Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

Background and objectives: Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) is one of the leading cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly in the Asian population. Individuals with specific health risks, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease (CAD), are more susceptible to developing CHF. Current evidence is limited to understanding the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and CHF. Therefore, this review aims to explore the potential connection between dietary patterns, gut microbiota, and its metabolites in individuals at risk of CHF in the Asian population.

Methods and study design: A literature review of cross-sectional studies was conducted using primary keywords such as "Asian", "obesity", "type 2 diabetes", "hypertension", "dyslipidemia", "coronary artery disease", and "chronic heart failure". There was no restriction on sample size.

Results: Several gut microbiotas were found to correlate with CHF risk factors. There were increased levels of Prevotella, Klebsiella, Romboutsia, Catenibacterium, Clostridium, Holdemanella, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Streptococcus, and Megamonas, while decreased levels of Oscillibacter, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Eubacterium were reported. These microbiota shifts were linked to increased TMAO production and impaired short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Dietary intake and microbial metabolites were also identified as contributors to the gut microbiota associated with CHF.

Conclusions: A potential link exists between the gut microbiota profile and CHF risk factors, possibly mediated by microbial metabolites. Dietary patterns may influence CHF-associated gut microbiota and me-tabolites. Future research is needed to investigate how dietary modifications can modulate gut microbiota and its metabolites in CHF patients.

Background and objectives: This study aimed to examine whether eating alone, folate intake, and n-3 PUFA intake are independently associated with psychological distress in older adults.

Methods and study design: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1011 study participants aged ≥65 years in Japan. We assessed psychological distress using the Kessler 6 scale, whether the participants ate alone or with others, folate and n-3 PUFA intake using a short food frequency questionnaire.

Results: Of the 1011 study participants, 465 (46.0%) were male and mean (SD) age was 71.6 (4.8) years. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for psychological distress in participants eating alone compared to those eating with others was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-2.31). The ORs in the second and third tertiles com-pared to the first tertile, which had the lowest folate intake, were 0.92 (95% CI, 0.62-1.37) and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.73-1.73), respectively. The ORs in the second and third tertiles compared to the first tertile, which had the lowest n-3 PUFA intake, were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.56-1.24) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.62-1.45), respectively. Also, the OR in those eating alone combined with the first tertile of n-3 PUFA intake compared to those eating with others with the third tertile was 2.18 (95%CI, 1.05-4.55).

Conclusions: Although eating alone combined with low n-3 PUFA intake was associated with psychological distress in older adults, eating alone, folate intake, and n-3 PUFA intake were not independently associated with psychological distress.

Background and objectives: Measurement of vitamin B-12 deficiency using different methods may cause diagnostic difficulties. In order to rapidly and safely diagnose vitamin B-12 deficiency, it is important to determine the reference ranges of serum B-12 and its related biomarkers such as homocysteine, holotranscobalamine (holo-TC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA). This study aimed to determine reference interval (RI)s for serum vitamin B-12 and related markers.

Methods and study design: Samples were collected from 404 young-to-middle-aged healthy adults aged 18-65 years. Vitamin B-12, homocysteine, holotranscobalamin, folate were analyzed using the Arcitect i2000 device. Plasma MMA was analyzed by LC/MS. RIs were then evaluated accordingly.

Results: Vitamin B-12, folate, homocysteine, holotranscobalamin and plasma MMA were 139-619 pg/mL, 3.0-14.7 ng/mL, 5.6-18.4 μmol/L, 10.7-101 pmol/L, and 0.01-0.8 μmol/L, respectively. Age group-specific RIs were also generated.

Conclusions: This study revealed that the diagnosis of vitamin B-12 deficiency should not only be based on serum vitamin B-12 levels, but also of folate, homocysteine, holotranscobalamin and MMA levels; all which are related to vitamin B-12 metabolism.

Background and objectives: Previous studies on the risk factors for prolonged pleural effusion (PPE) have primarily focused on surgical-related risk factors, with little research exploring the influence of nutritional factors on this delay. This study aimed to identify the nutritional risk factors for PPE in Chinese infants following congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery.

Methods and study design: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients under 3 years old with chylothorax following CHD surgery from 2016 to 2020. PPE was defined as pleural effusion lasting over 14 days. Logistical regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors.

Results: Of 136 patients, 42 patients developed PPE (30.9%). The PPE group had lower Height-for-Age Z-scores (HAZ) compared to the non-PPE group, while other demographic factors were not significantly different. Univariate analysis revealed that patients in PPE group exhibited delayed onset of chylothorax, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, increased chest effusion volume on the first postoperative day, and a reduced proportion of energy intake from enteral nutrition (EN) during the stable phase. Variables with p-value of <0.1 in univariate logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. A delayed onset of chylothorax, extended periods of mechanical ventilation, a lower HAZ and a reduced proportion of energy intake from EN during the recovery phase.

Conclusions: A delayed onset of chylothorax, extended periods of mechanical ventilation, a lower HAZ, and a reduced proportion of energy intake from EN during the recovery phase predict a higher risk of PPE.

Background and objectives: The association of niacin intake with dyslipidemia remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to explore the association between dietary niacin intake and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults in the United States (US).

Methods and study design: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2005 and 2014. The exposure variable was dietary niacin intake, measured through 24-hour dietary recall interviews and treated as both a continuous and categorical variable. Dyslipidemia, defined by diagnostic criteria, was the outcome. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to examine the association between niacin intake and the prevalence of dyslipidemia.

Results: Among the 19,275 individuals, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 78.8%. Compared with individuals with lower niacin consumption Q1 (≤15.9 mg/day), the adjusted OR values for dietary niacin intake and dyslipidemia in Q3 (22.7-31.8 mg/day) and Q4 (≥31.8 mg/day) were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.64-0.94, p = 0.011) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.61-0.98, p = 0.033), respectively. The association between niacin intake and the prevalence of dyslipidemia followed a L-shaped dose-response curve (non-linear, p = 0.009). Participants with a niacin intake of <22.3 mg/day exhibited an OR of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99, p = 0.040) for dyslipidemia. In subgroup analyses, the inverse associations of niacin intake with the prevalence of dyslipidemia remained robust only in female.

Conclusions: In the 2005-2014 NHANES popu-lation, higher levels of niacin intake were associated with decreased odds of dyslipidemia overall. Further studies are needed to examine the potential protective effects of niacin on dyslipidemia risk.

Background and objectives: To investigate the underlying inflammatory markers of frailty and evaluate the predictive power of frailty and nutritional risk screening (NRS) for in-hospital complications in elderly patients with hip fractures.

Methods and study design: A total of 233 elderly patients with hip fractures partic-ipated in the study. Frailty and nutritional risk screening was performed on all participants, who were then divided into frail ('frail only' and 'frail and malnourished') and non-frail ('robust' and 'malnourished only') cohorts. The clinical data were collected for all participants, and in-hospital complications were followed up.

Results: Among the patients, 39.9% were frail, 26.2% were malnourished and 15.5% were both frail and malnourished. The frail group were older and had higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) scores, systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) levels and fibrinogen levels than patients in the other cohorts. After adjusting for age, CCI and nutritional status,the SII was an independent predictor of frailty, indicating its role as an inflammatory marker of frailty. Frail patients had significantly higher rates of total complications, lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT), infections and cardiac complications than the non-frail group. Patients who were both frail and malnourished had a 1.98 times higher risk of nosocomial infection than those who were only frail.

Conclusions: The SII is a significant predictor of frailty, and it may be used as an inflammatory marker of frailty. The fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses and loss of weight scale can effectively predict the in-hospital complications of elderly patients with hip fractures.

Background and objectives: The proportion of noodles in the Korean diet is increasing, but the effect of noodle intake on metabolic syndrome has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, we investigated noodle consumption and its relation to metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Methods and study design: This study was conducted on 10,505 adults using the combined data of the 2012-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Noodle intake was evaluated with a food frequency question-naire (FFQ) based on 112 food items. To compute odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) controlled for confounders, multivariable logistic regression models were used.

Results: Compared to people in the lowest levels of noodle intake, the OR of the metabolic syndrome of those in the highest levels was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.16-1.90; p-trend = 0.002). This positive association was also found for hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity, which were metabolic syndrome components. Specifically, the odds of having hypertriglyceridemia were 38% (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14-1.66; p-trend < 0.001) higher for people with high noodle consumption compared to those with low noodle consumption in the overall population. The tendency for people who consume a lot of noodles to have raised odds of metabolic syndrome was observed when analyzed by the type of noodles.

Conclusions: This study suggested noodle intake was positively related to met-abolic syndrome and its components in Korean adults. Further clinical trials and prospective cohort studies are required to identify a causal relationship between noodle intake and metabolic syndrome in Koreans.

Background and objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem worldwide. Numerous traditional plants are used for preventing DM. However, limited evidence supports the association between garlic consumption and DM.

Methods and study design: Data used in this study was from the 2008-2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Data on garlic consumption was obtained by questionnaire, and DM by self-reported diagnosis. A multivariate adjusted Cox regression model was used to estimate haz-ard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to determine the incidence of DM.

Results: A total of 1927 participants were included in this study, of which 24.08% consumed garlic daily and 20.08% developed DM. The HR for daily garlic consumption decreased by 42%, when compared to rare or no garlic con-sumption. Our subgroup analyses revealed that daily garlic consumption significantly reduced the risk of DM in older adults aged 65-79, rural, non-drinkers informal education, financial dependence, and working in agriculture (aged 65-79: HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.80; rural area: HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29-0.77; non-drinkers: HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41-0.86; informal education: HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29-0.74; financial dependence: HR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23-0.65; agricultural work: HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.32-0.76).

Conclusions: Garlic consumption can reduce the risk of DM in older Chinese adults. This benefit varies by age, current residence, drinking status, education level, occupation, and economic source. Future efforts should focus on developing dietary intervention strategies that consider demographic, educational, financial, and occupational disparities to effectively prevent diabetes in older populations.

Background and objectives: Prioritizing key preventive and therapeutic interventions is one of the actions to accelerate the reduction of anemia. This study aimed to examine interventions designed to prevent anemia.

Methods and study design: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Analysis of publication bias was done using The Joanna-Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Data collected from articles included author, year of publication, setting and location of the study, study type, participant of the study, intervention and control given, main outcome, main findings, and risk of bias.

Results: Three nutrition-specific interventions aimed at preventing iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries used various types and dosages of iron. While most studies showed success, some indicated a worsening trend in anemia, even with standard dosages and the same form of iron. Determining effective interventions requires consideration of factors such as other micronutrient composition, compliance rate, availability of educational intervention, and dietary backgrounds in those countries.

Conclusions: Supplementation, fortification, and food-based interventions generally lead to higher hemoglobin levels and a lower prevalence of anemia. However, it is important to consider several factors before deciding on an approach.

Background and objectives: While previous population-based studies have suggested a link between serum vitamin D levels and depression in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the exact correlation between serum vitamin D and depression among NAFLD patients remains controversial and disputed. Thus, we conducted this study to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D and depression in NAFLD participants diagnosed via transient elastography.

Methods and study design: This cross-sectional study was extracted from the latest NHANES 2017-2018 dataset. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score of ≥10. NAFLD phenotype was identified by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) examination based on diagnostic criteria. Binary logistic regression models were applied to estimate the impact of increased serum vitamin D on the reduced risk of depression based on sample weights.

Results: A total of 1339 participants with NAFLD were included in this investigation, of which 127 (8.58%) were diagnosed with depression according to PHQ-9 scores. Binary logistic regression analysis presented that high serum vitamin D level was a protective factor for depression in NAFLD (OR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.37-0.99, p=0.048) after adjusting for all confounding factors. In subgroup analyses, these associations were more pronounced among men (OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.81, p=0.024) and obese population (OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.86, p=0.019).

Conclusions: Increased serum vitamin D was negatively associated to the prevalence of depression in males and obese individuals with NAFLD diagnosed by VCTE.