1 in 20. In this study, however, the more rigorous "F" test* of the ratio of "explained" variance to residual variance is used to judge the level of significance of any relationship expressed as a regression. For significance levels of partial correlation and regression coefficients, the "t" testt is applied. In addition to the tables of data and results of the analyses outlined above, diagrams illustrate the closeness and consistency of the associations found. Scatter diagrams, with regression lines or curves fitted, indicate the progressive increase in disease rates as social conditions in the wards deteriorate, and show the nearness of the actual ward rates to the regression estimates. Variance analysis diagrams, showing the relationships involving each social factor singly and in combination, also demonstrate the small proportion of the variance unaccounted for by the complex relationships.
{"title":"Tuberculosis and the \"social complex\" in Glasgow.","authors":"L STEIN","doi":"10.1136/jech.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"1 in 20. In this study, however, the more rigorous \"F\" test* of the ratio of \"explained\" variance to residual variance is used to judge the level of significance of any relationship expressed as a regression. For significance levels of partial correlation and regression coefficients, the \"t\" testt is applied. In addition to the tables of data and results of the analyses outlined above, diagrams illustrate the closeness and consistency of the associations found. Scatter diagrams, with regression lines or curves fitted, indicate the progressive increase in disease rates as social conditions in the wards deteriorate, and show the nearness of the actual ward rates to the regression estimates. Variance analysis diagrams, showing the relationships involving each social factor singly and in combination, also demonstrate the small proportion of the variance unaccounted for by the complex relationships.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1952-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.6.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24346665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally agreed that colds, influenza, and other respiratory ailments are among the principal causes of sickness absence in industry, and that some of this absence results from cross-infection between fellow-workers. The total working days lost far exceeds those lost for other reasons, such as industrial disputes, yet com paratively little study has been devoted to the subject of infection in factories. Experiments with ventilation equipment, ultra-violet irradiation, etc., are considered too costly, too time-consuming, or too difficult to assess. Thus the factors which favour or restrict infection at work are not precisely known. In theory, it should be possible to learn a great deal from statistics of sickness absence. In practice, sickness absence rates are so profoundly influenced by the age and sex of the workers and the season of the year that valid comparisons between departments or factories require more elaborate standardization than existing records allow. An even more serious defect is that the records rarely include sufficient data about such conditions of work as are likely to affect morbidity. The difficulty of standardization can be by-passed in a study restricted to rates of absence from influenza, since this disease does not discriminate between men and women, affects all age-groups, and tends to occur in relatively short and well-defined epidemics. If the records also include a nucleus of environmental data, some of the laws governing cross-infection at work may be elucidated. This paper describes the use made of an opportunity provided by the 1951 influenza epidemic. The material collected was too slight to support any original methods of analysis, but it did provide an interesting sequel to a previous study of the spread of tuberculosis in factories (Hewitt and Stewart, 1951). Material
{"title":"Spread of influenza in a factory.","authors":"F ACHESON, D HEWITT","doi":"10.1136/jech.6.1.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.6.1.68","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally agreed that colds, influenza, and other respiratory ailments are among the principal causes of sickness absence in industry, and that some of this absence results from cross-infection between fellow-workers. The total working days lost far exceeds those lost for other reasons, such as industrial disputes, yet com paratively little study has been devoted to the subject of infection in factories. Experiments with ventilation equipment, ultra-violet irradiation, etc., are considered too costly, too time-consuming, or too difficult to assess. Thus the factors which favour or restrict infection at work are not precisely known. In theory, it should be possible to learn a great deal from statistics of sickness absence. In practice, sickness absence rates are so profoundly influenced by the age and sex of the workers and the season of the year that valid comparisons between departments or factories require more elaborate standardization than existing records allow. An even more serious defect is that the records rarely include sufficient data about such conditions of work as are likely to affect morbidity. The difficulty of standardization can be by-passed in a study restricted to rates of absence from influenza, since this disease does not discriminate between men and women, affects all age-groups, and tends to occur in relatively short and well-defined epidemics. If the records also include a nucleus of environmental data, some of the laws governing cross-infection at work may be elucidated. This paper describes the use made of an opportunity provided by the 1951 influenza epidemic. The material collected was too slight to support any original methods of analysis, but it did provide an interesting sequel to a previous study of the spread of tuberculosis in factories (Hewitt and Stewart, 1951). Material","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"68-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1952-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.6.1.68","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24346667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probation and Related Measures","authors":"C. Swanston","doi":"10.1136/JECH.6.1.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.6.1.77","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"77 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1952-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.6.1.77","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63787913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplement [1951] to the Catalogue of Economic and Social Projects, 1950","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jech.6.1.78-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.6.1.78-a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"78 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1952-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.6.1.78-a","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63787978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There have been few studies in the past of the incidence of physical disease in the mentally ill relative to that of the general population. Many writers have pointed to the concurrent or subsequent development of such disorders as pulmonary tuber culosis or enteric fever during the sojourn of psychiatric patients in mental hospitals, and there are a considerable number of reports from physicians concerning the intercurrence of mental symptoms in a variety of infections, traumata, tumours, intoxications, and other stressful experiences. This latter literature has been referred to in another communication (Lovett Doust, 1952), and an assessment of physical disorders present in patients admitted to a mental hospital has been made by Phillips (1937). In addition to these observations, a small number of studies have been concerned with the relative frequency of physical complaints in neurotically disturbed patients (Eysenck, 1947), with the length of convalescence of psychiatric patients afflicted by various bodily illnesses (Brodman and others, 1947a), and with the increased tendency of apparently mentally healthy patients hospitalized for physical illness to show neurotic scores on a psychological test (Cornell Service Index) as compared with other subjects who had not broken down (Brodman and others, 1947b). The current interest in the general adaptation syndrome of Selye (1950), as it affects the capacity for homeostatic adaptation of mentally-ill patients (Hoagland and Pincus, 1950) has been extended into the field of immunity, especially by the work of Dougherty and others (1945) on changing lymphocyte counts, these cells being thought to be concerned in immunity production (White and Dougherty, 1946). It is clinically not infrequent that both the general physician and the psychiatrist have the opportunity of witnessing what may be called the alternation of psychiatric and somatic disease in the course of the illness of an individual patient. This alternation may take the form, for example, of a confusional episode associated with pneumonia and occur before, during the height of, or after the pyrexia; it may be observed in the form of a psychotic reaction, similar in symptomatology and appearance to an "idiopathic" psychiatric syndrome, perhaps as the sequela of an attack of influenza or of an apparently normal pregnancy and labour; or it may occur as a somatic illness during the investigation and treatment of a mental disturbance and present as bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. (Appel and Rosen, 1950). The present paper stems from the clinical impression in the wards of a psychiatric 49
{"title":"Psychiatric aspects of somatic immunity; differential incidence of physical disease in the histories of psychiatric patients.","authors":"J W L DOUST","doi":"10.1136/jech.6.1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.6.1.49","url":null,"abstract":"There have been few studies in the past of the incidence of physical disease in the mentally ill relative to that of the general population. Many writers have pointed to the concurrent or subsequent development of such disorders as pulmonary tuber culosis or enteric fever during the sojourn of psychiatric patients in mental hospitals, and there are a considerable number of reports from physicians concerning the intercurrence of mental symptoms in a variety of infections, traumata, tumours, intoxications, and other stressful experiences. This latter literature has been referred to in another communication (Lovett Doust, 1952), and an assessment of physical disorders present in patients admitted to a mental hospital has been made by Phillips (1937). In addition to these observations, a small number of studies have been concerned with the relative frequency of physical complaints in neurotically disturbed patients (Eysenck, 1947), with the length of convalescence of psychiatric patients afflicted by various bodily illnesses (Brodman and others, 1947a), and with the increased tendency of apparently mentally healthy patients hospitalized for physical illness to show neurotic scores on a psychological test (Cornell Service Index) as compared with other subjects who had not broken down (Brodman and others, 1947b). The current interest in the general adaptation syndrome of Selye (1950), as it affects the capacity for homeostatic adaptation of mentally-ill patients (Hoagland and Pincus, 1950) has been extended into the field of immunity, especially by the work of Dougherty and others (1945) on changing lymphocyte counts, these cells being thought to be concerned in immunity production (White and Dougherty, 1946). It is clinically not infrequent that both the general physician and the psychiatrist have the opportunity of witnessing what may be called the alternation of psychiatric and somatic disease in the course of the illness of an individual patient. This alternation may take the form, for example, of a confusional episode associated with pneumonia and occur before, during the height of, or after the pyrexia; it may be observed in the form of a psychotic reaction, similar in symptomatology and appearance to an \"idiopathic\" psychiatric syndrome, perhaps as the sequela of an attack of influenza or of an apparently normal pregnancy and labour; or it may occur as a somatic illness during the investigation and treatment of a mental disturbance and present as bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. (Appel and Rosen, 1950). The present paper stems from the clinical impression in the wards of a psychiatric 49","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"49-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1952-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.6.1.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24346666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observations on all births (23,970) in Birmingham, 1947. V. Birth weight related to economic circumstances of parents.","authors":"J R GIBSON, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.259","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"259-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Discoveries in Medicine: their Effect on the Public Health","authors":"C. Swanston","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":"266 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63777534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poliomyelitis in England and Wales, 1947-1950.","authors":"W J MARTIN","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.236","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"236-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Birth weights of South African babies. II. Effect of birth rank on birth weight.","authors":"E J SALBER, E S BRADSHAW","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"247-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Until 1933 the yearly number of certificates issued to miners in Britain on account of respiratory dust disease was less than 100. Partly owing to alterations in legislation dealing with workmen's compensation, partly because of a real increase in the incidence, the number of certifications has risen greatly since then, reaching a peak of 5,754 in 1945. Of that number 5,180 were issued to men in the South Wales coalfield. From the beginning of 1931 until the middle of 1948 over 22,000 new cases of pneumoconiosis of miners were certified in the whole country, and of these 19,000 were in South Wales. As the number of coal miners in South Wales is only about a sixth of all British coal miners, the incidence there is about 40 times greater than in the rest of the country. This excessive incidence, still largely unexplained, has led to the development of important sociological problems. These, as well as the purely medical aspects of the disease have been studied by the Pneumoconiosis Research Unit of which the authors are members, Dr. Fletcher being its Director. It is estimated that the number of certified men alive today in the South Wales area is i6,000 and of these, 5,000 are known to be unemployed. The effects are felt by the individual and by the community. The affected man suffers an impairment in his general health, with consequent curtailment of his ability to work and his freedom to enjoy leisure. The loss of employment means considerable loss of income, and there are often serious psychological effects. The coal mining industry suffers a loss of skilled workers, added to which are the costs of paying compensation, unemployment benefit, and the maintenance of government departments for these and other functions. The Memorandum contains a chapter giving statistical information, and another containing 12 case histories of patients chosen to represent different facets of the social problem. In addition, there are three useful appendices. The first gives a description of pneumoconiosis, principally for those who do not know much about the disease; the second, entitled " Administrative Aspects of Coalworkers' Pneumoconiosis ", deals with the different compensation schemes and their working. Appendix III gives some results of two hitherto unpublished sampling enquiries, one by H.M. Social Survey in 1945, and the other a report by Doig and Hillier to the National Joint Pneumoconiosis Committee in 1947. It includes information about various matters such as age distribution, degrees of disability, reasons for leaving jobs, and travelling difficulties. The authors emphasize that the greatest need of these disabled men is suitable work. They quote evidence showing that some 75% of the unemployed pneumoconiosis cases are fit for medium or light work under ordinary conditions of employment, and this figure is
{"title":"The Social Consequences of Pneumoconiosis among Coalminers in South Wales","authors":"C. Swanston","doi":"10.1136/JECH.5.4.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.5.4.265","url":null,"abstract":"Until 1933 the yearly number of certificates issued to miners in Britain on account of respiratory dust disease was less than 100. Partly owing to alterations in legislation dealing with workmen's compensation, partly because of a real increase in the incidence, the number of certifications has risen greatly since then, reaching a peak of 5,754 in 1945. Of that number 5,180 were issued to men in the South Wales coalfield. From the beginning of 1931 until the middle of 1948 over 22,000 new cases of pneumoconiosis of miners were certified in the whole country, and of these 19,000 were in South Wales. As the number of coal miners in South Wales is only about a sixth of all British coal miners, the incidence there is about 40 times greater than in the rest of the country. This excessive incidence, still largely unexplained, has led to the development of important sociological problems. These, as well as the purely medical aspects of the disease have been studied by the Pneumoconiosis Research Unit of which the authors are members, Dr. Fletcher being its Director. It is estimated that the number of certified men alive today in the South Wales area is i6,000 and of these, 5,000 are known to be unemployed. The effects are felt by the individual and by the community. The affected man suffers an impairment in his general health, with consequent curtailment of his ability to work and his freedom to enjoy leisure. The loss of employment means considerable loss of income, and there are often serious psychological effects. The coal mining industry suffers a loss of skilled workers, added to which are the costs of paying compensation, unemployment benefit, and the maintenance of government departments for these and other functions. The Memorandum contains a chapter giving statistical information, and another containing 12 case histories of patients chosen to represent different facets of the social problem. In addition, there are three useful appendices. The first gives a description of pneumoconiosis, principally for those who do not know much about the disease; the second, entitled \" Administrative Aspects of Coalworkers' Pneumoconiosis \", deals with the different compensation schemes and their working. Appendix III gives some results of two hitherto unpublished sampling enquiries, one by H.M. Social Survey in 1945, and the other a report by Doig and Hillier to the National Joint Pneumoconiosis Committee in 1947. It includes information about various matters such as age distribution, degrees of disability, reasons for leaving jobs, and travelling difficulties. The authors emphasize that the greatest need of these disabled men is suitable work. They quote evidence showing that some 75% of the unemployed pneumoconiosis cases are fit for medium or light work under ordinary conditions of employment, and this figure is","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"265 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.5.4.265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63777482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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