Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118110
E. F. Itoba-Tombo, S. K. Ntwampe, J. B. Mudumbi, Lukhanyo, Mekuto, E. Akinpelu, O. Oputu
— Toxins/secondary metabolites produced by a cyanide tolerant/resistant fungal strain, i.e. Cunninghamella bertholletiae , were produced through a fermentation technique. Fungal mycelia (0.05 – 0.4g) was inoculated and fermented in a 25 mL nutrient broth medium for 168 hrs at 37 °C in 40 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in a shaking incubator set at 70 rpm. A volume (5 mL) of the fermented extracts were filtered through a membrane, centrifuged, mixed with chloroform and dried-up through nitrogen blow-down prior reconstitution using 100% analytical grade methanol. Samples were analyzed for secondary metabolites identification using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS-TOF 6230). The results revealed the production of secondary metabolites; Silibinin and 11-Ketotestosterone from a cyanide resistant and/or tolerant C. bertholletiae .
-一种耐氰化物/抗氰化物的真菌菌株，即Cunninghamella bertholletiae，通过发酵技术产生毒素/次生代谢物。将真菌菌丝体(0.05 ~ 0.4g)接种于25 mL营养肉汁培养基中，在40 mL Erlenmeyer烧瓶中，在70 rpm的摇晃培养箱中，37℃下发酵168小时。体积(5ml)的发酵提取物通过膜过滤，离心，与氯仿混合，并通过氮气吹干，然后使用100%分析级甲醇重构。采用液相色谱-质谱法(LC/MS-TOF 6230)对样品进行二级代谢物鉴定。结果显示次生代谢产物的产生;抗氰化物和/或耐氰化物的水飞蓟宾素和11-酮酮。
{"title":"Rapid Identification of Cunninghamella bertholletiae’s Toxins/Secondary Metabolites via a Fermentation Technique","authors":"E. F. Itoba-Tombo, S. K. Ntwampe, J. B. Mudumbi, Lukhanyo, Mekuto, E. Akinpelu, O. Oputu","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118110","url":null,"abstract":"— Toxins/secondary metabolites produced by a cyanide tolerant/resistant fungal strain, i.e. Cunninghamella bertholletiae , were produced through a fermentation technique. Fungal mycelia (0.05 – 0.4g) was inoculated and fermented in a 25 mL nutrient broth medium for 168 hrs at 37 °C in 40 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in a shaking incubator set at 70 rpm. A volume (5 mL) of the fermented extracts were filtered through a membrane, centrifuged, mixed with chloroform and dried-up through nitrogen blow-down prior reconstitution using 100% analytical grade methanol. Samples were analyzed for secondary metabolites identification using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS-TOF 6230). The results revealed the production of secondary metabolites; Silibinin and 11-Ketotestosterone from a cyanide resistant and/or tolerant C. bertholletiae .","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74449075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118259
J. V. Wielligh, C. J. Schabort, R. Venter, S. Marx
Abstract This study looks at converting a low-value waste in a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction reactor to a high-value biocrude and biochar product. The feedstock chosen for this study was spent coffee grounds (SCG) as spent coffee grounds is a readily available, low-value biomass that does not compete as a food source. The global coffee consumption was reported to be 8.5 million tons in 2015 and is expected to reach 10.5 million tons in 2020. This makes SCG a significant waste product that can be used for the production of renewable fuels. SCG was gathered from a local coffee shop, mixed with water and placed in a high-temperature, high-pressure environment inside a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction pilot reactor. For the purpose of this study, the reactor was operated at 305°C and 90-95 bar where the flow rate was varied between 60-120 L/h. All of the products obtained from the continuous HTL reactor were quantitatively analysed to determine the optimal residence time. The maximum biocrude and biochar yields obtained from the HTL of SCG was 302.7 g/kg SCG and 170.7 g/kg SCG respectively, at a biomass loading of 3 vol.%. The average higher heating value (HHV) was relatively high at 36.43 MJ/kg and 30.28 MJ/kg for the biocrude and biochar respectively. The biocrude had a low oxidative stability as it consisted mostly of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Analyses on the gas phase indicated that mainly CO and CO2 were produced during the HTL of SCG.
{"title":"The Evaluation of Spent Coffee Grounds as Feedstock for Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction","authors":"J. V. Wielligh, C. J. Schabort, R. Venter, S. Marx","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118259","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study looks at converting a low-value waste in a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction reactor to a high-value biocrude and biochar product. The feedstock chosen for this study was spent coffee grounds (SCG) as spent coffee grounds is a readily available, low-value biomass that does not compete as a food source. The global coffee consumption was reported to be 8.5 million tons in 2015 and is expected to reach 10.5 million tons in 2020. This makes SCG a significant waste product that can be used for the production of renewable fuels. SCG was gathered from a local coffee shop, mixed with water and placed in a high-temperature, high-pressure environment inside a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction pilot reactor. For the purpose of this study, the reactor was operated at 305°C and 90-95 bar where the flow rate was varied between 60-120 L/h. All of the products obtained from the continuous HTL reactor were quantitatively analysed to determine the optimal residence time. The maximum biocrude and biochar yields obtained from the HTL of SCG was 302.7 g/kg SCG and 170.7 g/kg SCG respectively, at a biomass loading of 3 vol.%. The average higher heating value (HHV) was relatively high at 36.43 MJ/kg and 30.28 MJ/kg for the biocrude and biochar respectively. The biocrude had a low oxidative stability as it consisted mostly of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Analyses on the gas phase indicated that mainly CO and CO2 were produced during the HTL of SCG.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"178 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74505355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/EARES4.EAP1118219
V. Okudoh, B. Okeleye, Ronny. M Ngwe, S. Ntwampe
In this study, assessment of the pathogenic bacteria reduction capacity of an anaerobic digester (AD) containing winery wastewater (WWW) was carried out. Samples were collected from a winery drainage system (influent) and a bioreactor after digestion (effluent) at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Stellenbosch, South Africa. Qualitative analysis was by means of pH, optical density (OD) and most probable number (MPN) techniques. The isolates were identified using biochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Results showed an increase in pH from 6.71 to 6.97 with MPN index per 100 mL reduction of presumptive coliforms from >1,100 to 313.3 after digestion at 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. A 3 log removal efficiency (99.9%) of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Azomonas spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila was achieved after 30 days retention time in the bio-digester. The significant reduction of these surrogate pathogens during the process of biogas production is of importance to mitigate against environmental health concerns. Keywords—Anaerobic digestion, biogas, methanogens, pathogen reduction
{"title":"Assessment of Pathogen Reduction Potential of an Anaerobic Digester containing Winery Wastewater","authors":"V. Okudoh, B. Okeleye, Ronny. M Ngwe, S. Ntwampe","doi":"10.17758/EARES4.EAP1118219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/EARES4.EAP1118219","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, assessment of the pathogenic bacteria reduction capacity of an anaerobic digester (AD) containing winery wastewater (WWW) was carried out. Samples were collected from a winery drainage system (influent) and a bioreactor after digestion (effluent) at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Stellenbosch, South Africa. Qualitative analysis was by means of pH, optical density (OD) and most probable number (MPN) techniques. The isolates were identified using biochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Results showed an increase in pH from 6.71 to 6.97 with MPN index per 100 mL reduction of presumptive coliforms from >1,100 to 313.3 after digestion at 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. A 3 log removal efficiency (99.9%) of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Azomonas spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila was achieved after 30 days retention time in the bio-digester. The significant reduction of these surrogate pathogens during the process of biogas production is of importance to mitigate against environmental health concerns. Keywords—Anaerobic digestion, biogas, methanogens, pathogen reduction","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81611206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118263
D. Bartlett, R. Venter, S. Marx
— The effect that 6 different biomass feedstocks have on biochar was investigated. The biochar was produced through hydrothermal liquefaction at temperatures of 260 ˚ C and 300 ˚ C. The effect of temperature was also investigated. It was discovered that lower temperatures produce more biochar, but higher temperatures ensure a biochar with properties better suited to be used as catalyst support. The feedstocks did cause the properties to vary and thus it was found that feedstocks with higher fractions of cellulose and lignin will yield larger surface areas, pore volumes and calorific values. The results proved that biochar can compete and eventually replace traditional heterogeneous catalyst.
{"title":"Effect of Biomass Feedstock Composition on Biochar Properties Produced Through Hydrothermal Liquefaction","authors":"D. Bartlett, R. Venter, S. Marx","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118263","url":null,"abstract":"— The effect that 6 different biomass feedstocks have on biochar was investigated. The biochar was produced through hydrothermal liquefaction at temperatures of 260 ˚ C and 300 ˚ C. The effect of temperature was also investigated. It was discovered that lower temperatures produce more biochar, but higher temperatures ensure a biochar with properties better suited to be used as catalyst support. The feedstocks did cause the properties to vary and thus it was found that feedstocks with higher fractions of cellulose and lignin will yield larger surface areas, pore volumes and calorific values. The results proved that biochar can compete and eventually replace traditional heterogeneous catalyst.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89461896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118230
E. Fosso-Kankeu, R. Weideman, Dumisane Moyakhe, Q. Campbell, F. Waanders
Coal mining operations produce large amounts of tailings which contains heavy metals. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) can cause environmental problems. The adsorption capacities of biochars produced from spent coffee beans and brewery waste were explored for the removal of Cd from single and multi-component solutions. The biochars were prepared by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and characterized by scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR). The developed adsorbents were utilized in batches of pre-treated and untreated biochar for the removal of Cd metal ions. The pre-treatment was done through surface impregnation with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The pseudo second order kinetic model was suitable in this study to predict the adsorption capacity of the pre-treated and untreated biochar; it was found that the pretreatment of biochar with SDS contributed to increase its adsorption capacity from 4.824 to 10.672. The pre-treated and untreated biochar can be used for the treatment wastewater contaminated with Cd. Keywords— Adsorption, biochar, coal tailing, cadmium, surface impregnation
{"title":"Adsorption of Metal Ions from Fine Coal Tailings Dump Waste Water using Bio-char","authors":"E. Fosso-Kankeu, R. Weideman, Dumisane Moyakhe, Q. Campbell, F. Waanders","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118230","url":null,"abstract":"Coal mining operations produce large amounts of tailings which contains heavy metals. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) can cause environmental problems. The adsorption capacities of biochars produced from spent coffee beans and brewery waste were explored for the removal of Cd from single and multi-component solutions. The biochars were prepared by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and characterized by scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR). The developed adsorbents were utilized in batches of pre-treated and untreated biochar for the removal of Cd metal ions. The pre-treatment was done through surface impregnation with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The pseudo second order kinetic model was suitable in this study to predict the adsorption capacity of the pre-treated and untreated biochar; it was found that the pretreatment of biochar with SDS contributed to increase its adsorption capacity from 4.824 to 10.672. The pre-treated and untreated biochar can be used for the treatment wastewater contaminated with Cd. Keywords— Adsorption, biochar, coal tailing, cadmium, surface impregnation","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81966207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118407
{"title":"The Influence of Women in the New Testament on Christian Women in Pentecostal Churches Towards Evangelism in Kano State","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80528530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118250
{"title":"Building Up an Internet of Things Based on the Mapping Between EPC and IPv6","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75788801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118103
{"title":"Genetic Variability Studies of Some Quantitative Traits in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. [Walp.]) under Water Stress","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74361196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118451
{"title":"Competence Practices on Contemporary Business Education: Teaching & Learning","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74605633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118447
{"title":"Project Management Software Use and Influence on Project Success","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77257345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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