afro-Curaçaoan population in the period 1915–1970 is analysed. Presenting rich empirical evidence, not only are the persistent patterns of exclusion demonstrated, but the forces of resilience and resistance in the long-neglected Afro-Curaçaoan population are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"5 1","pages":"81 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79861919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Candlin, Catherine Peters, José A. Fernández Montes de Oca, Margo Groenewoud, M. Strickland, Lomarsh Roopnarine
Abstract:Grenada's Fedon Rebellion of 1795 is little studied. Despite the lack of scholarship, this large, republican-inspired, mixed race, and enslaved rebellion against the British generated evidence that is extensive and illuminating, especially the links that the Fedon conflict made between Grenada and its near neighbour Trinidad just before and during the rebellion. This is fortunate, as the sources in Trinidad of the last years of the Spanish government, 1783–1797, are thin. Using the material from Grenada, as well as a fresh look at key pieces of Trinidadian evidence, the connections between the two colonies at a critical juncture in history are explored. It highlights the often-clandestine way information and people of all races moved across porous political boundaries during the Age of Revolutions and underscores the difficulties authorities had in navigating this liminal space, which for others presented opportunity. While, ultimately, the French revolutionary moment in the Windward Islands would be scuppered and the outrage of slavery reimposed, it would leave its mark on the histories and character of both these islands.
{"title":"The Connections Between Grenada and Trinidad in the Age of Fedon, 1783–1797","authors":"K. Candlin, Catherine Peters, José A. Fernández Montes de Oca, Margo Groenewoud, M. Strickland, Lomarsh Roopnarine","doi":"10.1353/jch.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Grenada's Fedon Rebellion of 1795 is little studied. Despite the lack of scholarship, this large, republican-inspired, mixed race, and enslaved rebellion against the British generated evidence that is extensive and illuminating, especially the links that the Fedon conflict made between Grenada and its near neighbour Trinidad just before and during the rebellion. This is fortunate, as the sources in Trinidad of the last years of the Spanish government, 1783–1797, are thin. Using the material from Grenada, as well as a fresh look at key pieces of Trinidadian evidence, the connections between the two colonies at a critical juncture in history are explored. It highlights the often-clandestine way information and people of all races moved across porous political boundaries during the Age of Revolutions and underscores the difficulties authorities had in navigating this liminal space, which for others presented opportunity. While, ultimately, the French revolutionary moment in the Windward Islands would be scuppered and the outrage of slavery reimposed, it would leave its mark on the histories and character of both these islands.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"75 1","pages":"1 - 100 - 101 - 23 - 24 - 57 - 58 - 80 - 81 - 95 - 96 - 99 - i - i"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83817713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The World That Fear Made: Slave Revolts and Conspiracy Scares in Early America by Jason T. Sharples (review)","authors":"M. Strickland","doi":"10.1353/jch.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"59 1","pages":"96 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86020092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Within twelve years of de jure emancipation, Afro-Guyanese residents purchased twenty-four abandoned estates through collectives of up to 168 individuals. During the period, the majority of colonial Guyana's population resided on a narrow coastal strip that enslaved Africans had reclaimed from the sea by moving at least 100 million tons of soil. Maintenance of this land demanded centralized infrastructure that the colonial government denied to Afro-Guyanese collectives, thereby exposing them to the sea's eroding force. Nevertheless, emancipated people knew how to manage water, having laboured as water engineers for cotton, coffee and sugar plantations. In spite of the risks, they still decided to purchase large tracts of land for the possibilities it could engender.Early historical scholarship on this significant development in Afro-Guyanese land purchase, also known as the "village movement", assessed its apparent "failures". Such judgements were delivered without attending to the possibility that the movement was not pursuing agriculture, oriented exclusively around export commodity production. The attempt here is to approximate what Afro-Guyanese collectives tried to achieve on their own terms. The village movement produced new geographies by and for Afro-Guyanese residents who seized the opportunity to live together according to their own means of structuring value. These collectives wagered their ecological knowledge, and particularly their experience with water, to recast plantation land into plots for alternative futures.
{"title":"\"The Greatest Attributes of Freedom\": Water, Kinship, and the Village Movement in Colonial Guyana","authors":"Catherine Peters","doi":"10.1353/jch.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Within twelve years of de jure emancipation, Afro-Guyanese residents purchased twenty-four abandoned estates through collectives of up to 168 individuals. During the period, the majority of colonial Guyana's population resided on a narrow coastal strip that enslaved Africans had reclaimed from the sea by moving at least 100 million tons of soil. Maintenance of this land demanded centralized infrastructure that the colonial government denied to Afro-Guyanese collectives, thereby exposing them to the sea's eroding force. Nevertheless, emancipated people knew how to manage water, having laboured as water engineers for cotton, coffee and sugar plantations. In spite of the risks, they still decided to purchase large tracts of land for the possibilities it could engender.Early historical scholarship on this significant development in Afro-Guyanese land purchase, also known as the \"village movement\", assessed its apparent \"failures\". Such judgements were delivered without attending to the possibility that the movement was not pursuing agriculture, oriented exclusively around export commodity production. The attempt here is to approximate what Afro-Guyanese collectives tried to achieve on their own terms. The village movement produced new geographies by and for Afro-Guyanese residents who seized the opportunity to live together according to their own means of structuring value. These collectives wagered their ecological knowledge, and particularly their experience with water, to recast plantation land into plots for alternative futures.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"57 1","pages":"24 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76657111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Throughout the early decades of the twentieth century, the economic interests of middle, small, and tenant farmers coincided at locally organized occasions. This led to the idea that the island's agricultural and economic prosperity depended on the successful development of small landed peasant cultivators and not on the prevalence of large plantations. By using case studies from the banana industry and the parish of Clarendon, the importance of the Jamaica Agricultural Society's branch societies, in articulating the diverse interests of tenants, small farmers, and middle farmers, is highlighted.
{"title":"The Politics of Representation and Petitions: Farmers, Land, and the Jamaican Agricultural Society, 1895–1929","authors":"José A. Fernández Montes de Oca","doi":"10.1353/jch.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Throughout the early decades of the twentieth century, the economic interests of middle, small, and tenant farmers coincided at locally organized occasions. This led to the idea that the island's agricultural and economic prosperity depended on the successful development of small landed peasant cultivators and not on the prevalence of large plantations. By using case studies from the banana industry and the parish of Clarendon, the importance of the Jamaica Agricultural Society's branch societies, in articulating the diverse interests of tenants, small farmers, and middle farmers, is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"24 1","pages":"58 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82046453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jamaica in the Age of Revolution by Trevor Burnard (review)","authors":"D. Ryden","doi":"10.1353/jch.2021.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2021.0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"159 1","pages":"112 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74099572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article presents Guadeloupe as a case study with a focus on its early settlement era (1635–1660), prior to the advent of the sugar industry. It is an often-overlooked period and locale within French Caribbean historiography, with little available literature in English. The colonization of Guadeloupe in 1635 was especially more chaotic and conflict ridden than that of St Christophe and Martinique, France's earliest settlements. The article further examines how Guadeloupe's unstable beginnings contributed to her sluggish economic development and undermined her status as a colony for more than a century after the arrival of the first French settlers.
{"title":"French Caribbean Settlements: Guadeloupe's Subsidiary Status","authors":"M. Ramakrishnan","doi":"10.1353/jch.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article presents Guadeloupe as a case study with a focus on its early settlement era (1635–1660), prior to the advent of the sugar industry. It is an often-overlooked period and locale within French Caribbean historiography, with little available literature in English. The colonization of Guadeloupe in 1635 was especially more chaotic and conflict ridden than that of St Christophe and Martinique, France's earliest settlements. The article further examines how Guadeloupe's unstable beginnings contributed to her sluggish economic development and undermined her status as a colony for more than a century after the arrival of the first French settlers.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86750029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article investigates the establishment of a prison system in the post-Emancipation Bahamas and the resulting mass incarceration of the Afro-Bahamian population throughout the colonial period. As race and racial ideas shaped the perception and fear of crime, the prison became the quintessential space of confinement and punishment. Other mechanisms, including hard labour and whipping, were also used in tandem to discipline and exert control over the population. As a result, the colonial elites effectively used the penal system to reinforce their position within the society and the perpetuation of the social and racial order that existed before Emancipation.
{"title":"\"The Scale of Punishment Has Been Framed Specially for the Black Man\": Imprisonment, Race, and Punishment in the Colonial Bahamas, 1840–1973","authors":"Anne Ulentin","doi":"10.1353/jch.2021.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jch.2021.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article investigates the establishment of a prison system in the post-Emancipation Bahamas and the resulting mass incarceration of the Afro-Bahamian population throughout the colonial period. As race and racial ideas shaped the perception and fear of crime, the prison became the quintessential space of confinement and punishment. Other mechanisms, including hard labour and whipping, were also used in tandem to discipline and exert control over the population. As a result, the colonial elites effectively used the penal system to reinforce their position within the society and the perpetuation of the social and racial order that existed before Emancipation.","PeriodicalId":83090,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Caribbean history","volume":"45 1","pages":"57 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83121389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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