The present investigation was prompted by the Northamptonshire Miniature MassRadiography Survey of 1945a-46. One of the findings of this survey, as presented by Smith (1947), was a significantly higher proportion of newly-discovered cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis* among boot and shoe factory workers than among workers in other trades. In July, 1947, the manufacturers asked for an investigation to be carried out, with the object of discovering whether this higher incidence of tuberculosis was the result of working conditions, or whether it was due to factors outside the control of the industry. Since then five related papers have been published. Stewart and Hughes (1949, 1951) describe how an intensive scrutiny of the mass radiography records broke down the total of cases found in boot and shoe factories into a number of homogeneous groups, and, notably, how it was possible to discern an association between cases of chronic tuberculosis and newly-infected cases. The theory that selective recruitment is solely responsible for the high tuberculosis morbidity rate is criticized, and attention drawn to the much higher rates prevalent in large than in small factories. An experiment carried out in Northampton and Leicester by Hirch (1951) shows the level of bacterial contamination of the air in boot and shoe factory workshops to be largely determined by the number of persons present, however close together or far apart they may be. Cairns and Stewart (1951) present a comparative history of the printing and shoe-making trades, to show that, while the living standards enjoyed by shoemakers are not such as would be expected to cause an excess of tuberculosis, there is some plausibility in the theory of a long-wave epidemic in the factory section of the shoe-making community. Webb, Stewart, and Sutherland (1951) discuss the tendency, revealed in a street survey of Northampton, for cases of tuberculosis to occur in adjacent houses. These papers all tend to strengthen the view that infection outside the home is an important factor in the tuberculosis morbidity of boot and shoe workers. Since the original mass radiography survey, fresh material has been gathered which forms the basis of this paper. A further attempt is now made to trace the path of infection in boot and shoe factories, to suggest appropriate measures for
{"title":"Measuring the risk of infection at work.","authors":"D HEWITT, A STEWARD","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.209","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation was prompted by the Northamptonshire Miniature MassRadiography Survey of 1945a-46. One of the findings of this survey, as presented by Smith (1947), was a significantly higher proportion of newly-discovered cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis* among boot and shoe factory workers than among workers in other trades. In July, 1947, the manufacturers asked for an investigation to be carried out, with the object of discovering whether this higher incidence of tuberculosis was the result of working conditions, or whether it was due to factors outside the control of the industry. Since then five related papers have been published. Stewart and Hughes (1949, 1951) describe how an intensive scrutiny of the mass radiography records broke down the total of cases found in boot and shoe factories into a number of homogeneous groups, and, notably, how it was possible to discern an association between cases of chronic tuberculosis and newly-infected cases. The theory that selective recruitment is solely responsible for the high tuberculosis morbidity rate is criticized, and attention drawn to the much higher rates prevalent in large than in small factories. An experiment carried out in Northampton and Leicester by Hirch (1951) shows the level of bacterial contamination of the air in boot and shoe factory workshops to be largely determined by the number of persons present, however close together or far apart they may be. Cairns and Stewart (1951) present a comparative history of the printing and shoe-making trades, to show that, while the living standards enjoyed by shoemakers are not such as would be expected to cause an excess of tuberculosis, there is some plausibility in the theory of a long-wave epidemic in the factory section of the shoe-making community. Webb, Stewart, and Sutherland (1951) discuss the tendency, revealed in a street survey of Northampton, for cases of tuberculosis to occur in adjacent houses. These papers all tend to strengthen the view that infection outside the home is an important factor in the tuberculosis morbidity of boot and shoe workers. Since the original mass radiography survey, fresh material has been gathered which forms the basis of this paper. A further attempt is now made to trace the path of infection in boot and shoe factories, to suggest appropriate measures for","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"209-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
(1) There are more male foetuses at risk, for, as indicated by the sex ratio of stillbirths and live births combined (51-5 for England and Wales, 1939-47), there are more males than females in the uterus at 28 weeks, the time from which still births are notified. The male excess at 28 weeks must result from one or both of two causes: (a) a high sex ratio at conception (b) a greater loss of females than of males as abortions in the period between conception and notification.
{"title":"Sex ratio of stillbirths related to birth weight.","authors":"T McKEOWN, C R LOWE","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.229","url":null,"abstract":"(1) There are more male foetuses at risk, for, as indicated by the sex ratio of stillbirths and live births combined (51-5 for England and Wales, 1939-47), there are more males than females in the uterus at 28 weeks, the time from which still births are notified. The male excess at 28 weeks must result from one or both of two causes: (a) a high sex ratio at conception (b) a greater loss of females than of males as abortions in the period between conception and notification.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"229-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a previous communication (Record and McKeown, 1949) it was noted that in Birmingham the incidence of anencephalus and spina bifida decreased during the years 1940-47, while the incidence of hydrocephalus remained fairly constant. It was tentatively suggested that this decrease might be correlated with changes in the parity distribution of births, since it was shown that the incidence of anen cephalus and spina bifida is associated with birth order. We propose here to examine this suggestion more critically, making use of statistics for additional years and of more detailed information than was previously available about the parity distribution of the general population of births. Table I (see Fig. 1) gives the incidence of malformations of the central nervous system notified as stillbirths or infant deaths in Birmingham for the period 1936-49. Anencephalus associated with spina bifida is classified under anencephalus, and spina bifida with hydrocephalus under spina bifida. During the years 1940-49 the incidence of anencephalus and spina bifida fell sharply; the incidence of hydrocephalus showed no consistent variation. The significance of these changes * In receipt of a personal grant from the Medical Research Council. TABLE I Incidence (per thousand total births) of Malformations of the Central Nervous System Birmingham, 1936-49 _
{"title":"Secular changes in the incidence of malformations of the central nervous system.","authors":"B MacMAHON, R G RECORD, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.254","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous communication (Record and McKeown, 1949) it was noted that in Birmingham the incidence of anencephalus and spina bifida decreased during the years 1940-47, while the incidence of hydrocephalus remained fairly constant. It was tentatively suggested that this decrease might be correlated with changes in the parity distribution of births, since it was shown that the incidence of anen cephalus and spina bifida is associated with birth order. We propose here to examine this suggestion more critically, making use of statistics for additional years and of more detailed information than was previously available about the parity distribution of the general population of births. Table I (see Fig. 1) gives the incidence of malformations of the central nervous system notified as stillbirths or infant deaths in Birmingham for the period 1936-49. Anencephalus associated with spina bifida is classified under anencephalus, and spina bifida with hydrocephalus under spina bifida. During the years 1940-49 the incidence of anencephalus and spina bifida fell sharply; the incidence of hydrocephalus showed no consistent variation. The significance of these changes * In receipt of a personal grant from the Medical Research Council. TABLE I Incidence (per thousand total births) of Malformations of the Central Nervous System Birmingham, 1936-49 _","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"254-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hirszfeld and Zborowski (1925) and Levine (1943) found fewer group A children in AO families (father group A, mother group O) than in OA families (father group O, mother group A). The statistical significance of this deficiency of group A children was firmly established by Waterhouse and Hogben (1947) who reckoned that 25 per cent, of the expected number of group A children were missing from the AO families of the general population. By Bernstein's hypothesis, however, group A children are conceived with equal frequency in AO and in OA families, and it therefore follows that the missing children must have died some time between conception and childhood. Apart from ABO iso-immunization, or some similar mechanism involving the natural alpha-antibodies carried by the mothers of AO families, all factors respon sible for the loss of group A children should operate alike in AO and OA families. Thus Waterhouse and Hogben concluded that ABO iso-immunization was probably responsible for the deficiency of group A children observed in AO families (i.e. for the loss of about 3 per cent, of all conceptions in the general population), the total loss of life from haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh-sensitization being less than 0-5 per cent, of all conceptions. The fate of the missing children has yet to be ascertained. Because ABO iso-immunization does not contribute materially to the incidence of haemolytic disease, and because the agglutinins concerned are normally present in the maternal blood early in pregnancy, Waterhouse and Hogben suggested that ABO iso immunization acts early in foetal life, causing abortions and miscarriages. It is undoubtedly true that very few of the missing children die of haemolytic disease, but it may be argued that immaturity of the agglutinogens makes it impossible for ABO iso-immunization to act early in foetal life. Furthermore, the absence of a significant deficiency of group A among the newborn of group O mothers in a series of 2,000 births reported by Boorman (1950), and in a series of 7,856 births reported by Bryce and others (1950), suggests that some of the observed deficiency of group A children may have arisen after rather than before birth, an excess of group A children born of group O mothers having died at an early age from conditions other than haemolytic disease.
{"title":"ABO groups of infants and children dying in the west of Scotland (1949-1951).","authors":"D STRUTHERS","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.4.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.4.223","url":null,"abstract":"Hirszfeld and Zborowski (1925) and Levine (1943) found fewer group A children in AO families (father group A, mother group O) than in OA families (father group O, mother group A). The statistical significance of this deficiency of group A children was firmly established by Waterhouse and Hogben (1947) who reckoned that 25 per cent, of the expected number of group A children were missing from the AO families of the general population. By Bernstein's hypothesis, however, group A children are conceived with equal frequency in AO and in OA families, and it therefore follows that the missing children must have died some time between conception and childhood. Apart from ABO iso-immunization, or some similar mechanism involving the natural alpha-antibodies carried by the mothers of AO families, all factors respon sible for the loss of group A children should operate alike in AO and OA families. Thus Waterhouse and Hogben concluded that ABO iso-immunization was probably responsible for the deficiency of group A children observed in AO families (i.e. for the loss of about 3 per cent, of all conceptions in the general population), the total loss of life from haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh-sensitization being less than 0-5 per cent, of all conceptions. The fate of the missing children has yet to be ascertained. Because ABO iso-immunization does not contribute materially to the incidence of haemolytic disease, and because the agglutinins concerned are normally present in the maternal blood early in pregnancy, Waterhouse and Hogben suggested that ABO iso immunization acts early in foetal life, causing abortions and miscarriages. It is undoubtedly true that very few of the missing children die of haemolytic disease, but it may be argued that immaturity of the agglutinogens makes it impossible for ABO iso-immunization to act early in foetal life. Furthermore, the absence of a significant deficiency of group A among the newborn of group O mothers in a series of 2,000 births reported by Boorman (1950), and in a series of 7,856 births reported by Bryce and others (1950), suggests that some of the observed deficiency of group A children may have arisen after rather than before birth, an excess of group A children born of group O mothers having died at an early age from conditions other than haemolytic disease.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 4","pages":"223-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.4.223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24319877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Age incidence of dysmenorrhoea.","authors":"C R LOWE, R L FERGUSON","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.3.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.3.193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 3","pages":"193-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.3.193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24295729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though it has long been customary for schools, whether supported by private or by public funds, to maintain attendance and medical records, little use has been made of them to evaluate the causation of absenteeism in schoolchildren. This communication is the result of an ad hoc survey of the medical and absence records kept in a girls' grammar school, which was originally undertaken to ascertain the effects of long-distance travelling on the health and educational progress of the schoolchild. Analysis of the data disclosed unforeseen variables, the effect of which makes it impossible to draw decisive conclusions upon that subject, but it may not be unprofitable to examine how far they can provide answers to the following questions:
{"title":"Health of the schoolchild.","authors":"V NORRIS","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.3.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.3.145","url":null,"abstract":"Though it has long been customary for schools, whether supported by private or by public funds, to maintain attendance and medical records, little use has been made of them to evaluate the causation of absenteeism in schoolchildren. This communication is the result of an ad hoc survey of the medical and absence records kept in a girls' grammar school, which was originally undertaken to ascertain the effects of long-distance travelling on the health and educational progress of the schoolchild. Analysis of the data disclosed unforeseen variables, the effect of which makes it impossible to draw decisive conclusions upon that subject, but it may not be unprofitable to examine how far they can provide answers to the following questions:","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 3","pages":"145-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.3.145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24295725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Until the mid-1930s there were wide discrepancies in the expectation of life in four major English-speaking communities, viz. England and Wales, U.S.A., Australia, and New Zealand. The initial aim of this communication was to draw attention to a spectacular, unequal, and concurrent rise, the outcome of which is that the'latest figures differ little inter se. A closer examination of contributory changes in different age groups prompted the question: in what age groups has the conservation of life during the past century been pre-eminently responsible for the continuous rise of the expectation of life in England and Wales during the same period ? The answer will permit us to see more clearly what age groups can materially participate in further improvement henceforth. Though we may credit an Englishman, Halley (1693), with the making of the first life table, the data he employed refer to a German city and are grossly defective as regards the age structure of the population. In 1783 Richard Price published a table referable to Northampton, the first of its kind to use British data. Unfortunately the errors in this table enabled the insurance companies to net a small fortune from life insurance, and H.M. government lost £2 million by it. For British life-table statistics in which we can place much confidence we cannot go back earlier than Farr (1843), though a Table based on deaths for 1774-87 in the city of Carlisle was published by Milne (1815). During the 19th century the procedure changed little, though greater reliability resulted from better registration. There is no need to add what Dublin and others (1949) or Kuczynski (1935) have lately written concerning minor refinements in the technique. The symbols employed below are those now in general use, viz.: If A be the age-group interval adopted (here 1 year for the first 5 years, and 5 years thereafter),
{"title":"Changing mortality from 1841 to 1947 measured by the life table.","authors":"W TAYLOR","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.3.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.3.162","url":null,"abstract":"-Until the mid-1930s there were wide discrepancies in the expectation of life in four major English-speaking communities, viz. England and Wales, U.S.A., Australia, and New Zealand. The initial aim of this communication was to draw attention to a spectacular, unequal, and concurrent rise, the outcome of which is that the'latest figures differ little inter se. A closer examination of contributory changes in different age groups prompted the question: in what age groups has the conservation of life during the past century been pre-eminently responsible for the continuous rise of the expectation of life in England and Wales during the same period ? The answer will permit us to see more clearly what age groups can materially participate in further improvement henceforth. Though we may credit an Englishman, Halley (1693), with the making of the first life table, the data he employed refer to a German city and are grossly defective as regards the age structure of the population. In 1783 Richard Price published a table referable to Northampton, the first of its kind to use British data. Unfortunately the errors in this table enabled the insurance companies to net a small fortune from life insurance, and H.M. government lost £2 million by it. For British life-table statistics in which we can place much confidence we cannot go back earlier than Farr (1843), though a Table based on deaths for 1774-87 in the city of Carlisle was published by Milne (1815). During the 19th century the procedure changed little, though greater reliability resulted from better registration. There is no need to add what Dublin and others (1949) or Kuczynski (1935) have lately written concerning minor refinements in the technique. The symbols employed below are those now in general use, viz.: If A be the age-group interval adopted (here 1 year for the first 5 years, and 5 years thereafter),","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 3","pages":"162-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.3.162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24295726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the case of pyloric stenosis, the collection of this information now raises no insuperable difficulty, and if knowledge (of such matters as the association of the malformation with maternal age and birth rank) is still incomplete, it is because inquiries have usually been based on hospital births for which the population of related births is unknown. In the present investigation we have attempted to overcome this difficulty by the following methods: (1) A series of Birmingham children with pyloric stenosis has been assembled by examination of the records of all Birmingham hospitals which admit children, for the 10-year period 1940-49. f (It was, of course, necessary to exclude children whose homes were not in Birmingham.) The series can be regarded as complete in so far as
{"title":"Congenital pyloric stenosis; an investigation of 578 cases.","authors":"B MacMAHON, R G RECORD, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.3.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.3.185","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of pyloric stenosis, the collection of this information now raises no insuperable difficulty, and if knowledge (of such matters as the association of the malformation with maternal age and birth rank) is still incomplete, it is because inquiries have usually been based on hospital births for which the population of related births is unknown. In the present investigation we have attempted to overcome this difficulty by the following methods: (1) A series of Birmingham children with pyloric stenosis has been assembled by examination of the records of all Birmingham hospitals which admit children, for the 10-year period 1940-49. f (It was, of course, necessary to exclude children whose homes were not in Birmingham.) The series can be regarded as complete in so far as","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 3","pages":"185-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.3.185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24295728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observations on all births (23,970) in Birmingham, 1947. III. Survival.","authors":"J R GIBSON, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.3.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.3.177","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 3","pages":"177-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.3.177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24295727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methods of Social Welfare Administration","authors":"C. Swanston","doi":"10.1136/JECH.5.3.184-A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.5.3.184-A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"184 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.5.3.184-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63777404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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