Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3260
Atiba Kehinde Peter, Onyemeh Linda Oluchi, Sunday Kolawole Akomolede, Paul Obaloluwa Ojetayo, P. Nneji, Aniekwensi Obinna Patrick, Gemadi Kwasi Shine, Adedoyin Tinuade Buari, Olajide Sarah Olulana, Manawa Oghenevware
Introduction: Datura stramonium (DS) is a medicinal plant widely distributed across the globe, including in Nigeria and West Africa. Pharmacological, physiological, and histological studies have demonstrated the neurotoxicity of the plant in animals and humans. Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing agent and scavenger of free radicals in biological systems. Aim: This study was undertaken to advance our knowledge on Datura stramonium leaf toxicity and investigate ascorbic acid efficacy on the frontal cortex damage induced by the alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium leaf in adult male Wistar rats. Settings and Design: Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats weighing about 120±20g were divided into six groups (A-F) of five animals each for oral administration over 14 days. Materials and Methods: Group A (Control): Received only rat feeds and water. Group B: Received 200 mg/kg alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium. Group C: Received 400 mg/kg alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium. Group D: Received 200 mg/kg body weight alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium and 200 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. Group E: Received 400 mg/kg body weight alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium and 200 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. Group F: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. The experimental animals were euthanized, and sections of the frontal cortex of the brain were harvested for histological procedures, organ weight (brain) and body weight of experimental animals were obtained. The data was subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Histological observations indicated that the administration of the alcoholic extract of DS leaf in Group C showed degeneration of neurons in the frontal cortex. Groups that received ascorbic acid along with DS leaf in smaller doses showed no significant changes and had normal neuronal cells and stroma. Changes observed in body weight were not statistically significant at p-value <0.05. Conclusion: This study suggests that ascorbic acid effectively reduces the neurotoxicity potential of Datura stramonium on the frontal cortex. The DS leaf extract may have neurodegenerative effects at high doses, and precautions should be taken when consuming DS, as it may adversely affect and damage neurons in the frontal cortex.
{"title":"Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid on Frontal Cortex Damage Induced by Alcoholic Extract of Datura stramonium Leaf in Adult Male Wistar Rats","authors":"Atiba Kehinde Peter, Onyemeh Linda Oluchi, Sunday Kolawole Akomolede, Paul Obaloluwa Ojetayo, P. Nneji, Aniekwensi Obinna Patrick, Gemadi Kwasi Shine, Adedoyin Tinuade Buari, Olajide Sarah Olulana, Manawa Oghenevware","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3260","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Datura stramonium (DS) is a medicinal plant widely distributed across the globe, including in Nigeria and West Africa. Pharmacological, physiological, and histological studies have demonstrated the neurotoxicity of the plant in animals and humans. Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing agent and scavenger of free radicals in biological systems. \u0000Aim: This study was undertaken to advance our knowledge on Datura stramonium leaf toxicity and investigate ascorbic acid efficacy on the frontal cortex damage induced by the alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium leaf in adult male Wistar rats. \u0000Settings and Design: Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats weighing about 120±20g were divided into six groups (A-F) of five animals each for oral administration over 14 days. \u0000Materials and Methods: \u0000 \u0000Group A (Control): Received only rat feeds and water. \u0000Group B: Received 200 mg/kg alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium. \u0000Group C: Received 400 mg/kg alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium. \u0000Group D: Received 200 mg/kg body weight alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium and 200 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. \u0000Group E: Received 400 mg/kg body weight alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium and 200 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. \u0000Group F: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. The experimental animals were euthanized, and sections of the frontal cortex of the brain were harvested for histological procedures, organ weight (brain) and body weight of experimental animals were obtained. \u0000 \u0000The data was subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). \u0000Results: Histological observations indicated that the administration of the alcoholic extract of DS leaf in Group C showed degeneration of neurons in the frontal cortex. Groups that received ascorbic acid along with DS leaf in smaller doses showed no significant changes and had normal neuronal cells and stroma. Changes observed in body weight were not statistically significant at p-value <0.05. \u0000Conclusion: This study suggests that ascorbic acid effectively reduces the neurotoxicity potential of Datura stramonium on the frontal cortex. The DS leaf extract may have neurodegenerative effects at high doses, and precautions should be taken when consuming DS, as it may adversely affect and damage neurons in the frontal cortex.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"18 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141340941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3259
Ajirioghene E. Akpotu, Samuel I. Ghasi, Amalachukwu O. Ike, Omoighele F. Akhigbe, Micheal A. Amadi, Daniel O. J. Ajah, Funso-Babarimisa, Funso, Victoria O. Chukwu, Martins U. Ukiwa
Active components in medicinal plants possess therapeutic indications in disease states. Aim: The present investigation evaluated the activity of fraction from Dryopteris dilatata leaves modulating diabetogenic and oxidative stress activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Rats. Methods: Seventy-two male (135-140)g wistar rats divided into two groups of thirty-six rats each for oral glucose tolerance test and diabetic study. Diabetic induction and oral glucose test (OGTT) was done using standard methods. Each group was divided into six sub-groups (n-6). Group A was normal control, group B diabetic control, group C received metformin 50 mg/kg, group D reducing sugar fraction 800 mg/kg, group E alkaloid fraction 800 mg/kg and group F tannin fraction 800 mg/kg once for OGTT and daily throughout the treatment period (15 days) for diabetic study. Their glucose level was taken at interval of hours for OGTT and five days interval for diabetic group. We assessed the levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL and HDL), lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidants in the brain and testis. Results: Fractions of Dryopteris dilatata caused significant reduction in body weight and blood glucose levels in experimental rats, decreased the levels of TC, TG, LDL, increased HDL, reduced levels of MDA, elevated CAT, GSH and SOD in the brain and testis. Conclusion: The observed results in this study connotes that fractions of Dd could be used in amelioration of diabetes and its associated complications by reducing bad cholesterol (TC, TG and LDL), increasing good cholesterol (HDL), attenuating the activity of antioxidants in diabetic condition.
{"title":"Reducing Sugar, Alkaloid and Tannin from Dryopteris dilatata Fractions Modulates Diabetogenic and Oxidative Stress Activity on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"Ajirioghene E. Akpotu, Samuel I. Ghasi, Amalachukwu O. Ike, Omoighele F. Akhigbe, Micheal A. Amadi, Daniel O. J. Ajah, Funso-Babarimisa, Funso, Victoria O. Chukwu, Martins U. Ukiwa","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3259","url":null,"abstract":"Active components in medicinal plants possess therapeutic indications in disease states. \u0000Aim: The present investigation evaluated the activity of fraction from Dryopteris dilatata leaves modulating diabetogenic and oxidative stress activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Rats. \u0000Methods: Seventy-two male (135-140)g wistar rats divided into two groups of thirty-six rats each for oral glucose tolerance test and diabetic study. Diabetic induction and oral glucose test (OGTT) was done using standard methods. Each group was divided into six sub-groups (n-6). Group A was normal control, group B diabetic control, group C received metformin 50 mg/kg, group D reducing sugar fraction 800 mg/kg, group E alkaloid fraction 800 mg/kg and group F tannin fraction 800 mg/kg once for OGTT and daily throughout the treatment period (15 days) for diabetic study. Their glucose level was taken at interval of hours for OGTT and five days interval for diabetic group. We assessed the levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL and HDL), lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidants in the brain and testis. \u0000Results: Fractions of Dryopteris dilatata caused significant reduction in body weight and blood glucose levels in experimental rats, decreased the levels of TC, TG, LDL, increased HDL, reduced levels of MDA, elevated CAT, GSH and SOD in the brain and testis. \u0000Conclusion: The observed results in this study connotes that fractions of Dd could be used in amelioration of diabetes and its associated complications by reducing bad cholesterol (TC, TG and LDL), increasing good cholesterol (HDL), attenuating the activity of antioxidants in diabetic condition. \u0000","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"44 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3258
E. I. Etobe, U. E. Etobe, Komommo Ubi Iferi
The study examines the relationship between self-medication and patronage of orthodox medical facilities in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Three research objectives were drawn which guided the formulation of three null hypotheses from the independent variable. The study adopted descriptive survey design. 17-item questionnaires entitled “Self-medication. And Patronage of Orthodox Medical Facilities (SMPOMF)” were distributed to four hundred and forty-eight (448) respondents selected through simple random sampling technique from the study area. In addition, key informants (KII) were used as data collection instrument. The reliability test of the instrument was conducted using the Cronbach reliability method. Data were gathered through primary and secondary sources and were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and One-way ANOVA statistical techniques. The three hypotheses, tested at 0.5 level of significance, revealed that, there is a significant relationship between belief system, level of awareness (p=.337), proximity to medical facility and self-medication in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria (p=.325). This confirms that, there is a significant relationship between self-medication and patronage of orthodox medical facilities in the study area. The study recommends among other things, that, traditional medical practice should be integrated into the primary healthcare system to grant it a formal status in the healthcare delivery system in Nigeria. In addition, the safety and regulation of traditional medicine should be assessed to improve its standard and efficacy. Furthermore, government should build more medical facilities in the study area to encourage people to patronize these facilities when faced with health challenges; rather than reverting to traditional medicine and self-medication, which in most times are ineffective.
{"title":"Self-medication and Patronage of Orthodox Medical Facilities among the Indigenous People of Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"E. I. Etobe, U. E. Etobe, Komommo Ubi Iferi","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i3258","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the relationship between self-medication and patronage of orthodox medical facilities in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Three research objectives were drawn which guided the formulation of three null hypotheses from the independent variable. The study adopted descriptive survey design. 17-item questionnaires entitled “Self-medication. And Patronage of Orthodox Medical Facilities (SMPOMF)” were distributed to four hundred and forty-eight (448) respondents selected through simple random sampling technique from the study area. In addition, key informants (KII) were used as data collection instrument. The reliability test of the instrument was conducted using the Cronbach reliability method. Data were gathered through primary and secondary sources and were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and One-way ANOVA statistical techniques. The three hypotheses, tested at 0.5 level of significance, revealed that, there is a significant relationship between belief system, level of awareness (p=.337), proximity to medical facility and self-medication in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria (p=.325). This confirms that, there is a significant relationship between self-medication and patronage of orthodox medical facilities in the study area. The study recommends among other things, that, traditional medical practice should be integrated into the primary healthcare system to grant it a formal status in the healthcare delivery system in Nigeria. In addition, the safety and regulation of traditional medicine should be assessed to improve its standard and efficacy. Furthermore, government should build more medical facilities in the study area to encourage people to patronize these facilities when faced with health challenges; rather than reverting to traditional medicine and self-medication, which in most times are ineffective.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the effect of increased iron concentration in water and the potential protective efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) against hematological disturbances. A cohort of 24 Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks before dosage with an average weight of 100-120g and of both genders, was divided into four groups and treated for four weeks. The experimental rats were grouped into four groups, each comprising six animals. Group A (-ve control) received 8.75mg of ferrous sulphate containing 2.8mg of Iron in one liter of distilled water. Group B (+ve control) received 2% of dry ginger powder mixed with basal diet. Group C received a combination of 2% dry ginger powder in basal diet + 2.8mg iron in one liter of distilled water. Group D (normal control) received an un-supplemented diet with distilled water. The study monitored the Heamatology profile (complete blood count), such as the packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin(Hb), white blood cell (WBC) count, mean cell volume (MCV), Red blood cells (RBC), Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelets (PLT) in the serum and change in body weight following the administration of various treatment which includes ginger powder, Iron, distilled water and combination therapy of both ginger powder and Iron supplement. All the data collected were subjected to statistical analyses. Results were expressed as mean ±SD. Post-hoc tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the results. Hence, the administration of dry ginger powder suggests that its polyphenolic compound, specifically 6-gingerol, may enhance iron absorption in humans, mitigate iron deficiency anemia, and provide protection against iron-induced oxidative damage in various tissues. Iron supplementation improves hematological parameters and prevents morbidity and mortality. The research findings indicate that the chemoprotective effects of ginger and Iron, when administered to Wistar rats, showed no significant alternation in the hematological parameters; thus, ginger administration is not significant if the p-value is> 0.05.
{"title":"Haemoprotective Effects of Dry Ginger Powder (Zingiber officinale) on Wistar Rats Fed with Iron Treated Water","authors":"Aniekwensi Obinna Patrick, Atiba Kehinde Peter, Nnamdi Kingsley Okore, Yusuf Adekola Wahab, Olajumoke Bisola Oladapo, Mercy Oluwalani Alawode, Nurain Kehinde Ahmed","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2257","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the effect of increased iron concentration in water and the potential protective efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) against hematological disturbances. A cohort of 24 Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks before dosage with an average weight of 100-120g and of both genders, was divided into four groups and treated for four weeks. The experimental rats were grouped into four groups, each comprising six animals. \u0000 Group A (-ve control) received 8.75mg of ferrous sulphate containing 2.8mg of Iron in one liter of distilled water. \u0000Group B (+ve control) received 2% of dry ginger powder mixed with basal diet. \u0000Group C received a combination of 2% dry ginger powder in basal diet + 2.8mg iron in one liter of distilled water. \u0000Group D (normal control) received an un-supplemented diet with distilled water. \u0000The study monitored the Heamatology profile (complete blood count), such as the packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin(Hb), white blood cell (WBC) count, mean cell volume (MCV), Red blood cells (RBC), Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelets (PLT) in the serum and change in body weight following the administration of various treatment which includes ginger powder, Iron, distilled water and combination therapy of both ginger powder and Iron supplement. All the data collected were subjected to statistical analyses. Results were expressed as mean ±SD. Post-hoc tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the results. \u0000Hence, the administration of dry ginger powder suggests that its polyphenolic compound, specifically 6-gingerol, may enhance iron absorption in humans, mitigate iron deficiency anemia, and provide protection against iron-induced oxidative damage in various tissues. Iron supplementation improves hematological parameters and prevents morbidity and mortality. \u0000The research findings indicate that the chemoprotective effects of ginger and Iron, when administered to Wistar rats, showed no significant alternation in the hematological parameters; thus, ginger administration is not significant if the p-value is> 0.05.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"34 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141112384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-18DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2256
.. Japhet C.P., .. Luka C.D., .. Otitoju A.P., .. Miri P
Aims: Diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by glucose receptor abnormalities affecting glucose uptake, affects approximately 600 million individuals globally as of 2021. This study aimed to assess the antilipidemic and renal effects of aqueous extracts from the root bark and flowers of Terminalia catappa on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Twenty-five Albino rats weighing 160 – 300g were divided into five groups: A - normal control, B - diabetic control, C - diabetic treated with root bark extract, D - diabetic treated with flower extract, E - diabetic rats treated with glibenclimide. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (55mg/kg). The extracts (200mg/kg) were orally administered for 14 days, after which lipid profiles, renal and liver function tests were conducted. Results: There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in total cholesterol, serum liver enzymes, and kidney markers in the diabetic control group compared to the normal control group. Treatment with the Terminalia catappa extracts for 14 days resulted in more than 20% decrease in urea (from 18.58 Mmol/L to between 11.58 and 13.92 Mmol/L), creatinine (from 343.56 Mmol/L to between 223.94 and 266.30 Mmol/L) and uric acid (from 570.54 µmol/L to between 413.55 and 440.62 µmol/L) concentrations by more than 20%, with the root bark extract showing the most significant effect. Additionally, the Terminalia catappa extract-treated groups exhibited a substantial (around 40%) reduction in serum liver enzymes compared to the diabetic control group. The hepatoprotective capacity of the root bark extract was similar to the glibenclimide-treated group. Furthermore, the extracts led to a 3% reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins, along with a significant increase in high-density lipoproteins. Conclusion: The aqueous root bark and flower extracts of Terminalia catappa demonstrate potentials for managing diabetes mellitus at the specified dosage.
{"title":"Antilipidemic and Hepatorenal Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Terminalia catappa on Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats","authors":".. Japhet C.P., .. Luka C.D., .. Otitoju A.P., .. Miri P","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2256","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by glucose receptor abnormalities affecting glucose uptake, affects approximately 600 million individuals globally as of 2021. This study aimed to assess the antilipidemic and renal effects of aqueous extracts from the root bark and flowers of Terminalia catappa on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. \u0000Methodology: Twenty-five Albino rats weighing 160 – 300g were divided into five groups: A - normal control, B - diabetic control, C - diabetic treated with root bark extract, D - diabetic treated with flower extract, E - diabetic rats treated with glibenclimide. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (55mg/kg). The extracts (200mg/kg) were orally administered for 14 days, after which lipid profiles, renal and liver function tests were conducted. \u0000Results: There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in total cholesterol, serum liver enzymes, and kidney markers in the diabetic control group compared to the normal control group. Treatment with the Terminalia catappa extracts for 14 days resulted in more than 20% decrease in urea (from 18.58 Mmol/L to between 11.58 and 13.92 Mmol/L), creatinine (from 343.56 Mmol/L to between 223.94 and 266.30 Mmol/L) and uric acid (from 570.54 µmol/L to between 413.55 and 440.62 µmol/L) concentrations by more than 20%, with the root bark extract showing the most significant effect. Additionally, the Terminalia catappa extract-treated groups exhibited a substantial (around 40%) reduction in serum liver enzymes compared to the diabetic control group. The hepatoprotective capacity of the root bark extract was similar to the glibenclimide-treated group. Furthermore, the extracts led to a 3% reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins, along with a significant increase in high-density lipoproteins. \u0000Conclusion: The aqueous root bark and flower extracts of Terminalia catappa demonstrate potentials for managing diabetes mellitus at the specified dosage.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"105 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141124858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2255
Eugene O. Ohanme, Ogbonnaya N. Iganga, C. Ofor, Uzochukwu Ofonakara, Amucheukwu Veronica Nwafor, C. Eze, K. E. Etu, B. N. Nwakelu, Chiazor Prince Unekwe
The primary goal of drug metabolism, sometimes referred to as pharmacokinetic process, is to change a medication's chemical structure to make it more readily excretable. Typically, phase I and phase II reactions involve this mechanism. Xenobiotics can stimulate or inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes involved in phase I processes. The goal of this research is to clarify the clinical significance of CYP450 induction and inhibition by demonstrating how certain bioactive compounds found in foods or natural products derived from fruits and vegetables can alter CYP450 enzyme activity, impacting drug bioavailability and depuration in addition. The interaction between natural products and foods derived from fruits and vegetables and some pharmaceuticals that can result in toxicity or therapeutic failure will be explained with a few instances. This will make it possible to compile pertinent data regarding appropriate pharmaceutical management in a range of clinical contexts.
药物代谢（有时也称为药代动力学过程）的主要目的是改变药物的化学结构，使其更易于排泄。通常，I 期和 II 期反应都涉及这一机制。异种生物可刺激或抑制参与第一阶段过程的细胞色素 P450（CYP450）酶的活性。这项研究的目的是通过证明从水果和蔬菜中提取的食品或天然产品中的某些生物活性化合物如何改变 CYP450 酶的活性，从而明确 CYP450 诱导和抑制的临床意义，并影响药物的生物利用度和净化。将通过几个实例来解释天然产品和蔬果食品与某些药物之间可能导致毒性或治疗失败的相互作用。这样就有可能汇集有关在各种临床情况下进行适当药物管理的相关数据。
{"title":"Pharmacological Implications of Natural Products of Fruits and Vegetable Origin on the Activity of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes","authors":"Eugene O. Ohanme, Ogbonnaya N. Iganga, C. Ofor, Uzochukwu Ofonakara, Amucheukwu Veronica Nwafor, C. Eze, K. E. Etu, B. N. Nwakelu, Chiazor Prince Unekwe","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2255","url":null,"abstract":"The primary goal of drug metabolism, sometimes referred to as pharmacokinetic process, is to change a medication's chemical structure to make it more readily excretable. Typically, phase I and phase II reactions involve this mechanism. Xenobiotics can stimulate or inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes involved in phase I processes. The goal of this research is to clarify the clinical significance of CYP450 induction and inhibition by demonstrating how certain bioactive compounds found in foods or natural products derived from fruits and vegetables can alter CYP450 enzyme activity, impacting drug bioavailability and depuration in addition. The interaction between natural products and foods derived from fruits and vegetables and some pharmaceuticals that can result in toxicity or therapeutic failure will be explained with a few instances. This will make it possible to compile pertinent data regarding appropriate pharmaceutical management in a range of clinical contexts.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"114 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140988036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2254
Abdelmetalab Fergani Tarhuni, Huda Mohamed, Aisha Younes, Aya Ebrahim, Aya Hassan, Nour Alhuda Salem, Omima Esam Abdullah
Background: Exposure to benzene in the workplace causes health issues for the workers, it has negative impacts on the blood, liver, and kidney. Also, it is classified as carcinogenic. Methods: This study is cross-sectional; it involved 32 participants; 16 exposed to benzene and 16 non-exposed. The sample was collected by filling out a questionnaire and taking blood samples to test liver and kidney functions. Results: This study found that the means of AST and ALT levels of exposed workers were lower than the control group, while the mean level of ALP was higher. Moreover, it did not find a relationship between qualification, years of experience, age, and level of liver enzymes of exposed participants, however, it reported a positive correlation between smoking and bilirubin level. On the other hand, there are no statistical differences between the two groups in the levels of urea and creatinine, but the mean of urea level was quite higher in the exposed group than non-exposed. Besides, there are no associations between urea and creatinine levels and age, qualification, smoking, and years of experience. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a clear association between exposure to benzene and its effect on the liver. Therefore, suitable precautions should be taken to protect the workers in the gas station.
{"title":"The Effect of Benzene Exposure on Liver and Kidney Function in Human","authors":"Abdelmetalab Fergani Tarhuni, Huda Mohamed, Aisha Younes, Aya Ebrahim, Aya Hassan, Nour Alhuda Salem, Omima Esam Abdullah","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2254","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Exposure to benzene in the workplace causes health issues for the workers, it has negative impacts on the blood, liver, and kidney. Also, it is classified as carcinogenic.\u0000Methods: This study is cross-sectional; it involved 32 participants; 16 exposed to benzene and 16 non-exposed. The sample was collected by filling out a questionnaire and taking blood samples to test liver and kidney functions.\u0000Results: This study found that the means of AST and ALT levels of exposed workers were lower than the control group, while the mean level of ALP was higher. Moreover, it did not find a relationship between qualification, years of experience, age, and level of liver enzymes of exposed participants, however, it reported a positive correlation between smoking and bilirubin level. On the other hand, there are no statistical differences between the two groups in the levels of urea and creatinine, but the mean of urea level was quite higher in the exposed group than non-exposed. Besides, there are no associations between urea and creatinine levels and age, qualification, smoking, and years of experience.\u0000Conclusion: This study demonstrated a clear association between exposure to benzene and its effect on the liver. Therefore, suitable precautions should be taken to protect the workers in the gas station.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2253
Prince Akpokiro, F. Kolapo, Aimalohi Okpeku
Nigeria has experienced serious difficulties as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, which has affected the entire world. With a focus on public health response, socioeconomic effects, and epidemiology, this thorough review aims to offer an in-depth review of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. The epidemiological overview examines the COVID-19 pandemic's spread in Nigeria. This research aims to provide an in-depth review of Nigeria's techniques and efforts in fighting COVID-19, focusing on what contributes to Nigeria's low COVID-19 mortality toll compared to other nations. In summary, the review concludes with recommendations for future approaches to managing the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, highlighting the significance of ongoing public health initiatives, fair vaccination programs, and international cooperation. It emphasizes how adaptive techniques are necessary to deal with changing issues and guarantee that the nation is ready for future health emergencies. This comprehensive review, in its entirety, provides insightful information about the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, laying the groundwork for well-informed policy development, research projects, and decision-making targeted at halting the pandemic and preserving public health in the country.
{"title":"A Review of the Coronavirus Epidemic in Nigeria","authors":"Prince Akpokiro, F. Kolapo, Aimalohi Okpeku","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2253","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria has experienced serious difficulties as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, which has affected the entire world. With a focus on public health response, socioeconomic effects, and epidemiology, this thorough review aims to offer an in-depth review of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. The epidemiological overview examines the COVID-19 pandemic's spread in Nigeria. This research aims to provide an in-depth review of Nigeria's techniques and efforts in fighting COVID-19, focusing on what contributes to Nigeria's low COVID-19 mortality toll compared to other nations. In summary, the review concludes with recommendations for future approaches to managing the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, highlighting the significance of ongoing public health initiatives, fair vaccination programs, and international cooperation. It emphasizes how adaptive techniques are necessary to deal with changing issues and guarantee that the nation is ready for future health emergencies. This comprehensive review, in its entirety, provides insightful information about the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, laying the groundwork for well-informed policy development, research projects, and decision-making targeted at halting the pandemic and preserving public health in the country.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"220 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2252
Okorie O, Akuodor Gc, Ifediba Ce, Ofor Cc, Afonne Oj
Background: Ritchiea capparoides leaves are traditionally used in Southern Nigeria to cure fever, snake bites, aches, and malaria. Consequently, the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of Ritchiea capparoides leaf ethanol extract were assessed in rodents in this work. Methods: Using acetic acid and tail immersion models in mice, the analgesic effect was investigated, and xylene, egg-albumen, brewer's yeast, and dinitrophenol models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties in mice and rats at doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg of the methanol extract. The plant's leaf extract was also subjected to oral acute toxicity testing and phytochemical screening. Results: At p<0.05 and p<0.01, the methanol leaf extract and the common medication (aspirin) considerably reduced the amount of writhes brought on by acetic acid. The reaction times of the tested agent's standard and extract groups significantly increased. The extract significantly reduced oedema in the egg-albumin-induced paw oedema model, with dose-related inhibition of p<0.05 and p<0.01, similar to aspirin. When compared to dexamethasone, Ritchiea capparoides leaf extract likewise showed a significant p<0.05 and p<0.01 effect in the xylene-induced mouse ear oedema test. Rats with pyrexia caused by dinitrophenol and Brewer's yeast both showed a statistically significant decrease in rectal temperatures. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides are all present in the methanol leaf extract. It was discovered that the oral acute toxicity testing were more than 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The findings supported the traditional use of R. capparoides as a medicine by demonstrating the plant's possible analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties at the tested concentrations of methanol leaf extract.
{"title":"In Rodents, Methanol Extract from Ritchiea capparoides leaf has Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antipyretic Properties","authors":"Okorie O, Akuodor Gc, Ifediba Ce, Ofor Cc, Afonne Oj","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i2252","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ritchiea capparoides leaves are traditionally used in Southern Nigeria to cure fever, snake bites, aches, and malaria. Consequently, the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of Ritchiea capparoides leaf ethanol extract were assessed in rodents in this work.\u0000Methods: Using acetic acid and tail immersion models in mice, the analgesic effect was investigated, and xylene, egg-albumen, brewer's yeast, and dinitrophenol models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties in mice and rats at doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg of the methanol extract. The plant's leaf extract was also subjected to oral acute toxicity testing and phytochemical screening.\u0000Results: At p<0.05 and p<0.01, the methanol leaf extract and the common medication (aspirin) considerably reduced the amount of writhes brought on by acetic acid. The reaction times of the tested agent's standard and extract groups significantly increased. The extract significantly reduced oedema in the egg-albumin-induced paw oedema model, with dose-related inhibition of p<0.05 and p<0.01, similar to aspirin. When compared to dexamethasone, Ritchiea capparoides leaf extract likewise showed a significant p<0.05 and p<0.01 effect in the xylene-induced mouse ear oedema test. Rats with pyrexia caused by dinitrophenol and Brewer's yeast both showed a statistically significant decrease in rectal temperatures. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides are all present in the methanol leaf extract. It was discovered that the oral acute toxicity testing were more than 5000 mg/kg.\u0000Conclusion: The findings supported the traditional use of R. capparoides as a medicine by demonstrating the plant's possible analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties at the tested concentrations of methanol leaf extract.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"91 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i1249
R. Adithya, E. M. Manikgantan, N. Kabilan, S. Kanimozhi
Introduction: Wound is defined as disruption in the integrity of skin. Wound healing is a physiological process primarily initiated by vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Wound closure is completed by release of inflammatory markers and aggregation of fibroblasts which causes reepitheliazation. Gandhaga thailam (Medicated oil), a siddha formulation prepared from Gandhagam (sulphur), Vediuppu (Potassium nitrate), Manosilai (Arsenic disulphide), Navacharam (Ammonium Chloride), and Veeram (Mercuric per chloride) triturated with cow ghee is used in a variety of skin diseases. Scientific validation of the wound healing efficacy of Gandhaga thailam remains unveiled. Aim: The main aim of this research is to validate the wound healing efficacy of Gandhaga thailam through in vitro studies in L929 (Mouse fibroblast) cell line. Materials and Methods: L929 (Mouse fibroblast) cell line was cultured in a 25 cm 2 tissue culture flask with DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, L-glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, and antibiotic solution containing: Penicillin (100 U/ml), Streptomycin (100 µg/ml), and Amphoteracin B (2.5 µg/ml). The scratch wounds were made by a sterile 1 mL pipette tip through a pre-marked line. The sample was checked for 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours’. Results: The results of the study shows that Gandhaga thailam is efficient in wound healing and the wound is closed by about 48th hour after the scratch. The faster wound healing efficacy of Gandhaga thailam might be due to its potency to initiate Re- epithelialization. Conclusion: Thus it is evidenced that Gandhaga thailam has a potential wound healing activity.
{"title":"In vitro Wound Healing Effect of a Siddha Formulation: Gandhaga Thailam","authors":"R. Adithya, E. M. Manikgantan, N. Kabilan, S. Kanimozhi","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2024/v13i1249","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Wound is defined as disruption in the integrity of skin. Wound healing is a physiological process primarily initiated by vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Wound closure is completed by release of inflammatory markers and aggregation of fibroblasts which causes reepitheliazation. Gandhaga thailam (Medicated oil), a siddha formulation prepared from Gandhagam (sulphur), Vediuppu (Potassium nitrate), Manosilai (Arsenic disulphide), Navacharam (Ammonium Chloride), and Veeram (Mercuric per chloride) triturated with cow ghee is used in a variety of skin diseases. Scientific validation of the wound healing efficacy of Gandhaga thailam remains unveiled.\u0000Aim: The main aim of this research is to validate the wound healing efficacy of Gandhaga thailam through in vitro studies in L929 (Mouse fibroblast) cell line.\u0000Materials and Methods: L929 (Mouse fibroblast) cell line was cultured in a 25 cm 2 tissue culture flask with DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, L-glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, and antibiotic solution containing: Penicillin (100 U/ml), Streptomycin (100 µg/ml), and Amphoteracin B (2.5 µg/ml). The scratch wounds were made by a sterile 1 mL pipette tip through a pre-marked line. The sample was checked for 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours’.\u0000Results: The results of the study shows that Gandhaga thailam is efficient in wound healing and the wound is closed by about 48th hour after the scratch. The faster wound healing efficacy of Gandhaga thailam might be due to its potency to initiate Re- epithelialization.\u0000Conclusion: Thus it is evidenced that Gandhaga thailam has a potential wound healing activity.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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