Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490114
Sezer Göncüolu-Eser, A. Luloff, R. Warland
A limestone quarry proposal in a small Pennsylvania community triggered disagreements among residents. Some actively opposed the quarry while a small group supported it. The majority of residents did not become involved in the issue. This research examines why residents responded differently to the operation of this quarry in their community. First, key and action informant interviews were conducted. Next, a content analysis of these interviews was used to develop a survey questionnaire. The survey was administered through a drop-off/pick-up method, eliciting a return rate of 69.7 percent. The strongest predictor of quarry attitude was attitude toward private property rights. Respondents who supported private property rights had favorable attitudes toward the quarry. Other significant predictors included environmental behavior, proportion of friends in the community, length of residence, level of involvement in community activities, and participation in a local festival. Implications of these findings for community development are discussed.
{"title":"Resident Attitudes Toward a Proposed Limestone Quarry","authors":"Sezer Göncüolu-Eser, A. Luloff, R. Warland","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490114","url":null,"abstract":"A limestone quarry proposal in a small Pennsylvania community triggered disagreements among residents. Some actively opposed the quarry while a small group supported it. The majority of residents did not become involved in the issue. This research examines why residents responded differently to the operation of this quarry in their community. First, key and action informant interviews were conducted. Next, a content analysis of these interviews was used to develop a survey questionnaire. The survey was administered through a drop-off/pick-up method, eliciting a return rate of 69.7 percent. The strongest predictor of quarry attitude was attitude toward private property rights. Respondents who supported private property rights had favorable attitudes toward the quarry. Other significant predictors included environmental behavior, proportion of friends in the community, length of residence, level of involvement in community activities, and participation in a local festival. Implications of these findings for community development are discussed.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"9 1","pages":"113 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90556339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490119
Gregg A. Lichtenstein, T. Lyons, Nailya Kutzhanova
This article examines the concept of building entrepreneurial communities as a strategy for community economic development. It begins by attempting to define what is meant by the term "entrepreneurial community" and to clarify how economic developers go about trying to create such places - using activities known as the "enterprise development" to help entrepreneurs grow new business. The article then analyzes the current approach to enterprise development and explains why it is incapable of producing entrepreneurial communities. The authors conclude by calling for a systemic and transformational approach to enterprise development that can truly yield communitywide economic development.
{"title":"Building Entrepreneurial Communities: The Appropriate Role of Enterprise Development Activities","authors":"Gregg A. Lichtenstein, T. Lyons, Nailya Kutzhanova","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490119","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the concept of building entrepreneurial communities as a strategy for community economic development. It begins by attempting to define what is meant by the term \"entrepreneurial community\" and to clarify how economic developers go about trying to create such places - using activities known as the \"enterprise development\" to help entrepreneurs grow new business. The article then analyzes the current approach to enterprise development and explains why it is incapable of producing entrepreneurial communities. The authors conclude by calling for a systemic and transformational approach to enterprise development that can truly yield communitywide economic development.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"24 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86784476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490118
N. Walzer
Community development has become a complex endeavor as local public officials and public officials strive to respond to changes in economic activity and the needs of an increasingly diverse population. While the specific issues differ, successful community development is important in both urban and rural areas. Also important, however, is a recognition that the approaches and opportunities for local development have changed markedly during the past several decades. A major focus in urban or regional development has been on immediate job creation. Downtown development was high on the list of activities when many, if not most, cities were either local or regional retail centers. Increases in transportation availability and shifts in retail marketing to shopping centers, discount stores, and the Internet have changed the economic development roles of many smaller communities, placing more pressure on community leaders to find other business opportunities. On a broader scale after WWII, traditional economic development efforts focused more on creating manufacturing employment with fiscal incentives and lower wages as southern states lured manufacturing from northern states. This "smokestack chasing" approach used by many developers, when successful, offered relatively quick and large employment increases, often with relatively higher wages than offered by retail or consumer service industries. The emphasis on economic development shifted in the 1970s with the findings by Birch and others that small businesses, rather than large corporations, were responsible for a majority of the employment growth (Birch, 1987). This interest in small businesses and start-ups spawned many business development and enhancement services such as the Small Business Development Network, Procurement Centers, business incubators, and other institutions aimed at helping potential entrepreneurs create business plans, seek start-up capital, and otherwise launch and promote their businesses. Also apparent was that retaining current businesses was equally or even more important in generating employment than attracting businesses. Interest then turned to finding ways in which existing and new businesses could collaborate to reduce costs, open additional markets, and otherwise be more competitive. "Third Wave" policies based partly on experiences in northern Italy and Scandinavian countries led to flexible manufacturing networks and other models built on the need to foster an environment and policies that enable businesses to be more competitive. These approaches also built on the work of Porter (1990) on clusters. The importance of community assets and business environment was recognized, more and more, as an essential ingredient in job creation and retention. More intense competition for manufacturing by off-shore locations forced many development practitioners to find innovative ways to compete for what seemed to be a smaller number of businesses seeking to relocate. Making busi
{"title":"Introduction: Entrepreneurship in Community Development","authors":"N. Walzer","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490118","url":null,"abstract":"Community development has become a complex endeavor as local public officials and public officials strive to respond to changes in economic activity and the needs of an increasingly diverse population. While the specific issues differ, successful community development is important in both urban and rural areas. Also important, however, is a recognition that the approaches and opportunities for local development have changed markedly during the past several decades. A major focus in urban or regional development has been on immediate job creation. Downtown development was high on the list of activities when many, if not most, cities were either local or regional retail centers. Increases in transportation availability and shifts in retail marketing to shopping centers, discount stores, and the Internet have changed the economic development roles of many smaller communities, placing more pressure on community leaders to find other business opportunities. On a broader scale after WWII, traditional economic development efforts focused more on creating manufacturing employment with fiscal incentives and lower wages as southern states lured manufacturing from northern states. This \"smokestack chasing\" approach used by many developers, when successful, offered relatively quick and large employment increases, often with relatively higher wages than offered by retail or consumer service industries. The emphasis on economic development shifted in the 1970s with the findings by Birch and others that small businesses, rather than large corporations, were responsible for a majority of the employment growth (Birch, 1987). This interest in small businesses and start-ups spawned many business development and enhancement services such as the Small Business Development Network, Procurement Centers, business incubators, and other institutions aimed at helping potential entrepreneurs create business plans, seek start-up capital, and otherwise launch and promote their businesses. Also apparent was that retaining current businesses was equally or even more important in generating employment than attracting businesses. Interest then turned to finding ways in which existing and new businesses could collaborate to reduce costs, open additional markets, and otherwise be more competitive. \"Third Wave\" policies based partly on experiences in northern Italy and Scandinavian countries led to flexible manufacturing networks and other models built on the need to foster an environment and policies that enable businesses to be more competitive. These approaches also built on the work of Porter (1990) on clusters. The importance of community assets and business environment was recognized, more and more, as an essential ingredient in job creation and retention. More intense competition for manufacturing by off-shore locations forced many development practitioners to find innovative ways to compete for what seemed to be a smaller number of businesses seeking to relocate. Making busi","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85301452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490125
M. Warner, Christine Weiss Daugherty
The literature on entrepreneurship emphasizes the importance of the characteristics of individual entrepreneurs, their social networks, and the broader economic, cultural and political institutional landscape. In Slovakia and many of the emerging market economies of Eastern Europe, attention to social and cultural concerns and the institutional framework to support economic development was given insufficient attention at the beginning of the transition to capitalism. This paper shows the importance of social and cultural norms and experiential learning in providing the foundation for entrepreneurship and economic development. It presents a successful rural development model from Slovakia, which used mini-grants to build individual and community capacity for civic entrepreneurship as a precursor to economic entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Promoting the 'Civic' in Entrepreneurship: The Case of Rural Slovakia","authors":"M. Warner, Christine Weiss Daugherty","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490125","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on entrepreneurship emphasizes the importance of the characteristics of individual entrepreneurs, their social networks, and the broader economic, cultural and political institutional landscape. In Slovakia and many of the emerging market economies of Eastern Europe, attention to social and cultural concerns and the institutional framework to support economic development was given insufficient attention at the beginning of the transition to capitalism. This paper shows the importance of social and cultural norms and experiential learning in providing the foundation for entrepreneurship and economic development. It presents a successful rural development model from Slovakia, which used mini-grants to build individual and community capacity for civic entrepreneurship as a precursor to economic entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"138 1","pages":"117 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76567748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490111
G. Israel, L. Beaulieu
Many community leaders view economic development as the primary strategy for improving social well-being. One approach to economic development is enhancing the local labor force's human capital through formal education. In this article, we use a social capital framework to analyze how local institutions, specifically families and schools, affect educational achievement among public school students. We explore how social capital in the broader community context mediates the effects of family and school social capital on keeping students in school. Using hierarchical linear models to estimate these contributions, the results reaffirm the vital role of family social capital. They also show that attributes of school and community social capital make important contributions to staying in school. Our results suggest strategies that community development practitioners and local leaders can use to enhance educational outcomes and, in turn, the economic vitality of communities.
{"title":"Investing in Communities: Social Capital's Role in Keeping Youth in School","authors":"G. Israel, L. Beaulieu","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490111","url":null,"abstract":"Many community leaders view economic development as the primary strategy for improving social well-being. One approach to economic development is enhancing the local labor force's human capital through formal education. In this article, we use a social capital framework to analyze how local institutions, specifically families and schools, affect educational achievement among public school students. We explore how social capital in the broader community context mediates the effects of family and school social capital on keeping students in school. Using hierarchical linear models to estimate these contributions, the results reaffirm the vital role of family social capital. They also show that attributes of school and community social capital make important contributions to staying in school. Our results suggest strategies that community development practitioners and local leaders can use to enhance educational outcomes and, in turn, the economic vitality of communities.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"35 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84130025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490109
R. Weber
{"title":"Editor's Comments","authors":"R. Weber","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"i - ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90285035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490121
Yael M Levitte
This paper focuses on the interaction between social capital and entrepreneurship in Aboriginal communities in Canada. Using statistical and interview data from three First Nations communities in northern Ontario, I examine if and how bonding networks turn into tangible resources for business development. The paper also highlights ways in which community relationships hinder entrepreneurship and turn into barriers to economic development. The paper concludes with examples of how insight into the interaction between public policy and social networks can help understand the barriers and opportunities facing community developers in marginalized communities around the world.
{"title":"Bonding Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Developing Communities - Survival Networks or Barriers?","authors":"Yael M Levitte","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490121","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the interaction between social capital and entrepreneurship in Aboriginal communities in Canada. Using statistical and interview data from three First Nations communities in northern Ontario, I examine if and how bonding networks turn into tangible resources for business development. The paper also highlights ways in which community relationships hinder entrepreneurship and turn into barriers to economic development. The paper concludes with examples of how insight into the interaction between public policy and social networks can help understand the barriers and opportunities facing community developers in marginalized communities around the world.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"44 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74794387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490120
P. Korsching, J. Allen
Local entrepreneurship shows great potential as an economic development strategy for rural communities with stagnating or declining economies. However, nascent entrepreneurs often lack knowledge of ways to actualize their ideas, and communities often lack the social infrastructure to help entrepreneurs achieve success. Educational programs supporting entrepreneurship can play a vital role in rural community economic development. The Nebraska Enhancing, Developing and Growing Entrepreneurs (EDGE) educational program is community based, with organizing principles derived primarily from community interaction field theory. More than 1,600 nascent and active entrepreneurs have participated in EDGE since 1993. The authors draw on community interaction field theory and eight community case studies to explore an action model for delivery of an educational program of locality-based entrepreneurship. The EDGE model has implications for the delivery of long-range community development programs.
{"title":"Local Entrepreneurship: A Development Model Based on Community Interaction Field Theory","authors":"P. Korsching, J. Allen","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490120","url":null,"abstract":"Local entrepreneurship shows great potential as an economic development strategy for rural communities with stagnating or declining economies. However, nascent entrepreneurs often lack knowledge of ways to actualize their ideas, and communities often lack the social infrastructure to help entrepreneurs achieve success. Educational programs supporting entrepreneurship can play a vital role in rural community economic development. The Nebraska Enhancing, Developing and Growing Entrepreneurs (EDGE) educational program is community based, with organizing principles derived primarily from community interaction field theory. More than 1,600 nascent and active entrepreneurs have participated in EDGE since 1993. The authors draw on community interaction field theory and eight community case studies to explore an action model for delivery of an educational program of locality-based entrepreneurship. The EDGE model has implications for the delivery of long-range community development programs.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"9 1","pages":"25 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83306263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490117
T. Bradshaw
{"title":"Editor's Comments","authors":"T. Bradshaw","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"82 1","pages":"i - i"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83752849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15575330409490126
Albert B. Nylander, Ralph B. Brown
Using a sample of 75 owners, we examine the role of familial networks in the establishment and proliferation of the upholstered furniture industry in Northeast Mississippi. Our data show that strong familial and associational ties are linked to the original furniture plant and its owner–approximately 70 percent of our sample. Owners have used these strong-ties typical of rural regions to facilitate a regional development outcome where owners do not see each other as competitors, but they share in knowledge resources. There is a general feeling that, "There is plenty to go around, just let me get my fair share." When local competition represents one's friends and/or family, competition moves to a more distant, less intimate focus thus facilitating even more local entrepreneurial opportunities.
{"title":"Familial Networks and Regional Entrepreneurs in Northeast Mississippi's Upholstered Furniture Industry","authors":"Albert B. Nylander, Ralph B. Brown","doi":"10.1080/15575330409490126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330409490126","url":null,"abstract":"Using a sample of 75 owners, we examine the role of familial networks in the establishment and proliferation of the upholstered furniture industry in Northeast Mississippi. Our data show that strong familial and associational ties are linked to the original furniture plant and its owner–approximately 70 percent of our sample. Owners have used these strong-ties typical of rural regions to facilitate a regional development outcome where owners do not see each other as competitors, but they share in knowledge resources. There is a general feeling that, \"There is plenty to go around, just let me get my fair share.\" When local competition represents one's friends and/or family, competition moves to a more distant, less intimate focus thus facilitating even more local entrepreneurial opportunities.","PeriodicalId":85029,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Community Development Society","volume":"61 1","pages":"135 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82319048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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