This investigation originates from an observation made in 1948 that many tuberculous patients in Northampton lived next door to one another. It was decided to find out whether the pattern of the disease in this town suggested that persons living next door to tuberculous subjects are unduly prone to contract the disease. The first step was to discover the position of houses from which cases of tuberculosis had been notified from 1921 to 1948. We next studied other possible influences on the pattern of the disease, to see whether, allowing for these, the position of the affected houses suggested a random distribution of cases, or revealed the transmission of disease between neighbours. Finally, to decide whether the setting of the investigation was exceptional, the population and social conditions of Northampton were examined, by comparing the borough as a whole with other towns, and by comparing different districts within the borough.
{"title":"Spread of tuberculosis from house to house.","authors":"J WEBB, A STEWART, I SUTHERLAND","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation originates from an observation made in 1948 that many tuberculous patients in Northampton lived next door to one another. It was decided to find out whether the pattern of the disease in this town suggested that persons living next door to tuberculous subjects are unduly prone to contract the disease. The first step was to discover the position of houses from which cases of tuberculosis had been notified from 1921 to 1948. We next studied other possible influences on the pattern of the disease, to see whether, allowing for these, the position of the affected houses suggested a random distribution of cases, or revealed the transmission of disease between neighbours. Finally, to decide whether the setting of the investigation was exceptional, the population and social conditions of Northampton were examined, by comparing the borough as a whole with other towns, and by comparing different districts within the borough.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"13-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.1.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24270753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The collection and analysis of statistical material relating to mortality and morbidity has long been an important part of the functions of Public Health Authorities. Much of the data analysed at a national level is transmitted through the local authority and reciprocal arrangements have developed whereby statistical analysis of its own problems by each authority runs pari passu with centralized statistics for the country as a whole. In the field of child welfare, the rapid fall in infant mortality has shifted emphasis on the one hand to the importance of the antenatal period in relation to the hard core of neonatal mortality, and on the other to less immediately lethal aspects of child health. In both these fields local authorities have responsibilities which call for periodic assessment. The characteristics of Maternity and Child Welfare data of most interest to vital statisticians are that they cover all or nearly all of a complete population in the demographic sense, and that they record first-hand observations of events and conditions which might otherwise be missed. The data are, however, frequently less precise than can be obtained by trained investigators. A brief account of the methods now being adopted by the Maternity and Child Welfare Department of the City of Birmingham will illustrate the scope and limitations of Public Health material, and may be of interest to medical statisticians engaged in comparable tasks. The Maternity and Child Welfare Department, through its frequent contact with most of the city's mothers and children, has studied intensively aspects of neonatal mortality and the care of immature infants; but a considerable corpus of informa tion collected by midwives and health visitors regarding surviving children has not hitherto been available in a form amenable to systematic analysis. To utilize more effectively all existing data and to meet other administrative needs, the Senior Assistant Medical Officer of Health for Maternity and Child Welfare sought the assistance of the Central Statistical Office in re-designing some of the forms, and in planning a mechanized record system. Thus on January 1, 1949, was inaugurated a new system of records intended to make more readily available the medical and social histories of all children in the city under the age of 5 years. No radical changes in departmental policy or organization were involved, since health visitors were already visiting about 98 per cent, of all births to Birmingham residents at 41
{"title":"Statistical utilization of maternity and child welfare records.","authors":"E CHARLES","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"The collection and analysis of statistical material relating to mortality and morbidity has long been an important part of the functions of Public Health Authorities. Much of the data analysed at a national level is transmitted through the local authority and reciprocal arrangements have developed whereby statistical analysis of its own problems by each authority runs pari passu with centralized statistics for the country as a whole. In the field of child welfare, the rapid fall in infant mortality has shifted emphasis on the one hand to the importance of the antenatal period in relation to the hard core of neonatal mortality, and on the other to less immediately lethal aspects of child health. In both these fields local authorities have responsibilities which call for periodic assessment. The characteristics of Maternity and Child Welfare data of most interest to vital statisticians are that they cover all or nearly all of a complete population in the demographic sense, and that they record first-hand observations of events and conditions which might otherwise be missed. The data are, however, frequently less precise than can be obtained by trained investigators. A brief account of the methods now being adopted by the Maternity and Child Welfare Department of the City of Birmingham will illustrate the scope and limitations of Public Health material, and may be of interest to medical statisticians engaged in comparable tasks. The Maternity and Child Welfare Department, through its frequent contact with most of the city's mothers and children, has studied intensively aspects of neonatal mortality and the care of immature infants; but a considerable corpus of informa tion collected by midwives and health visitors regarding surviving children has not hitherto been available in a form amenable to systematic analysis. To utilize more effectively all existing data and to meet other administrative needs, the Senior Assistant Medical Officer of Health for Maternity and Child Welfare sought the assistance of the Central Statistical Office in re-designing some of the forms, and in planning a mechanized record system. Thus on January 1, 1949, was inaugurated a new system of records intended to make more readily available the medical and social histories of all children in the city under the age of 5 years. No radical changes in departmental policy or organization were involved, since health visitors were already visiting about 98 per cent, of all births to Birmingham residents at 41","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"41-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.1.41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24270755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Researches on the Measurement of Human Performance","authors":"R. Passmore","doi":"10.1136/JECH.5.1.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.5.1.63","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"63 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.5.1.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63776727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
to growth during the first year of postnatal life. A majority of the babies (702) came from one private and two municipal welfare clinics in the city; the remainder (580) attended the Institute of Social Medicine. The latter are also enrolled in the Child Health Survey and are the subjects of a more intensive study of growth and development during the first five years of life (Thwaites, 1950). The babies attending the Institute of Social Medicine were seen for the first time at 4 weeks, and again at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The remainder were brought to the clinics at monthly intervals. Since the two municipal clinics were held in the same room but on different days, only three different weighing scales (balance type) were used. Four persons were responsible for the records, but each baby was supervised by the same person; they were weighed naked on the same scales, and the weight was recorded to the nearest whole ounce. Although the mothers often failed to bring their children on the appointed dates, in most cases the first visit, due at one month, did not vary by more than a week from the correct day, and those due at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were rarely more than two weeks too early or too late. In the exceptional cases an estimated weight for the correct date has been obtained from a curve drawn through the five recorded weights. In the result, the weights used in this paper have been derived from actual weighing and from graphic estimation in the following proportions:
{"title":"A study of weight gain in the first year of life.","authors":"J PARFIT","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"to growth during the first year of postnatal life. A majority of the babies (702) came from one private and two municipal welfare clinics in the city; the remainder (580) attended the Institute of Social Medicine. The latter are also enrolled in the Child Health Survey and are the subjects of a more intensive study of growth and development during the first five years of life (Thwaites, 1950). The babies attending the Institute of Social Medicine were seen for the first time at 4 weeks, and again at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The remainder were brought to the clinics at monthly intervals. Since the two municipal clinics were held in the same room but on different days, only three different weighing scales (balance type) were used. Four persons were responsible for the records, but each baby was supervised by the same person; they were weighed naked on the same scales, and the weight was recorded to the nearest whole ounce. Although the mothers often failed to bring their children on the appointed dates, in most cases the first visit, due at one month, did not vary by more than a week from the correct day, and those due at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were rarely more than two weeks too early or too late. In the exceptional cases an estimated weight for the correct date has been obtained from a curve drawn through the five recorded weights. In the result, the weights used in this paper have been derived from actual weighing and from graphic estimation in the following proportions:","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24270752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that in every country with reliable vital statistics more male than female children are born each year, and that the sex ratio of stillbirths is considerably higher than that of related live births. By means of data from the Annual Reports of the Registrar-General for England and Wales and for Scotland it has recently been demonstrated (Lowe and McKeown, 1950) that the sex ratio of total births decreases with maternal age, whereas the sex ratio of stillbirths increases. It was suggested that this relationship to age is due to changes in the relative proportions in each maternal age group of different causes of stillbirth, each of which has its own sex ratio. Since July, 1938, the Annual Reports of the Registrar-General for England and Wales have presented the results of twin maternities by sex, type of birth (live or stillborn), and maternal age, although cause of stillbirth is unfortunately not recorded. Between July, 1938, and December, 1948, 90,730 twin maternities were notified, for 344 of which maternal age was not specified. We are unaware of any reference in the literature to the sex of twin stillbirths in relation to the age of the mother, and this communication presents an analysis of 90,386 twin maternities for which the necessary data are available.
{"title":"Risk of stillbirth in twin pregnancy related to sex and maternal age; an analysis of 90,386 twin maternities.","authors":"C R LOWE, R G RECORD","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.1.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.1.34","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that in every country with reliable vital statistics more male than female children are born each year, and that the sex ratio of stillbirths is considerably higher than that of related live births. By means of data from the Annual Reports of the Registrar-General for England and Wales and for Scotland it has recently been demonstrated (Lowe and McKeown, 1950) that the sex ratio of total births decreases with maternal age, whereas the sex ratio of stillbirths increases. It was suggested that this relationship to age is due to changes in the relative proportions in each maternal age group of different causes of stillbirth, each of which has its own sex ratio. Since July, 1938, the Annual Reports of the Registrar-General for England and Wales have presented the results of twin maternities by sex, type of birth (live or stillborn), and maternal age, although cause of stillbirth is unfortunately not recorded. Between July, 1938, and December, 1948, 90,730 twin maternities were notified, for 344 of which maternal age was not specified. We are unaware of any reference in the literature to the sex of twin stillbirths in relation to the age of the mother, and this communication presents an analysis of 90,386 twin maternities for which the necessary data are available.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.1.34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24270754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"United Nations Department of Social Affairs: Annual Report on Child and Youth Welfare, 1947-1948","authors":"C. Swanston","doi":"10.1136/JECH.5.1.62-A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.5.1.62-A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"62 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.5.1.62-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63776714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Congenital malformations of the central nervous system. III. Risk of malformation in sibs of malformed individuals.","authors":"R G RECORD, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.4.4.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.4.4.217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"4 4","pages":"217-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.4.4.217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24227183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
age of the mother, and the number of previous children born to her, for all births completely registered. Unfortunately the number of previous children does not give exactly the parity of a birth, as some of the previous children may have resulted from multiple births. As the proportion of multiple maternities to all maternities seldom exceeds 2 per cent., the consequent lack of precision is not likely to lead to serious error in most applications, though from the point of view of this enquiry it is of greater significance. Included in the Registrar-General's Statistical Review for 1938 (Tables. Part II: Civil) there is a discussion of the first half-year's experience as it affects the problem of twinning. The numbers are frequently too small to provide more than an indication of the pattern of twin production, but since that time data for ten more years have been published.
{"title":"Twinning in twin pedigrees.","authors":"J A H WATERHOUSE","doi":"10.1136/jech.4.4.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.4.4.197","url":null,"abstract":"age of the mother, and the number of previous children born to her, for all births completely registered. Unfortunately the number of previous children does not give exactly the parity of a birth, as some of the previous children may have resulted from multiple births. As the proportion of multiple maternities to all maternities seldom exceeds 2 per cent., the consequent lack of precision is not likely to lead to serious error in most applications, though from the point of view of this enquiry it is of greater significance. Included in the Registrar-General's Statistical Review for 1938 (Tables. Part II: Civil) there is a discussion of the first half-year's experience as it affects the problem of twinning. The numbers are frequently too small to provide more than an indication of the pattern of twin production, but since that time data for ten more years have been published.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"4 4","pages":"197-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.4.4.197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24227182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy expenditure during stepping.","authors":"R PASSMORE, J G THOMSON","doi":"10.1136/jech.4.4.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.4.4.234","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"4 4","pages":"234-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.4.4.234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24227185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observations on all births (23,970) in Birmingham, 1947. I. Duration of gestation.","authors":"J R GIBSON, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.4.4.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.4.4.221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"4 4","pages":"221-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.4.4.221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24227184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：