Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118241
E. Fosso-Kankeu, L. V. Schalkwyk, F. Waanders, G. Gericke
The water purification process at Eskom includes a reverse osmosis (RO) treatment plant. There are several limitations to this process depending on the water characteristics. The most common problems limiting the success of water purification include scaling, biological fouling and corrosion. This study is mainly focused on reducing scale forming agents in the RO system. Scaling is the precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts onto the equipment, primarily the RO membrane. These salts start to precipitate once the salt concentration in the water is higher than the allowable solubility constant. These salts can be removed from the water by a process called coagulation-flocculation. The success of such process is partly dependent on the type of flocculant and the dosage used. In this study the performances of one coagulant namely Rheofloc 5023 in combination with three flocculants including Rheofloc 5414, Genesys genefloc and AR floc 100 were tested at various dosages for the reduction of conductivity assimilated with ions in the RO retentate from coal power plant was investigated at 40 and 60C. The AR floc 100 was determined to be the optimum flocculant required for the RO reject treatment. The optimum flocculant dosage resulted in 1 ppm along with a Rheofloc 5023 coagulant dosage of 0.7 ppm. Keywords—AR floc 100, RO retentate, flocculation, conductivity.
{"title":"Pretreatment of Coal Power Plant RO Retentate using AR floc 100","authors":"E. Fosso-Kankeu, L. V. Schalkwyk, F. Waanders, G. Gericke","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118241","url":null,"abstract":"The water purification process at Eskom includes a reverse osmosis (RO) treatment plant. There are several limitations to this process depending on the water characteristics. The most common problems limiting the success of water purification include scaling, biological fouling and corrosion. This study is mainly focused on reducing scale forming agents in the RO system. Scaling is the precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts onto the equipment, primarily the RO membrane. These salts start to precipitate once the salt concentration in the water is higher than the allowable solubility constant. These salts can be removed from the water by a process called coagulation-flocculation. The success of such process is partly dependent on the type of flocculant and the dosage used. In this study the performances of one coagulant namely Rheofloc 5023 in combination with three flocculants including Rheofloc 5414, Genesys genefloc and AR floc 100 were tested at various dosages for the reduction of conductivity assimilated with ions in the RO retentate from coal power plant was investigated at 40 and 60C. The AR floc 100 was determined to be the optimum flocculant required for the RO reject treatment. The optimum flocculant dosage resulted in 1 ppm along with a Rheofloc 5023 coagulant dosage of 0.7 ppm. Keywords—AR floc 100, RO retentate, flocculation, conductivity.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91108053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118242
E. Fosso-Kankeu, M. Berg, F. Waanders, S. Pandey
Biodiesel production is increasing internationally as an alternative fuel. This is due to the rapid depletion of non-renewable energy sources. Pure biodiesel product can be obtained by washing the product with hot water. This results in a huge quantity of wastewater that is unsafe for disposal in normal drainage systems. Treatment of this wastewater is thus important for reuse or safe disposal in the environment. There are a lot of existing treatment methods, but they are costly, produce large quantities of excessive sludge and are not economically feasible. Flocculation is widely used in water treatment as it is easy to use and affordable. Flocculants can be synthesized to treat the specific wastewater type focusing on the reduction of certain impurities. The reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the biodiesel wastewater was investigated through jar-tests using hydrophobic, non-hydrophobic and a combination of hydrophobic and non-hydrophobic polymers that were synthesized. Almost 68% COD removal was obtained with the non-hydrophobic polymer and about 56% COD removal was obtained with the hydrophobic polymer. The non-hydrophobic polymer has a better removal efficiency, as the wastewater contains a large quantity of hydrophilic organic matters. Although the hydrophobic polymer also removes COD, it could be seen that the hydrophobic polymer attracted the unreacted oil in the biodiesel wastewater.
{"title":"Removal of COD from Biodiesel Wastewater using a Hydrophobic Polymer","authors":"E. Fosso-Kankeu, M. Berg, F. Waanders, S. Pandey","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118242","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel production is increasing internationally as an alternative fuel. This is due to the rapid depletion of non-renewable energy sources. Pure biodiesel product can be obtained by washing the product with hot water. This results in a huge quantity of wastewater that is unsafe for disposal in normal drainage systems. Treatment of this wastewater is thus important for reuse or safe disposal in the environment. There are a lot of existing treatment methods, but they are costly, produce large quantities of excessive sludge and are not economically feasible. Flocculation is widely used in water treatment as it is easy to use and affordable. Flocculants can be synthesized to treat the specific wastewater type focusing on the reduction of certain impurities. The reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the biodiesel wastewater was investigated through jar-tests using hydrophobic, non-hydrophobic and a combination of hydrophobic and non-hydrophobic polymers that were synthesized. Almost 68% COD removal was obtained with the non-hydrophobic polymer and about 56% COD removal was obtained with the hydrophobic polymer. The non-hydrophobic polymer has a better removal efficiency, as the wastewater contains a large quantity of hydrophilic organic matters. Although the hydrophobic polymer also removes COD, it could be seen that the hydrophobic polymer attracted the unreacted oil in the biodiesel wastewater.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86102810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118236
E. Akinpelu, E. Fosso-Kankeu, F. Waanders, S. K. Ntwampe
The performance of an anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) containing AnoxKaldnes K5 model for the treatment of raw acid mine drainage (AMD) was investigated for the reduction of sulphate and chemical oxygen demand using a consortium of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) dominated by Proteobacteria. The MBBR was enriched for 4 weeks, followed by introduction of raw AMD and sampling at intervals for 7 weeks. Maximum removal efficiency of COD was 99 % followed by 75 % sulphate reduction. The results showed that the bio-carrier is more suited for the COD reduction. Keywords— Acid mine drainage; Chemical oxygen demand; Heavy metals; moving bed biofilm reactor; Sulphate reducing bacteria.
{"title":"Biological Reduction of COD and Sulphate by SRB in Anaerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor under High Metal Loading Conditions","authors":"E. Akinpelu, E. Fosso-Kankeu, F. Waanders, S. K. Ntwampe","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118236","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of an anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) containing AnoxKaldnes K5 model for the treatment of raw acid mine drainage (AMD) was investigated for the reduction of sulphate and chemical oxygen demand using a consortium of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) dominated by Proteobacteria. The MBBR was enriched for 4 weeks, followed by introduction of raw AMD and sampling at intervals for 7 weeks. Maximum removal efficiency of COD was 99 % followed by 75 % sulphate reduction. The results showed that the bio-carrier is more suited for the COD reduction. Keywords— Acid mine drainage; Chemical oxygen demand; Heavy metals; moving bed biofilm reactor; Sulphate reducing bacteria.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85623459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118448
{"title":"Modeling Acceptance and Usability for Educational Technology: The Conceptual Gaps","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118448","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90499560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118234
E. Fosso-Kankeu, Christiaan Van der Vyver, Dumisane Moyakhe, F. Waanders, C. D. Klerk
Abstract—In this study various coagulants and flocculants were tested for optimum removal of COD from brewery wastewater. The coagulants used were ferric chloride and an organic coagulant mixture obtained from the brewery company. The flocculants used were a cationic flocculant (Genesys’ genefloc, polyquaternary amine), an anionic flocculant (Senfloc 5210), a non-ionic flocculant (Senfloc 5330) and a cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) for comparison. The organic coagulant mixture in aqueous solution was more effective than the ferric chloride at the same optimal dosage of 25 ppm. The ferric chloride and organic coagulant mixture used alone achieved COD removal efficiencies of 32.7% and 48.5% at a pH of 5.65 respectively while their performances for turbidity removal at pH 5.65 were 63.3% and 91.9% respectively. The best results were achieved when using the ferric chloride in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) at an optimum dosage of 30 ppm and when using the organic coagulant mixture in aqueous solution in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) at an optimum dosage of 10 ppm. When using ferric chloride in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) and the organic coagulant mixture in aqueous solution in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant), COD removal efficiencies of 79.6% and 78.2% at a pH of 5.85 respectively was achieved, while they exhibited similar performance for turbidity removal at pH 5.85 of 99.7%. The optimization tests carried out in this study have allowed to improve the understanding of turbidity and COD removal mechanisms and achieved lower dosages of coagulants and flocculants for better treatment, therefore suggesting a more economical approach. Comparing the achieved results with the standard disposal values, it can be seen that the results gathered in
{"title":"Brewery Effluent Sludge Characterization and Dewatering to Increase Potential Water Recycling Capabilities","authors":"E. Fosso-Kankeu, Christiaan Van der Vyver, Dumisane Moyakhe, F. Waanders, C. D. Klerk","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118234","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract—In this study various coagulants and flocculants were tested for optimum removal of COD from brewery wastewater. The coagulants used were ferric chloride and an organic coagulant mixture obtained from the brewery company. The flocculants used were a cationic flocculant (Genesys’ genefloc, polyquaternary amine), an anionic flocculant (Senfloc 5210), a non-ionic flocculant (Senfloc 5330) and a cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) for comparison. The organic coagulant mixture in aqueous solution was more effective than the ferric chloride at the same optimal dosage of 25 ppm. The ferric chloride and organic coagulant mixture used alone achieved COD removal efficiencies of 32.7% and 48.5% at a pH of 5.65 respectively while their performances for turbidity removal at pH 5.65 were 63.3% and 91.9% respectively. The best results were achieved when using the ferric chloride in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) at an optimum dosage of 30 ppm and when using the organic coagulant mixture in aqueous solution in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) at an optimum dosage of 10 ppm. When using ferric chloride in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant) and the organic coagulant mixture in aqueous solution in combination with the cationic acrylamide copolymer in aqueous dispersion (Brewery flocculant), COD removal efficiencies of 79.6% and 78.2% at a pH of 5.85 respectively was achieved, while they exhibited similar performance for turbidity removal at pH 5.85 of 99.7%. The optimization tests carried out in this study have allowed to improve the understanding of turbidity and COD removal mechanisms and achieved lower dosages of coagulants and flocculants for better treatment, therefore suggesting a more economical approach. Comparing the achieved results with the standard disposal values, it can be seen that the results gathered in","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83732571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118258
S. G. Kanyenda, S. K. Ntwampe, N. Mpongwana, B. Godongwana
Traditional nitrogen removal techniques include sequential nitrification and aerobic denitrification processes. Recent technologies on nitrogen removal have shown that nitrification and denitrification processes can occur simultaneously in one bioreactor. However, models that ascertain the stoichiometric conversion ratios have not been developed for such systems. In this study simultaneous nitrification and aerobic denitrification data was used in models to describe the substrate consumption and product formation, with simplification using Simpson's rule being used to develop a suitable model. The stoichiometric conversion ratio from NH4-N to NO3-N to NO2-N where approximately found to be ranging from 0.035 0.05 mol: 0.677 – 0.35mol: 1 mol, respectively, indicating that the biological stoichiometric ratios of the simultaneous nitrification and aerobic denitrification processes are not equivalent as previously suggested in theoretical chemical stoichiometric ratios associated with traditional nitrification and denitrification. Keywords— Aerobic denitrification, Biological Stoichiometry, Nitrification, Simultaneity.
{"title":"Mathematical Exposition of Simultaneous Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification","authors":"S. G. Kanyenda, S. K. Ntwampe, N. Mpongwana, B. Godongwana","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118258","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional nitrogen removal techniques include sequential nitrification and aerobic denitrification processes. Recent technologies on nitrogen removal have shown that nitrification and denitrification processes can occur simultaneously in one bioreactor. However, models that ascertain the stoichiometric conversion ratios have not been developed for such systems. In this study simultaneous nitrification and aerobic denitrification data was used in models to describe the substrate consumption and product formation, with simplification using Simpson's rule being used to develop a suitable model. The stoichiometric conversion ratio from NH4-N to NO3-N to NO2-N where approximately found to be ranging from 0.035 0.05 mol: 0.677 – 0.35mol: 1 mol, respectively, indicating that the biological stoichiometric ratios of the simultaneous nitrification and aerobic denitrification processes are not equivalent as previously suggested in theoretical chemical stoichiometric ratios associated with traditional nitrification and denitrification. Keywords— Aerobic denitrification, Biological Stoichiometry, Nitrification, Simultaneity.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87709307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118260
J. Grobler, C. J. Schabort
{"title":"The Effect of Aqueous Phase Recirculation During Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spent Coffee Grounds","authors":"J. Grobler, C. J. Schabort","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73546292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118110
E. F. Itoba-Tombo, S. K. Ntwampe, J. B. Mudumbi, Lukhanyo, Mekuto, E. Akinpelu, O. Oputu
— Toxins/secondary metabolites produced by a cyanide tolerant/resistant fungal strain, i.e. Cunninghamella bertholletiae , were produced through a fermentation technique. Fungal mycelia (0.05 – 0.4g) was inoculated and fermented in a 25 mL nutrient broth medium for 168 hrs at 37 °C in 40 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in a shaking incubator set at 70 rpm. A volume (5 mL) of the fermented extracts were filtered through a membrane, centrifuged, mixed with chloroform and dried-up through nitrogen blow-down prior reconstitution using 100% analytical grade methanol. Samples were analyzed for secondary metabolites identification using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS-TOF 6230). The results revealed the production of secondary metabolites; Silibinin and 11-Ketotestosterone from a cyanide resistant and/or tolerant C. bertholletiae .
-一种耐氰化物/抗氰化物的真菌菌株，即Cunninghamella bertholletiae，通过发酵技术产生毒素/次生代谢物。将真菌菌丝体(0.05 ~ 0.4g)接种于25 mL营养肉汁培养基中，在40 mL Erlenmeyer烧瓶中，在70 rpm的摇晃培养箱中，37℃下发酵168小时。体积(5ml)的发酵提取物通过膜过滤，离心，与氯仿混合，并通过氮气吹干，然后使用100%分析级甲醇重构。采用液相色谱-质谱法(LC/MS-TOF 6230)对样品进行二级代谢物鉴定。结果显示次生代谢产物的产生;抗氰化物和/或耐氰化物的水飞蓟宾素和11-酮酮。
{"title":"Rapid Identification of Cunninghamella bertholletiae’s Toxins/Secondary Metabolites via a Fermentation Technique","authors":"E. F. Itoba-Tombo, S. K. Ntwampe, J. B. Mudumbi, Lukhanyo, Mekuto, E. Akinpelu, O. Oputu","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118110","url":null,"abstract":"— Toxins/secondary metabolites produced by a cyanide tolerant/resistant fungal strain, i.e. Cunninghamella bertholletiae , were produced through a fermentation technique. Fungal mycelia (0.05 – 0.4g) was inoculated and fermented in a 25 mL nutrient broth medium for 168 hrs at 37 °C in 40 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in a shaking incubator set at 70 rpm. A volume (5 mL) of the fermented extracts were filtered through a membrane, centrifuged, mixed with chloroform and dried-up through nitrogen blow-down prior reconstitution using 100% analytical grade methanol. Samples were analyzed for secondary metabolites identification using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS-TOF 6230). The results revealed the production of secondary metabolites; Silibinin and 11-Ketotestosterone from a cyanide resistant and/or tolerant C. bertholletiae .","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74449075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118103
{"title":"Genetic Variability Studies of Some Quantitative Traits in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. [Walp.]) under Water Stress","authors":"","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74361196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.17758/eares4.eap1118259
J. V. Wielligh, C. J. Schabort, R. Venter, S. Marx
Abstract This study looks at converting a low-value waste in a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction reactor to a high-value biocrude and biochar product. The feedstock chosen for this study was spent coffee grounds (SCG) as spent coffee grounds is a readily available, low-value biomass that does not compete as a food source. The global coffee consumption was reported to be 8.5 million tons in 2015 and is expected to reach 10.5 million tons in 2020. This makes SCG a significant waste product that can be used for the production of renewable fuels. SCG was gathered from a local coffee shop, mixed with water and placed in a high-temperature, high-pressure environment inside a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction pilot reactor. For the purpose of this study, the reactor was operated at 305°C and 90-95 bar where the flow rate was varied between 60-120 L/h. All of the products obtained from the continuous HTL reactor were quantitatively analysed to determine the optimal residence time. The maximum biocrude and biochar yields obtained from the HTL of SCG was 302.7 g/kg SCG and 170.7 g/kg SCG respectively, at a biomass loading of 3 vol.%. The average higher heating value (HHV) was relatively high at 36.43 MJ/kg and 30.28 MJ/kg for the biocrude and biochar respectively. The biocrude had a low oxidative stability as it consisted mostly of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Analyses on the gas phase indicated that mainly CO and CO2 were produced during the HTL of SCG.
{"title":"The Evaluation of Spent Coffee Grounds as Feedstock for Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction","authors":"J. V. Wielligh, C. J. Schabort, R. Venter, S. Marx","doi":"10.17758/eares4.eap1118259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118259","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study looks at converting a low-value waste in a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction reactor to a high-value biocrude and biochar product. The feedstock chosen for this study was spent coffee grounds (SCG) as spent coffee grounds is a readily available, low-value biomass that does not compete as a food source. The global coffee consumption was reported to be 8.5 million tons in 2015 and is expected to reach 10.5 million tons in 2020. This makes SCG a significant waste product that can be used for the production of renewable fuels. SCG was gathered from a local coffee shop, mixed with water and placed in a high-temperature, high-pressure environment inside a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction pilot reactor. For the purpose of this study, the reactor was operated at 305°C and 90-95 bar where the flow rate was varied between 60-120 L/h. All of the products obtained from the continuous HTL reactor were quantitatively analysed to determine the optimal residence time. The maximum biocrude and biochar yields obtained from the HTL of SCG was 302.7 g/kg SCG and 170.7 g/kg SCG respectively, at a biomass loading of 3 vol.%. The average higher heating value (HHV) was relatively high at 36.43 MJ/kg and 30.28 MJ/kg for the biocrude and biochar respectively. The biocrude had a low oxidative stability as it consisted mostly of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Analyses on the gas phase indicated that mainly CO and CO2 were produced during the HTL of SCG.","PeriodicalId":8495,"journal":{"name":"ASETH-18,ACABES-18 & EBHSSS-18 Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa)","volume":"178 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74505355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：