Pub Date : 2023-05-06DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2213
D. Okoroafor, Joshua Charles Isirima
Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents like cyclophosphamide (a drug for cancer treatment), leads to infertility due to its toxic effect on the ovaries. Combo, “a commonly used plant concoction in traditional medicine for the treatment of infertility” is composed of Clove (dried flower), garlic (bulb), ginger (rhizome), and turmeric (rhizome). The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible prophylactic effects of Combo therapy in cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity in female Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (A-F) of 6 animals each. Group A (normal control) received distilled water only. Group B (negative control) received 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide only, while group C (positive control) received only 29mg/kg of Combo. On the other hand, groups D, E and F were pretreated with Combo doses of (15, 29, and 290 mg/kg) and were later treated with 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide after 7 days. All administrations were done orally. The reproductive hormones assayed were oestrogen and progesterone, while the oxidative stress biomarkers evaluated include glutathione, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. Their levels were used as diagnostic markers for assessing the reproductive functions of the ovaries. Combo pre-treatment significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and significantly (p<0.05) increased glutathione, oestrogen and progesterone levels when compared with cyclophosphamide group. Histopathological investigation showed that Combo mitigated degenerative cells in follicles, stromal oedema, and atresia of the follicles when compared with cyclophosphamide group. In conclusion, Combo has fertility potentials and can protect against ovarian degeneration in cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity.
{"title":"Preventive Effects of Traditional Plant Concoction “Combo” on the Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Toxicity in Wistar Rats","authors":"D. Okoroafor, Joshua Charles Isirima","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2213","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents like cyclophosphamide (a drug for cancer treatment), leads to infertility due to its toxic effect on the ovaries. Combo, “a commonly used plant concoction in traditional medicine for the treatment of infertility” is composed of Clove (dried flower), garlic (bulb), ginger (rhizome), and turmeric (rhizome). The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible prophylactic effects of Combo therapy in cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity in female Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (A-F) of 6 animals each. Group A (normal control) received distilled water only. Group B (negative control) received 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide only, while group C (positive control) received only 29mg/kg of Combo. On the other hand, groups D, E and F were pretreated with Combo doses of (15, 29, and 290 mg/kg) and were later treated with 200mg/kg of cyclophosphamide after 7 days. All administrations were done orally. The reproductive hormones assayed were oestrogen and progesterone, while the oxidative stress biomarkers evaluated include glutathione, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. Their levels were used as diagnostic markers for assessing the reproductive functions of the ovaries. Combo pre-treatment significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and significantly (p<0.05) increased glutathione, oestrogen and progesterone levels when compared with cyclophosphamide group. Histopathological investigation showed that Combo mitigated degenerative cells in follicles, stromal oedema, and atresia of the follicles when compared with cyclophosphamide group. In conclusion, Combo has fertility potentials and can protect against ovarian degeneration in cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83272377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2212
C. Okeafor, R. Obi, I. Ojule
Background: Vulnerable developmental stage is encountered by university undergraduate students, where substantial changes happen in their body, brain, environment and socialization. This may result to increased vulnerability to develop addiction, alcohol use disorder and mental health disorders. Alcohol use disorderand Depression both pose problems in public health. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and the socio-demographic correlates of alcohol use disorder and depression co-morbidity among undergraduate. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lulu Briggs Health Centre of the University of Port Harcourt. Systematic sampling technique was used to recruit 420 respondents.Validated tools of Alcohol Use disorder Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)were used to obtain information on depression and alcohol use disorder respectively from each of the respondent. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 23.59 (±5.2) years. A total of128 (30.5%) had alcohol use disorder, 205 (48.8%) had depression, and 22.4% (n=94) had co-morbid depression and alcohol use disorder. There was no significant relationship between socio-demographic findings and co-morbidity of depression and alcohol use disorder. Conclusion: About 2 in10 undergraduates experience co-morbidity of depression and alcohol use disorder. Multi-strategy interventions comprising ofpolicyand educationaltactics to address these problems are advocated.
{"title":"Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder Co-Morbidity among Undergraduate Students in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"C. Okeafor, R. Obi, I. Ojule","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2212","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vulnerable developmental stage is encountered by university undergraduate students, where substantial changes happen in their body, brain, environment and socialization. This may result to increased vulnerability to develop addiction, alcohol use disorder and mental health disorders. Alcohol use disorderand Depression both pose problems in public health. \u0000Objectives: To determine the prevalence and the socio-demographic correlates of alcohol use disorder and depression co-morbidity among undergraduate. \u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lulu Briggs Health Centre of the University of Port Harcourt. Systematic sampling technique was used to recruit 420 respondents.Validated tools of Alcohol Use disorder Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)were used to obtain information on depression and alcohol use disorder respectively from each of the respondent. \u0000Results: The mean age of the respondents was 23.59 (±5.2) years. A total of128 (30.5%) had alcohol use disorder, 205 (48.8%) had depression, and 22.4% (n=94) had co-morbid depression and alcohol use disorder. There was no significant relationship between socio-demographic findings and co-morbidity of depression and alcohol use disorder. \u0000Conclusion: About 2 in10 undergraduates experience co-morbidity of depression and alcohol use disorder. Multi-strategy interventions comprising ofpolicyand educationaltactics to address these problems are advocated.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83622123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-22DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2211
I. Bob-Manuel, Tunwemi Samson Roland, N. Nwosu
Background: The auricle is an important cephalofacial part of the human body that is of forensic importance that portrays information about one’s age, sex, race and ethnic group. Aim: This study was therefore conducted to establish auricular anthropometric data and sexual dimorphic parameters of Uturu indigenes in Southeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 370 subjects (185 males and 185 females) of Uturu indigenes who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Auricular measurements which include auricular length and width and lobular length and width, as well as lobular attachments were obtained in inches. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Total mean auricular length, auricular width, lobular length and lobular width in males was 2.11, 1.35, 0.66 and 0.46 respectively while same parameters in females were 2.06, 1.22, 0.66 and 0.44 respectively. No significant sexual dimorphism was observed in the measured parameters except for auricular width (P=0.01). Free earlobe was prevalent (68.92%: n=255) in the study population especially among the female subjects. Conclusion: The mean values for all auricular measurements were higher in males than in females except for lobular length which was the same in both sexes. Results The findings from this study provide useful evaluation of the auricular morphological characteristics among the study population will be useful in the documentation of auricular morphometric data, especially within Nigerian population.
{"title":"Auricular Anthropometry of Indigenes of Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Bob-Manuel, Tunwemi Samson Roland, N. Nwosu","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2211","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The auricle is an important cephalofacial part of the human body that is of forensic importance that portrays information about one’s age, sex, race and ethnic group. \u0000Aim: This study was therefore conducted to establish auricular anthropometric data and sexual dimorphic parameters of Uturu indigenes in Southeastern Nigeria. \u0000Materials and Methods: A total of 370 subjects (185 males and 185 females) of Uturu indigenes who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Auricular measurements which include auricular length and width and lobular length and width, as well as lobular attachments were obtained in inches. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. \u0000Results: Total mean auricular length, auricular width, lobular length and lobular width in males was 2.11, 1.35, 0.66 and 0.46 respectively while same parameters in females were 2.06, 1.22, 0.66 and 0.44 respectively. No significant sexual dimorphism was observed in the measured parameters except for auricular width (P=0.01). Free earlobe was prevalent (68.92%: n=255) in the study population especially among the female subjects. \u0000Conclusion: The mean values for all auricular measurements were higher in males than in females except for lobular length which was the same in both sexes. Results The findings from this study provide useful evaluation of the auricular morphological characteristics among the study population will be useful in the documentation of auricular morphometric data, especially within Nigerian population.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80219210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2210
C. M. Onyegbulam, Mbanaso Chidinma, Odoh Uchenna Estella, Christopher Obodoechi Ezugwu, Chukwube Vincent Obisike, C. Ugorji
Background: Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel. (Combretaceae) leaves are used in treatment of jaundice and hepatitis in South-Eastern Nigeria. Evaluations of the nutritional composition of medicinal plants can enhance their profile as sources of food and medicines. This research aims to determine the proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, and anti-nutrients contents of Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel (Combretaceae) leaves. Methods: Proximate, minerals, and vitamins analysis are done according to the standard methods described by AOAC. Spectrophotometric methods and AAS were used to determined minerals. For the ANFs, oxalate concentration was determined using the permanganate titration method, phytate determination was based on the analysis of phosphorus in a ferric phytate complex, assuming a constant 4Fe: 6P molecular ratio in the complex. Tannins, trypsin inhibitors, and hemagglutinins were evaluated using other standard methods. Results: Mineral content: Cal 1.14 mg/100g, Mg1.58 mg/100g, Mn 0.268 mg/100g, Cu 0.176 mg/100g, Zn 5.9 mg/100g, Se 0.957 mg/100g, Fe 3.596 mg/100g, K 1.537 mg/100g, Na 0.6 mg/100g, phosphorus 0.58mg/100g. Proximate analysis: protein 3.327 %, moisture 4.45 %, ash 2.65%, fibre 4.3%, fat 2.20 %, carbohydrates 83.07 %. Anti-nutrients content: oxalate: 0.577mg/100g, phytate 0.567mg/100g, hemagglutinin 0.428HU/mg, tannins 123.53 mg/100g), trypsin inhibitor 0.647±.003HIU/mg. Vitamin analysis: Vitamin C 0.328 mg/100g, vitamin D 0.227 mg/100g, vitamin E 0.59 mg/100g, vitamin K 0.137 mg/100g, and vitamin A (retinol) 4.507 µg/g Conclusion: Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel (Combretaceae) leaves are rich in proximate elements, vitamins and essential minerals and low levels of antinutrients.
{"title":"Evaluation of Proximate, Minerals, Vitamins and Antinutrient Composition of Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel. (Combretaceae) Leaves","authors":"C. M. Onyegbulam, Mbanaso Chidinma, Odoh Uchenna Estella, Christopher Obodoechi Ezugwu, Chukwube Vincent Obisike, C. Ugorji","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i2210","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel. (Combretaceae) leaves are used in treatment of jaundice and hepatitis in South-Eastern Nigeria. Evaluations of the nutritional composition of medicinal plants can enhance their profile as sources of food and medicines. This research aims to determine the proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, and anti-nutrients contents of Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel (Combretaceae) leaves. \u0000Methods: Proximate, minerals, and vitamins analysis are done according to the standard methods described by AOAC. Spectrophotometric methods and AAS were used to determined minerals. For the ANFs, oxalate concentration was determined using the permanganate titration method, phytate determination was based on the analysis of phosphorus in a ferric phytate complex, assuming a constant 4Fe: 6P molecular ratio in the complex. Tannins, trypsin inhibitors, and hemagglutinins were evaluated using other standard methods. \u0000Results: Mineral content: Cal 1.14 mg/100g, Mg1.58 mg/100g, Mn 0.268 mg/100g, Cu 0.176 mg/100g, Zn 5.9 mg/100g, Se 0.957 mg/100g, Fe 3.596 mg/100g, K 1.537 mg/100g, Na 0.6 mg/100g, phosphorus 0.58mg/100g. Proximate analysis: protein 3.327 %, moisture 4.45 %, ash 2.65%, fibre 4.3%, fat 2.20 %, carbohydrates 83.07 %. Anti-nutrients content: oxalate: 0.577mg/100g, phytate 0.567mg/100g, hemagglutinin 0.428HU/mg, tannins 123.53 mg/100g), trypsin inhibitor 0.647±.003HIU/mg. Vitamin analysis: Vitamin C 0.328 mg/100g, vitamin D 0.227 mg/100g, vitamin E 0.59 mg/100g, vitamin K 0.137 mg/100g, and vitamin A (retinol) 4.507 µg/g \u0000Conclusion: Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel (Combretaceae) leaves are rich in proximate elements, vitamins and essential minerals and low levels of antinutrients.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82031402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1209
R. Adithya, S. Kanimozhi
Introduction: Snake bite is common in Rural areas. Many toxic snakes produce neurotoxic, Myotoxic, and hemotoxic effects. Snake venom is rich in metalloproteinases and Phospholipases. PhospholipaseA2 accounts for most of the toxic effects of Viper snakes. Many herbal antidotes have been in practice in the Siddha system which lacks scientific evidence. Aim: This study aims to rule out the Binding pose and affinity of bioactive components derived from certain herbs with the target by forming hydrogen bonds so that the function of Phospholipases A2 with PDB – 2QOG would be hindered. Materials and Methods: From the listed plants 6 bioactive components were selected and In-Siico docking analysis was done with the target2QOG. Andrographolide (49 ASP, 52 TYR), Aristolochic acid(49 ASP, 52 TYR), Genistein(49 ASP, 52 TYR), and Nimbolide (49 ASP, 52 TYR) revealed a maximum of 2 interactions (50%) with the core active amino acid residues present on the target2QOG. Piperic acid (48 HIS) and Linoleic acid(48 HIS) reveal 1 interaction with the core active amino acid residues present on the target 2QOG. Conclusion: Based on the results it was concluded that the bio-active compounds Andrographolide, Aristolochic acid, and Genistein present in the herbal ingredients possess significant binding against the target enzyme phospholipases A2.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbal Antidotes of Viper Snakes through In-silico Docking Analysis of their Bioactive Components Targeting Phospholipase A2","authors":"R. Adithya, S. Kanimozhi","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1209","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Snake bite is common in Rural areas. Many toxic snakes produce neurotoxic, Myotoxic, and hemotoxic effects. Snake venom is rich in metalloproteinases and Phospholipases. PhospholipaseA2 accounts for most of the toxic effects of Viper snakes. Many herbal antidotes have been in practice in the Siddha system which lacks scientific evidence. \u0000Aim: This study aims to rule out the Binding pose and affinity of bioactive components derived from certain herbs with the target by forming hydrogen bonds so that the function of Phospholipases A2 with PDB – 2QOG would be hindered. \u0000Materials and Methods: From the listed plants 6 bioactive components were selected and In-Siico docking analysis was done with the target2QOG. Andrographolide (49 ASP, 52 TYR), Aristolochic acid(49 ASP, 52 TYR), Genistein(49 ASP, 52 TYR), and Nimbolide (49 ASP, 52 TYR) revealed a maximum of 2 interactions (50%) with the core active amino acid residues present on the target2QOG. Piperic acid (48 HIS) and Linoleic acid(48 HIS) reveal 1 interaction with the core active amino acid residues present on the target 2QOG. \u0000Conclusion: Based on the results it was concluded that the bio-active compounds Andrographolide, Aristolochic acid, and Genistein present in the herbal ingredients possess significant binding against the target enzyme phospholipases A2.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81324694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1208
C. Ikenna, C. Theodora, U. Odoh, C. Ugwuoke
Introduction: Ulcer has remained a persistent discomforting illness commonly causes by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori and prolonged or excessive use of anti-inflammatory pain killers like aspirin. While existing cases are difficult to treat and ,treat new cases are being diagnosed. Current treatments do not seem to be giving much hope to patients. Natural product and plant-based preparation are offering some measure of hope. Allophylus africanus has been reported to be effective in traditional medicine as an anti-ulcer agent. Objectives of the Study: This research aims to evaluate the antiulcer properties of the crude methanol extract of the leaf of the plant. Methodology: The plant material was extracted using the cold maceration. Methods: The acute toxicity was investigated according to Lorke’s method, while antiulcer activity was evaluated using stress and ethanol models, Omeprazole (200 mg/ml) was the reference drug. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was carried out using standard methods. Results: The crude extract is non-toxic at a below 5000 mg/kg dose. Preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids. Saponins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, terpenoids etc. There was no significant between the activity of the standard drug (omeprazole 20mg/kg) and the crude extract (500 mg/kg) at (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: A. africanus has ulcer prevention activity and its use in the treatment of ulcer in ethnomedicine is justified.
{"title":"Phytochemical and Anti-ulcer Properties of Allophylus africanus P Beauv. (Sapindaceae) Leaf","authors":"C. Ikenna, C. Theodora, U. Odoh, C. Ugwuoke","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1208","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ulcer has remained a persistent discomforting illness commonly causes by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori and prolonged or excessive use of anti-inflammatory pain killers like aspirin. While existing cases are difficult to treat and ,treat new cases are being diagnosed. Current treatments do not seem to be giving much hope to patients. Natural product and plant-based preparation are offering some measure of hope. Allophylus africanus has been reported to be effective in traditional medicine as an anti-ulcer agent. \u0000Objectives of the Study: This research aims to evaluate the antiulcer properties of the crude methanol extract of the leaf of the plant. \u0000Methodology: The plant material was extracted using the cold maceration. \u0000Methods: The acute toxicity was investigated according to Lorke’s method, while antiulcer activity was evaluated using stress and ethanol models, Omeprazole (200 mg/ml) was the reference drug. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was carried out using standard methods. \u0000Results: The crude extract is non-toxic at a below 5000 mg/kg dose. Preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids. Saponins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, terpenoids etc. There was no significant between the activity of the standard drug (omeprazole 20mg/kg) and the crude extract (500 mg/kg) at (P ≤ 0.05). \u0000Conclusion: A. africanus has ulcer prevention activity and its use in the treatment of ulcer in ethnomedicine is justified.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79841493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1207
R. Raj, P. Paul, Yogesh Motwani, Aashutosh Sinwal, Ishu
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1907 as a slowly progressing form of dementia that affects cognition, behavior, and functional status. It may be identified by the extracellular amyloid b (Ab) plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) deposits that are seen inside the neurons. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are the two main categories that form the base of AD presentation. EOAD is a condition that develops before the age of 65 and is linked to Mendelian inheritance, which results in a mutation in the genes APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. So it is familial AD. While LOAD occur after age 65 years of age and, it is not related to a genetic cause. So it is sporadic AD. To assess and monitor the rate and pattern of cognitive loss, screening measures like the MMSE and the Montreal Cognitive Examination are utilized. Clinical biomarker testing is now available to assist physicians in determining the the presence and severity of AD pathologic alterations, as well as their lasting effects. Fibrillar (plaque) amyloid is detectable on PET. Despite the fact that AD is a public health issue, only two pharmaceutical classes—antagonists of N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) and inhibitors of the cholinesterase enzyme (naturally occurring, synthetic, and hybrid variants)—are allowed to be practiced to treat AD. AD is brought on by a decrease in the synthesis of acetylcholine (Ach) Increasing acetylcholine levels by decreasing acetylcholinesterase is one of the therapeutic interventions that enhances neuronal cells and cognitive function. Tacrine was the first cholinesterase inhibitor drug authorized by the FDA to be used for the treatment of AD.
{"title":"Health Economic Evaluations for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Pharmacological Approaches","authors":"R. Raj, P. Paul, Yogesh Motwani, Aashutosh Sinwal, Ishu","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1207","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1907 as a slowly progressing form of dementia that affects cognition, behavior, and functional status. It may be identified by the extracellular amyloid b (Ab) plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) deposits that are seen inside the neurons. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are the two main categories that form the base of AD presentation. EOAD is a condition that develops before the age of 65 and is linked to Mendelian inheritance, which results in a mutation in the genes APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. So it is familial AD. While LOAD occur after age 65 years of age and, it is not related to a genetic cause. So it is sporadic AD. To assess and monitor the rate and pattern of cognitive loss, screening measures like the MMSE and the Montreal Cognitive Examination are utilized. Clinical biomarker testing is now available to assist physicians in determining the the presence and severity of AD pathologic alterations, as well as their lasting effects. Fibrillar (plaque) amyloid is detectable on PET. Despite the fact that AD is a public health issue, only two pharmaceutical classes—antagonists of N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) and inhibitors of the cholinesterase enzyme (naturally occurring, synthetic, and hybrid variants)—are allowed to be practiced to treat AD. AD is brought on by a decrease in the synthesis of acetylcholine (Ach) Increasing acetylcholine levels by decreasing acetylcholinesterase is one of the therapeutic interventions that enhances neuronal cells and cognitive function. Tacrine was the first cholinesterase inhibitor drug authorized by the FDA to be used for the treatment of AD.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"213 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89087064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-24DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1206
Rima Mahapatra, K. Hazra
Benzothiazole is a molecule that has a wide range of pharmacological activities. The addition of a fluorine atom into the structure of benzothiazole enhances the various activities of the drug as the alteration of hydrogen or oxygen atom from a carbon bond by a fluorine atom improves desirable pharmacological properties such as greater biological half-life, higher ability to bind with the targeted receptor, and also enhances the lipophilic character of the drug. The special property that makes fluorine a very important molecule in the drug discovery includes a very small radius of the fluorine atom, a higher attacking power towards electrons, and a very low polarizability of the fluorine atom. Literature reveals that strong electron-attacking groups like fluorine in the structure of benzothiazole can exhibit anticancer activity of the drug, benzothiazole with Sulphonamide or with beta-lactam ring enhances the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Benzothiazole with oxadiazole shows potent anthelmintic activity [1-5].
{"title":"A Review on Benzothiazole Derivatives and Their Biological Significances","authors":"Rima Mahapatra, K. Hazra","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1206","url":null,"abstract":"Benzothiazole is a molecule that has a wide range of pharmacological activities. The addition of a fluorine atom into the structure of benzothiazole enhances the various activities of the drug as the alteration of hydrogen or oxygen atom from a carbon bond by a fluorine atom improves desirable pharmacological properties such as greater biological half-life, higher ability to bind with the targeted receptor, and also enhances the lipophilic character of the drug. The special property that makes fluorine a very important molecule in the drug discovery includes a very small radius of the fluorine atom, a higher attacking power towards electrons, and a very low polarizability of the fluorine atom. Literature reveals that strong electron-attacking groups like fluorine in the structure of benzothiazole can exhibit anticancer activity of the drug, benzothiazole with Sulphonamide or with beta-lactam ring enhances the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Benzothiazole with oxadiazole shows potent anthelmintic activity [1-5].","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89215641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1205
E. Somay, Büşra Yilmaz, E. Topkan
With 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year, head and neck cancers (HNC) are among the most prevalent cancers in the world. The most effective organ-sparing therapy for patients with locally advanced HNC is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT). Many HNC patients lose multiple teeth and develop soft and hard tissue defects over the course of the disease and treatment, leading to functional limitations and cosmetic deformity. Such devastating effects harm the patient's ability to eat, chew, and swallow as well as their psychological, financial, and social well-being. Additionally, multiple tooth losses and subpar oral rehabilitation services can cause cachexia, rapid weight loss, and weakened immunity. The use of conventional prostheses to address tooth losses may not be permitted due to detrimental changes in the structure of the oral cavity. Conventional prostheses may aggravate the harmful side effects of radiotherapy, including xerostomia, mucositis, and a deterioration of bone healing processes. Dental implants may be a better choice for oral rehabilitation. However, because the area of bone involved in implant placement is frequently within the irradiation zone, dental implant planning and timing in HNC patients can be extremely difficult. Additionally, the placement of dental implants may precipitate some specific side effects of cancer treatments, such as osteoradionecrosis. Because the best time to use dental implants is one of the essential components of successful dental rehabilitation for HNC survivors and has not yet been clarified in the literature, this review article aims to gather and provide information in the head and neck region by reviewing the available literature.
{"title":"The Best Time to Dental Implant Placement in Patients with Head and Neck Cancers: An Ever-going Debate","authors":"E. Somay, Büşra Yilmaz, E. Topkan","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i1205","url":null,"abstract":"With 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year, head and neck cancers (HNC) are among the most prevalent cancers in the world. The most effective organ-sparing therapy for patients with locally advanced HNC is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT). Many HNC patients lose multiple teeth and develop soft and hard tissue defects over the course of the disease and treatment, leading to functional limitations and cosmetic deformity. Such devastating effects harm the patient's ability to eat, chew, and swallow as well as their psychological, financial, and social well-being. Additionally, multiple tooth losses and subpar oral rehabilitation services can cause cachexia, rapid weight loss, and weakened immunity. The use of conventional prostheses to address tooth losses may not be permitted due to detrimental changes in the structure of the oral cavity. Conventional prostheses may aggravate the harmful side effects of radiotherapy, including xerostomia, mucositis, and a deterioration of bone healing processes. Dental implants may be a better choice for oral rehabilitation. However, because the area of bone involved in implant placement is frequently within the irradiation zone, dental implant planning and timing in HNC patients can be extremely difficult. Additionally, the placement of dental implants may precipitate some specific side effects of cancer treatments, such as osteoradionecrosis. Because the best time to use dental implants is one of the essential components of successful dental rehabilitation for HNC survivors and has not yet been clarified in the literature, this review article aims to gather and provide information in the head and neck region by reviewing the available literature.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78372085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2022/v11i4204
Praise Ajiri Odi, O. A. Udi, Lilia Ebeye Chris-Ozoko, M. Oyovwi
Background: Spleen and liver is secondary lymphoid organ that is highly sensitive to different chemicals. Widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has always been a matter of concern. And surprisingly, atrazine distinguishes out for being used more frequently among numerous harmful pesticides. As a result, long term exposure to atrazine and other pesticides is thought to produce metabolic abnormalities; however, little is known about how atrazine affects the spleen and liver and how this relates to its histo-achitectural structure. Aim: The histopathology of the spleen and liver from rats exposed to atrazine was the subject of our investigation. Materials and Methods: Twenty male wistar rats ranging from 150-200g were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 14 days, following which they were randomly assigned into 4 groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 5 animals each based on average body weight. Groups (2-4) were administered atrazine via oral route corresponding to 1237 mg/kg (20/5 LD50), 618 mg/kg (10/5 LD50) and 309 mg/Kg/body weight (1/10 LD50) for 7, 14 and 30 days, while group I (control) received distilled water orally using orogastric canula for 30 days . The liver and spleen from each group of rats were harvested, weighed, and fixed in 10% buffered formal saline fixative before being taken for histological examination 24 hours following the experimental periods of oral administration of the extract. Results: At the end of the experiment, the histological findings showed increased and numerous area of the white pulp of spleen from rats exposed to atrazine as compared to that from the control. The relative area of germinal centre in the structure of the splenic lymph follicles of rats exposed to atrazine also revealed increased. Also, Histo-pathologically, the liver showed necrotic hepatic cells and congested central vein, with the highest atrazine concentration causing the most adverse effects. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that rats exposed to high-dose of atrazine led to hypertrophy of white pulp of the spleen and hepatic cell damage with liver. From this we concluded that both organ are highly sensitive to the debilitating effects of atrazine.
{"title":"Mature Wistar Rats' Spleen and Liver Histomorphological Changes Related to the Duration of Atrazine Exposure","authors":"Praise Ajiri Odi, O. A. Udi, Lilia Ebeye Chris-Ozoko, M. Oyovwi","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2022/v11i4204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2022/v11i4204","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Spleen and liver is secondary lymphoid organ that is highly sensitive to different chemicals. Widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has always been a matter of concern. And surprisingly, atrazine distinguishes out for being used more frequently among numerous harmful pesticides. As a result, long term exposure to atrazine and other pesticides is thought to produce metabolic abnormalities; however, little is known about how atrazine affects the spleen and liver and how this relates to its histo-achitectural structure. \u0000Aim: The histopathology of the spleen and liver from rats exposed to atrazine was the subject of our investigation. \u0000Materials and Methods: Twenty male wistar rats ranging from 150-200g were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 14 days, following which they were randomly assigned into 4 groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 5 animals each based on average body weight. Groups (2-4) were administered atrazine via oral route corresponding to 1237 mg/kg (20/5 LD50), 618 mg/kg (10/5 LD50) and 309 mg/Kg/body weight (1/10 LD50) for 7, 14 and 30 days, while group I (control) received distilled water orally using orogastric canula for 30 days . The liver and spleen from each group of rats were harvested, weighed, and fixed in 10% buffered formal saline fixative before being taken for histological examination 24 hours following the experimental periods of oral administration of the extract. \u0000Results: At the end of the experiment, the histological findings showed increased and numerous area of the white pulp of spleen from rats exposed to atrazine as compared to that from the control. The relative area of germinal centre in the structure of the splenic lymph follicles of rats exposed to atrazine also revealed increased. Also, Histo-pathologically, the liver showed necrotic hepatic cells and congested central vein, with the highest atrazine concentration causing the most adverse effects. \u0000Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that rats exposed to high-dose of atrazine led to hypertrophy of white pulp of the spleen and hepatic cell damage with liver. From this we concluded that both organ are highly sensitive to the debilitating effects of atrazine.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83846014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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