Abstract:As British Ambassador at Constantinople during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, Austen Henry Layard was the proverbial ‘man on the spot’: an emissary, on the fringes of empire, entrusted to defend Britain’s informal empire in the Near East. Layard’s forward thinking at that time, and some would say his Russophobia, was borne of travel, as well as some official duty, in the region and at the Foreign Office. He served what historians typically regard as a pusillanimous Foreign Secretary (the 15th Earl of Derby), but a more robust Prime Minister (Lord Beaconsfield), whose ideas about British strategic defence in the region, against an expanding Russian empire, he largely shared. Layard sketched his perception of Russia’s ambitions on a very broad front, stretching from the Balkan Peninsula to the frontiers of India. This paper explores Layard’s situation in Constantinople, his geo-political thinking, his views about Russian ambitions in the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond, and, most of all, his ideas about the duties of a statesman, relative to the defence of British interests in the Near East
摘要:1877年俄土战争期间，英国驻君士坦丁堡大使奥斯丁·亨利·莱亚德(Austen Henry Layard)是众所周知的“现场使者”:站在帝国边缘的使者，受命捍卫英国在近东的非正式帝国。莱亚德当时的前瞻性思维，有人会说他的“恐俄症”，源于他在该地区和外交部的旅行和一些公务。历史学家通常认为他是一个懦弱的外交大臣(第15代德比伯爵)，但他却是一个更加坚强的首相(比肯斯菲尔德勋爵)，他在很大程度上赞同比肯斯菲尔德勋爵关于英国在该地区防御不断扩张的俄罗斯帝国的战略防御的观点。莱亚德概述了他对俄罗斯在一个非常广阔的战线上的野心，从巴尔干半岛延伸到印度边境。本文探讨了莱亚德在君士坦丁堡的处境，他的地缘政治思想，他对俄罗斯在东地中海及其他地区的野心的看法，最重要的是，他对政治家职责的看法，与捍卫英国在近东的利益有关
{"title":"The Forward View: Austen Henry Layard and the Russo–Turkish War of 1877","authors":"J. Fisher","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2020.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2020.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:As British Ambassador at Constantinople during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, Austen Henry Layard was the proverbial ‘man on the spot’: an emissary, on the fringes of empire, entrusted to defend Britain’s informal empire in the Near East. Layard’s forward thinking at that time, and some would say his Russophobia, was borne of travel, as well as some official duty, in the region and at the Foreign Office. He served what historians typically regard as a pusillanimous Foreign Secretary (the 15th Earl of Derby), but a more robust Prime Minister (Lord Beaconsfield), whose ideas about British strategic defence in the region, against an expanding Russian empire, he largely shared. Layard sketched his perception of Russia’s ambitions on a very broad front, stretching from the Balkan Peninsula to the frontiers of India. This paper explores Layard’s situation in Constantinople, his geo-political thinking, his views about Russian ambitions in the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond, and, most of all, his ideas about the duties of a statesman, relative to the defence of British interests in the Near East","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"15 1","pages":"622 - 650"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84333043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Payman Salamati, M. Karbakhsh, S. Sadeghian, M. Togha, Reza Rotami, M. Sadeghi
Abstract:The Islamic Republic of Iran is a middle-income country. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) data show that the Human Development Index (HDI) in Iran was 0.777 in 2008; this ranks Iran as the 84th country.Based on WHO EMRO data, the main health indicators were as follows in Iran in 2004–5: the under-five mortality rate was 36 per 1,000 live births, the total fertility rate was 2.1 per cent, the adult literacy rate was 81.3 per cent, life expectancy at birth was 71 years and the DPT vaccination percentage was 95 per cent.According to a WHO report, the leading health issues in Iran are: injuries, cardiovascular diseases, depression, substance abuse and cerebrovascular diseases. It seems that despite improvements in health, such as communicable disease control, vaccination and mother and child health care, chronic non-communicable diseases are becoming a threat to the Iranian population.In this article, the author searched international and national sources of data using related keywords. The present health status of Iran is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the above-mentioned diseases in the country.
{"title":"Health Status in Iran","authors":"Payman Salamati, M. Karbakhsh, S. Sadeghian, M. Togha, Reza Rotami, M. Sadeghi","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2009.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2009.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Islamic Republic of Iran is a middle-income country. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) data show that the Human Development Index (HDI) in Iran was 0.777 in 2008; this ranks Iran as the 84th country.Based on WHO EMRO data, the main health indicators were as follows in Iran in 2004–5: the under-five mortality rate was 36 per 1,000 live births, the total fertility rate was 2.1 per cent, the adult literacy rate was 81.3 per cent, life expectancy at birth was 71 years and the DPT vaccination percentage was 95 per cent.According to a WHO report, the leading health issues in Iran are: injuries, cardiovascular diseases, depression, substance abuse and cerebrovascular diseases. It seems that despite improvements in health, such as communicable disease control, vaccination and mother and child health care, chronic non-communicable diseases are becoming a threat to the Iranian population.In this article, the author searched international and national sources of data using related keywords. The present health status of Iran is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the above-mentioned diseases in the country.","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"10 1","pages":"17 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84641254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article places affect at the centre of the history of Spanish colonialism in Morocco. Building on the kunnāsh (diary) of the scholar Mufaḍḍal Afaylāl, who was exiled during the Spanish occupation of Tetouan (1860–62), I interrogate the exiled body as the locus of the tension between the poetic and the politic, as a site of knowledge and world-making. I lay out the afflictions Afaylāl described in his writings, and the different (healing) practices he put in place – all of which reveals the plurality of the medical notions and practices that made up mid-nineteenth-century Moroccan culture. The analysis complicates the customary ways in which religious notables’ behaviour in the face of colonialism has been conceptualised, and shows that embodied and affect-oriented practices (in addition to sustained scholarly learning) articulated the Islamic ‘cosmopolitan republic of letters’ in which Afaylāl belonged.
{"title":"Affect and the History of Colonial Morocco: Afflictions and Exile in Sīdī Mufaḍḍal Afaylāl’s Diary During the Spanish Occupation of Tetouan (1860–62)","authors":"Itzea Goikolea-Amiano","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article places affect at the centre of the history of Spanish colonialism in Morocco. Building on the kunnāsh (diary) of the scholar Mufaḍḍal Afaylāl, who was exiled during the Spanish occupation of Tetouan (1860–62), I interrogate the exiled body as the locus of the tension between the poetic and the politic, as a site of knowledge and world-making. I lay out the afflictions Afaylāl described in his writings, and the different (healing) practices he put in place – all of which reveals the plurality of the medical notions and practices that made up mid-nineteenth-century Moroccan culture. The analysis complicates the customary ways in which religious notables’ behaviour in the face of colonialism has been conceptualised, and shows that embodied and affect-oriented practices (in addition to sustained scholarly learning) articulated the Islamic ‘cosmopolitan republic of letters’ in which Afaylāl belonged.","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"16 1","pages":"375 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85135018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
fall down and die there and the water take them. Even if you can swim, the water was strong and there were crocodiles everywhere. And the people were shooting at us. I
倒下去，死在那里，被水带走。即使你会游泳，水也很汹涌，到处都是鳄鱼。人们朝我们开枪。我
{"title":"The Lost Boys and Girls of Sudan: ‘Lost’ in the Age of Globalisation","authors":"A. Madibbo","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"fall down and die there and the water take them. Even if you can swim, the water was strong and there were crocodiles everywhere. And the people were shooting at us. I","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"2 1","pages":"123 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83715133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Case of ‘Unmet need’? Barriers to Women’s use of Modern Contraceptives in the Republic of Yemen","authors":"Christina Hellmich","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2009.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2009.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"38 1","pages":"18 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84007942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geschichte Als Widerstand: Geschichtsschreibung und Nation-Building In Qaḏḏāfīs Lybien par Jakob Krais (review)","authors":"Nina Salouâ","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2017.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2017.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"136 1","pages":"373 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80507719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Hidden Patients: North African Women in French Colonial Psychiatry, 1883–1962 by Nina Salouâ Studer (review)","authors":"Marianna Scarfone","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2017.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2017.0027","url":null,"abstract":",","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"33 1","pages":"75 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80406665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Democratisation in the Maghreb by J. N. C. Hill (review)","authors":"James Roslington","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2017.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2017.0028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"54 1","pages":"78 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80625646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines Russia’s military intervention in the Syrian civil war and the role of the regional and international actors in the conflict. We argue that Russian intervention aimed to prevent regime change, mediate the Syrian conflict and protect Moscow’s national and geostrategic interests. We also argue that using military leverage is not a sufficient condition to resolve the conflict, mainly because the interests of the external actors, the US, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and others, need to be considered. Thus, it is important to pinpoint the regional and geostrategic dimensions of the conflict. In addition, we explain that systemic and regional power balances have been major constraints that hindered conflict settlement. The Geneva and Astana peace processes succeeded in de-escalating violence but failed to resolve the conflict. We conclude that leverage as such is not sufficient for successful mediation, and that a multilateral approach to peace might be a better approach to conflict resolution.
{"title":"Why Did Russia’s Mediation in the Syrian Conflict Fail in Making Peace?","authors":"Ohannes Geukjian, Farah Abou Harb","doi":"10.1353/tmr.2019.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2019.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines Russia’s military intervention in the Syrian civil war and the role of the regional and international actors in the conflict. We argue that Russian intervention aimed to prevent regime change, mediate the Syrian conflict and protect Moscow’s national and geostrategic interests. We also argue that using military leverage is not a sufficient condition to resolve the conflict, mainly because the interests of the external actors, the US, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and others, need to be considered. Thus, it is important to pinpoint the regional and geostrategic dimensions of the conflict. In addition, we explain that systemic and regional power balances have been major constraints that hindered conflict settlement. The Geneva and Astana peace processes succeeded in de-escalating violence but failed to resolve the conflict. We conclude that leverage as such is not sufficient for successful mediation, and that a multilateral approach to peace might be a better approach to conflict resolution.","PeriodicalId":85753,"journal":{"name":"The Maghreb review. Majallat al-Maghrib","volume":"337 1","pages":"147 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80653554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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