{"title":"Training for Social Work: An International Survey","authors":"C. Swanston","doi":"10.1136/JECH.5.3.184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.5.3.184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"184 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.5.3.184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63777392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Birth weights of South African babies.","authors":"E J SALBER, E S BRADSHAW","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 2","pages":"113-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24279928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Observations previously published on the duration of gestation (Gibson and McKeown, 1950) and birth weight (McKeown and Gibson, 1951) lend themselves to an examination of the association between these variables and foetal mortality. Data available for single births in Birmingham during 1947 are exhibited in Table I, separately for stillbirths, first-year deaths, and births which survived to the end of the first year of life. We have previously discussed the representativeness of these records, and need here note only that there are no conspicuous differences between the proportions complete in each of the three classes.
{"title":"Observations on all births (23,970) in Birmingham, 1947. II. Birth weight.","authors":"T McKEOWN, J R GIBSON","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.98","url":null,"abstract":"Observations previously published on the duration of gestation (Gibson and McKeown, 1950) and birth weight (McKeown and Gibson, 1951) lend themselves to an examination of the association between these variables and foetal mortality. Data available for single births in Birmingham during 1947 are exhibited in Table I, separately for stillbirths, first-year deaths, and births which survived to the end of the first year of life. We have previously discussed the representativeness of these records, and need here note only that there are no conspicuous differences between the proportions complete in each of the three classes.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 2","pages":"98-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.98","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24279927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigations of secular changes in the live-birth sex ratios of different countries have given conflicting results (Gini, 1908; Russell, 1936; Ciocco, 1938; Strand skov, 1942; Martin, 1943). In general the data are unsatisfactory, either because numbers of births are small, or because of inaccuracies and deficiencies in birth notification. Russell (1936) examined statistics for England and Wales, and drew attention to the decline of the sex ratio of live births between 1841-45 and
{"title":"A note on secular changes in the human sex ratio at birth.","authors":"C R LOWE, T McKEOWN","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.91","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations of secular changes in the live-birth sex ratios of different countries have given conflicting results (Gini, 1908; Russell, 1936; Ciocco, 1938; Strand skov, 1942; Martin, 1943). In general the data are unsatisfactory, either because numbers of births are small, or because of inaccuracies and deficiencies in birth notification. Russell (1936) examined statistics for England and Wales, and drew attention to the decline of the sex ratio of live births between 1841-45 and","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 2","pages":"91-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.91","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24279926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An accurate estimate of the incidence in the general population of mongolism at birth is required for the genetic study of the disease. Penrose (1949) has esti mated the frequency of the condition among children of school age in Great Britain from the records of local authorities; the incidence among children aged 10 to 14 is probably about 1 in 2,000. He stresses, however, that the high infant mortality of mongols implies that the incidence at birth is considerably higher than this. The only figure available for the incidence at birth in Great Britain is that given by Malpas (1937) for a maternity hospital; he found eighteen cases in 13,964 births, that is 1 in 776; but with such small numbers the random error may
{"title":"Incidence of mongolism and its diagnosis in the newborn.","authors":"C CARTER, D MacCARTHY","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.83","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate estimate of the incidence in the general population of mongolism at birth is required for the genetic study of the disease. Penrose (1949) has esti mated the frequency of the condition among children of school age in Great Britain from the records of local authorities; the incidence among children aged 10 to 14 is probably about 1 in 2,000. He stresses, however, that the high infant mortality of mongols implies that the incidence at birth is considerably higher than this. The only figure available for the incidence at birth in Great Britain is that given by Malpas (1937) for a maternity hospital; he found eighteen cases in 13,964 births, that is 1 in 776; but with such small numbers the random error may","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 2","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.83","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24279925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biology of Human Starvation","authors":"R. Passmore","doi":"10.1136/JECH.5.2.120-B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.5.2.120-B","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"120 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/JECH.5.2.120-B","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63776851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catalogue of Economic and Social Projects, 1950","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.120-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.120-a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"120 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.120-a","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63776841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
during 1943-44 a study of semi-starvation in volunteers under laboratory conditions. Thirty-two conscientious objectors offered themselves as subjects and lived in the laboratory of Physiological Hygiene for over a year. During a control period of three months they were given a diet containing approximately 3,500 calories per day. Then for 6 months the diet was reduced by 1,570 calories in the form of potatoes, cabbage, turnips, and cereals, and only very small portions of animal protein each week. The experimental diet resembled approximately that consumed under famine conditions in Europe. During this period they lost on an average 24 per cent. of body weight, and were reduced to a condition closely resembling famine victims. All at some time had famine oedema. The subjects were then studied for a further 3 months in the laboratory under various regimes of rehabilitation, and most of them were observed at intervals for a further 6 to 9 months. A year after the end of the starvation period, all had returned to normal and were apparently none the worse. During the year in the laboratory the bas c physiological and psychological state of the subjects was reviewed at regular intervals by teams of investigators. Important observations were made on the weight changes, the distribution of body fluids, the basal metabolism, the energy exchanges during exercise, the capacity for work, the size of the heart, adaptations in the circulatory system, and changes in the cellular elements in the blood. The psychological observations included studies of behaviour patterns, personality changes and intellectual abilities. The many important findings cannot be summarized in a review article. The Minnesota experiment, which will bccome a classic, was planned and executed by a co-ordinated team of first class investigators, and there is no record of any comparable experiment either in human physiology or in psychology. The general plan will be of interest and indeed an obligatory study for future investigators into the problems presented by adaptation of the physiological and psychological processes in man to prolonged adverse environmental conditions, and the details are important to those concerned with the practical problems of medicine in a famine. Unfortunately the choice of presentation of this great experiment is unsatisfactory. "Human Starvation" weighs 3 45 kg. and suffers, like many American books to-day, from over-nutrition. Striving for completeness, the authors have stuffed the book with observations made by persons less competent or less well-placed than themselves, and in consequence the fascinating account of the Minnesota experiment is often buried. Chapter 3, containing 29 pages, is entirely devoted to old work, long dead, which might have been allowed to rest; there are many other examples of the citation of inferior work. There must be many physiologists, psychologists, and physicians who would like a brief straightforward account of this great e
{"title":"Introduction to the Theory of Statistics","authors":"L. Hogben","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.121","url":null,"abstract":"during 1943-44 a study of semi-starvation in volunteers under laboratory conditions. Thirty-two conscientious objectors offered themselves as subjects and lived in the laboratory of Physiological Hygiene for over a year. During a control period of three months they were given a diet containing approximately 3,500 calories per day. Then for 6 months the diet was reduced by 1,570 calories in the form of potatoes, cabbage, turnips, and cereals, and only very small portions of animal protein each week. The experimental diet resembled approximately that consumed under famine conditions in Europe. During this period they lost on an average 24 per cent. of body weight, and were reduced to a condition closely resembling famine victims. All at some time had famine oedema. The subjects were then studied for a further 3 months in the laboratory under various regimes of rehabilitation, and most of them were observed at intervals for a further 6 to 9 months. A year after the end of the starvation period, all had returned to normal and were apparently none the worse. During the year in the laboratory the bas c physiological and psychological state of the subjects was reviewed at regular intervals by teams of investigators. Important observations were made on the weight changes, the distribution of body fluids, the basal metabolism, the energy exchanges during exercise, the capacity for work, the size of the heart, adaptations in the circulatory system, and changes in the cellular elements in the blood. The psychological observations included studies of behaviour patterns, personality changes and intellectual abilities. The many important findings cannot be summarized in a review article. The Minnesota experiment, which will bccome a classic, was planned and executed by a co-ordinated team of first class investigators, and there is no record of any comparable experiment either in human physiology or in psychology. The general plan will be of interest and indeed an obligatory study for future investigators into the problems presented by adaptation of the physiological and psychological processes in man to prolonged adverse environmental conditions, and the details are important to those concerned with the practical problems of medicine in a famine. Unfortunately the choice of presentation of this great experiment is unsatisfactory. \"Human Starvation\" weighs 3 45 kg. and suffers, like many American books to-day, from over-nutrition. Striving for completeness, the authors have stuffed the book with observations made by persons less competent or less well-placed than themselves, and in consequence the fascinating account of the Minnesota experiment is often buried. Chapter 3, containing 29 pages, is entirely devoted to old work, long dead, which might have been allowed to rest; there are many other examples of the citation of inferior work. There must be many physiologists, psychologists, and physicians who would like a brief straightforward account of this great e","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"121 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63776921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attention was drawn by Colfis (1925) to the fact that, in the Registrar-General's occupational mortality returns for 1911, printers and shoemakers "present the unusual picture of a low general mortality combined with a high phthisis mortality ". Comparison with other trades failed to reveal evidence of predisposing causes such as silicosis, alcoholism, or poverty, but in both occupations the men " worked indoors under circumstances in which individuals are so congregated together as to facilitate the passage of infection from person to person ". Collis suggested, therefore, that the high tuberculosis death rate might be due to crossinfection at work. The present investigation is based on a study of serial records of mortality (Registrar-General's Decennial Supplements, 1881-1931) and a comparison between these and contemporary working and living conditions. Its purpose is to discover whether printers and shoemakers have always had high tuberculosis death rates and whether cross-infection of fellow-workers has influenced their mortality.
{"title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis mortality in the printing and shoemaking trades historical survey, 1881-1931.","authors":"M CAIRNS, A STEWART","doi":"10.1136/jech.5.2.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.5.2.73","url":null,"abstract":"Attention was drawn by Colfis (1925) to the fact that, in the Registrar-General's occupational mortality returns for 1911, printers and shoemakers \"present the unusual picture of a low general mortality combined with a high phthisis mortality \". Comparison with other trades failed to reveal evidence of predisposing causes such as silicosis, alcoholism, or poverty, but in both occupations the men \" worked indoors under circumstances in which individuals are so congregated together as to facilitate the passage of infection from person to person \". Collis suggested, therefore, that the high tuberculosis death rate might be due to crossinfection at work. The present investigation is based on a study of serial records of mortality (Registrar-General's Decennial Supplements, 1881-1931) and a comparison between these and contemporary working and living conditions. Its purpose is to discover whether printers and shoemakers have always had high tuberculosis death rates and whether cross-infection of fellow-workers has influenced their mortality.","PeriodicalId":84321,"journal":{"name":"British journal of social medicine","volume":"5 2","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jech.5.2.73","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24279924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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