Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100294
Hongxi Wang, Linrong Wu, Xin Tan, Man Pan Chin, Kunliang Qiu, Yali Du, Shengjie Yin, Binyao Chen, Jiao Jiang, Hailiu Chen, Mingzhi Zhang
Objective: To compare the refractive and visual accuracy between a portable device based on Badal optical system (iREF), noncycloplegic autorefraction, and cycloplegic subjective refraction.
Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled school-children aged 8-18 years in southern China. The operation procedure of self-refraction (SR) using iREF was taught by one researcher, and then the participants used iREF to test the spherical equivalent refraction (SE_SR) by themselves. Then, non-cycloplegic autorefraction (NCAR) was conducted and spherical equivalent (SE_NCAR) was calculated by another researcher. The third researcher, blind to the procedure and results above, performed subjective cycloplegic refraction (CR) and calculated SE_CR.
Results: We enrolled 209 participants, with a mean age of 12.13 ± 2.14 years old (males accounting 50.72 %) and a mean SE of -2.91 ± 1.94 D. Bland-Altman plots showed 10 (4.8 %) of the right eye fell outside the 95 % consistency limit of SE_CR and SE_SR. The SE of the right eye by NCAR and SR was -3.03 ± 1.93D and -2.94 ± 1.89D, respectively. The error of SR (-0.03 ± 0.36D) was significantly lower than that of NACR (-0.12 ± 0.31D) (P < 0.001). The absolute error of SR was less than 0.50D in 185 cases (88.5 %), which was not significantly different from that of NCAR (190 cases, 90.9 %) (P = 0.487). High myopia (SE < -6.00 D) and high astigmatism (over 2.00 D) had more obvious errors than other groups.
Conclusion: There is high consistency of the spherical equivalent measured by iREF self-refraction and cycloplegic refraction, while the accuracy diminishes in patients with high refractive errors.
{"title":"Accuracy of self-refraction using a portable device based on badal optics, iREF, in children in southern China: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Hongxi Wang, Linrong Wu, Xin Tan, Man Pan Chin, Kunliang Qiu, Yali Du, Shengjie Yin, Binyao Chen, Jiao Jiang, Hailiu Chen, Mingzhi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the refractive and visual accuracy between a portable device based on Badal optical system (iREF), noncycloplegic autorefraction, and cycloplegic subjective refraction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study enrolled school-children aged 8-18 years in southern China. The operation procedure of self-refraction (SR) using iREF was taught by one researcher, and then the participants used iREF to test the spherical equivalent refraction (SE_SR) by themselves. Then, non-cycloplegic autorefraction (NCAR) was conducted and spherical equivalent (SE_NCAR) was calculated by another researcher. The third researcher, blind to the procedure and results above, performed subjective cycloplegic refraction (CR) and calculated SE_CR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 209 participants, with a mean age of 12.13 ± 2.14 years old (males accounting 50.72 %) and a mean SE of -2.91 ± 1.94 D. Bland-Altman plots showed 10 (4.8 %) of the right eye fell outside the 95 % consistency limit of SE_CR and SE_SR. The SE of the right eye by NCAR and SR was -3.03 ± 1.93D and -2.94 ± 1.89D, respectively. The error of SR (-0.03 ± 0.36D) was significantly lower than that of NACR (-0.12 ± 0.31D) (P < 0.001). The absolute error of SR was less than 0.50D in 185 cases (88.5 %), which was not significantly different from that of NCAR (190 cases, 90.9 %) (P = 0.487). High myopia (SE < -6.00 D) and high astigmatism (over 2.00 D) had more obvious errors than other groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is high consistency of the spherical equivalent measured by iREF self-refraction and cycloplegic refraction, while the accuracy diminishes in patients with high refractive errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"100294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100280
Dennis S C Lam, Jorge L Alió
{"title":"Corrigendum to \"International consensuses and guidelines on multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO)\", [Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol, Available online 17 December 2025, 100274 (2025), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100274].","authors":"Dennis S C Lam, Jorge L Alió","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100280","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"100280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145994074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100201
Alexander Jessup , Andrew Chang
{"title":"Vacuum evaporation in the vitreous cavity","authors":"Alexander Jessup , Andrew Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100201","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100277
Jingwen Hui , Xuehao Cui , Quanhong Han
Purpose
Myopia, particularly pathological myopia (PM), poses a significant global health burden due to its increasing prevalence and associated vision-threatening complications. Despite extensive genetic research, the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia progression remain unclear. This study aims to identify key causal proteins and metabolic pathways in myopia and PM and explore potential therapeutic targets.
Methods
We employed a multi-omics framework integrating Mendelian Randomization (MR), colocalization analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, metabolic pathway enrichment, and molecular docking to investigate the molecular mechanisms of myopia and PM. We analyzed five proteome-wide pQTL datasets, two whole-blood eQTL datasets, and a metabolic GWAS to identify causal proteins, genes, and metabolites. Small-molecule docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to assess potential drug-target interactions.
Results
We identified PDGFRA, LRRTM2, and PCOLCE as key regulators of myopia and PM. PDGFRA was associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and fibroblast activation, LRRTM2 with retinal neurotransmission and dopamine signaling, and PCOLCE with collagen stability and scleral biomechanics. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted immune signaling, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress pathways as contributors to myopia pathogenesis. Molecular docking and MD simulations identified 1,3-Propanediol, Cis-9-Octadecenoic Acid, and 17-Beta-Estradiol as potential therapeutic compounds that may stabilize ECM, enhance neurotransmission, and reinforce scleral integrity.
Conclusions
Our multi-omics framework prioritizes PDGFRA, LRRTM2, and PCOLCE as candidates linked to ECM remodeling, neurotransmission, and scleral biomechanics in myopia and PM. Integrating MR with colocalization, PPI, and pathway analyses yields mechanistic hypotheses and testable targets. Docking/MD findings are exploratory and will require experimental validation before any therapeutic inference.
{"title":"Multi-omics integration uncovers key molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets in myopia and pathological myopia","authors":"Jingwen Hui , Xuehao Cui , Quanhong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Myopia, particularly pathological myopia (PM), poses a significant global health burden due to its increasing prevalence and associated vision-threatening complications. Despite extensive genetic research, the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia progression remain unclear. This study aims to identify key causal proteins and metabolic pathways in myopia and PM and explore potential therapeutic targets.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employed a multi-omics framework integrating Mendelian Randomization (MR), colocalization analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, metabolic pathway enrichment, and molecular docking to investigate the molecular mechanisms of myopia and PM. We analyzed five proteome-wide pQTL datasets, two whole-blood eQTL datasets, and a metabolic GWAS to identify causal proteins, genes, and metabolites. Small-molecule docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to assess potential drug-target interactions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified PDGFRA, LRRTM2, and PCOLCE as key regulators of myopia and PM. PDGFRA was associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and fibroblast activation, LRRTM2 with retinal neurotransmission and dopamine signaling, and PCOLCE with collagen stability and scleral biomechanics. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted immune signaling, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress pathways as contributors to myopia pathogenesis. Molecular docking and MD simulations identified 1,3-Propanediol, Cis-9-Octadecenoic Acid, and 17-Beta-Estradiol as potential therapeutic compounds that may stabilize ECM, enhance neurotransmission, and reinforce scleral integrity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our multi-omics framework prioritizes PDGFRA, LRRTM2, and PCOLCE as candidates linked to ECM remodeling, neurotransmission, and scleral biomechanics in myopia and PM. Integrating MR with colocalization, PPI, and pathway analyses yields mechanistic hypotheses and testable targets. Docking/MD findings are exploratory and will require experimental validation before any therapeutic inference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100279
Kun Xiong , Yachen Wang , Bo Yu , Shaodan Zhang , Guoxing Li , Qiangjie Huang , Rongrong Le , Yanqian Xie , Huiyan Mao , JingJing Zuo , Qingyi Liu , Muyao Xin , Wuliang Li , Lu Yang , Lijun Zhao , Xiaoli Xing , Xiaoping Xu , Yuanbo Liang , Ningli Wang
Purpose
To investigate the association between the preoperative extent of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and the efficacy of combined phacoemulsification (PEI) and goniosynechialysis (GSL) in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with cataracts.
Design
Multicenter prospective study
Methods
Patients with PACG and cataracts undergoing PEI–GSL were recruited from five hospitals between November 1, 2022, and March 12, 2024. According to the extent of PAS, the patients were divided into three groups: PAS < 180°, 180°≤ PAS ≤ 270°, and 270°< PAS ≤ 360°. Intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucoma medications, cumulative success rates, complications, and reoperations were analyzed. The relationship between chamber angle and IOP was also examined using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).
Results
Of 232 patients who were enrolled for the surgical outcome analysis. The IOP and the number of antiglaucoma medications were significantly reduced in the three groups after surgery. At 12 months postoperatively, the IOP values were 13.8 ± 3.2 mmHg, 14.3 ± 3.0 mmHg, and 13.6 ± 2.8 mmHg (P > 0.05), and the number of antiglaucoma medications was 0.15 ± 0.66, 0.17 ± 0.50, and 0.04 ± 0.20 (P > 0.05) for the PAS < 180°, 180° ≤ PAS ≤ 270°, and 270°< PAS ≤ 360° groups, respectively. The complete success rates were 83.0 %, 77.1 %, and 84.8 % (P = 0.345), and the qualified success rates were 85.9 %, 87.6 %, and 91.0 % (P = 0.690), respectively. There were no significant differences in complications and reoperation among the three groups (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the change in IOP and the percentage change in IOP increased with the extent of PAS. The AS-OCT parameters were not associated with postoperative IOP (P > 0.05), but some were associated with the change in IOP and the percentage change in IOP.
Conclusions
The success rate and complications of PEI–GSL in treating PACG and cataracts were independent of the baseline extent of PAS. The larger extent of baseline PAS achieved greater IOP reduction postoperatively, and the AS-OCT parameters were related to the change in IOP.
{"title":"The extent of peripheral anterior synechiae and efficacy of combined phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis in primary angle-closure glaucoma and cataracts: A multicenter prospective study","authors":"Kun Xiong , Yachen Wang , Bo Yu , Shaodan Zhang , Guoxing Li , Qiangjie Huang , Rongrong Le , Yanqian Xie , Huiyan Mao , JingJing Zuo , Qingyi Liu , Muyao Xin , Wuliang Li , Lu Yang , Lijun Zhao , Xiaoli Xing , Xiaoping Xu , Yuanbo Liang , Ningli Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate the association between the preoperative extent of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and the efficacy of combined phacoemulsification (PEI) and goniosynechialysis (GSL) in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with cataracts.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Multicenter prospective study</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients with PACG and cataracts undergoing PEI–GSL were recruited from five hospitals between November 1, 2022, and March 12, 2024. According to the extent of PAS, the patients were divided into three groups: PAS < 180°, 180°≤ PAS ≤ 270°, and 270°< PAS ≤ 360°. Intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucoma medications, cumulative success rates, complications, and reoperations were analyzed. The relationship between chamber angle and IOP was also examined using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 232 patients who were enrolled for the surgical outcome analysis. The IOP and the number of antiglaucoma medications were significantly reduced in the three groups after surgery. At 12 months postoperatively, the IOP values were 13.8 ± 3.2 mmHg, 14.3 ± 3.0 mmHg, and 13.6 ± 2.8 mmHg (<em>P</em> > 0.05), and the number of antiglaucoma medications was 0.15 ± 0.66, 0.17 ± 0.50, and 0.04 ± 0.20 (<em>P</em> > 0.05) for the PAS < 180°, 180° ≤ PAS ≤ 270°, and 270°< PAS ≤ 360° groups, respectively. The complete success rates were 83.0 %, 77.1 %, and 84.8 % (<em>P</em> = 0.345), and the qualified success rates were 85.9 %, 87.6 %, and 91.0 % (<em>P</em> = 0.690), respectively. There were no significant differences in complications and reoperation among the three groups (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Furthermore, the change in IOP and the percentage change in IOP increased with the extent of PAS. The AS-OCT parameters were not associated with postoperative IOP (<em>P</em> > 0.05), but some were associated with the change in IOP and the percentage change in IOP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The success rate and complications of PEI–GSL in treating PACG and cataracts were independent of the baseline extent of PAS. The larger extent of baseline PAS achieved greater IOP reduction postoperatively, and the AS-OCT parameters were related to the change in IOP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100274
Srinivas K. Rao , Steven G. Safran , Damien Gatinel , Sanjeev P. Srinivas , Kevin M. Miller , Hiu Ying Enne Leung , Soon-Phaik Chee , Gerd U. Auffarth , David F. Chang , H. Burkhard Dick , Youngsub Eom , Ruth Lapid-Gortzak , Andrzej Grzybowski , Rohit C. Khanna , Richard Lindstrom , Mayank A. Nanavaty , Tetsuro Oshika , Namrata Sharma , Jong Suk Song , Ke Yao , Jorge L. Alió
Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) have revolutionized cataract surgery, evolving from simple monofocal designs to advanced multifocal technologies that aim to reduce dependence on glasses after surgery. However, multifocal IOLs remain one of the most debated topics in ophthalmology, with passionate advocates and critics. This controversy stems from the balance between their potential benefits and limitations. The Asia-Pacific Academy of Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) formed an international panel of 25 experts from 14 countries/territories who prepared and voted on consensus statements in twelve key areas: (1) the concept of multifocality; (2) refractive vs diffractive designs; (3) blur and haloes; (4) dysphotopsia; (5) understanding diffractive IOL designs; (6) neuroadaptation; (7) factors that may affect the success of multifocal IOLs; (8) alternatives to multifocal IOLs; (9) extended depth of focus IOLs; (10) other considerations; (11) newer IOL designs; (12) future considerations. Among the 47 consensus statements, 46 (97.8 %) have achieved over 75 % agreement. These statements can provide a practical guide for ophthalmologists to provide the optimal care of patients when multifocal IOL implantation is considered when performing cataract surgery or refractive lensectomy.
{"title":"International consensuses and guidelines on multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO)","authors":"Srinivas K. Rao , Steven G. Safran , Damien Gatinel , Sanjeev P. Srinivas , Kevin M. Miller , Hiu Ying Enne Leung , Soon-Phaik Chee , Gerd U. Auffarth , David F. Chang , H. Burkhard Dick , Youngsub Eom , Ruth Lapid-Gortzak , Andrzej Grzybowski , Rohit C. Khanna , Richard Lindstrom , Mayank A. Nanavaty , Tetsuro Oshika , Namrata Sharma , Jong Suk Song , Ke Yao , Jorge L. Alió","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) have revolutionized cataract surgery, evolving from simple monofocal designs to advanced multifocal technologies that aim to reduce dependence on glasses after surgery. However, multifocal IOLs remain one of the most debated topics in ophthalmology, with passionate advocates and critics. This controversy stems from the balance between their potential benefits and limitations. The Asia-Pacific Academy of Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) formed an international panel of 25 experts from 14 countries/territories who prepared and voted on consensus statements in twelve key areas: (1) the concept of multifocality; (2) refractive vs diffractive designs; (3) blur and haloes; (4) dysphotopsia; (5) understanding diffractive IOL designs; (6) neuroadaptation; (7) factors that may affect the success of multifocal IOLs; (8) alternatives to multifocal IOLs; (9) extended depth of focus IOLs; (10) other considerations; (11) newer IOL designs; (12) future considerations. Among the 47 consensus statements, 46 (97.8 %) have achieved over 75 % agreement. These statements can provide a practical guide for ophthalmologists to provide the optimal care of patients when multifocal IOL implantation is considered when performing cataract surgery or refractive lensectomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100276
Elizabeth T. Wang, Scott S. Song, Kenneth C. Peng, T.Y. Alvin Liu
Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in ophthalmology. However, their performance in addressing social determinants of health (SDoH), critical drivers of eye care outcomes, remains unclear. This study evaluates 8 LLMs (DeepSeek-V3, DeepSeek-R1, ChatGPT o1, ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5, Gemini 1, and Gemini 1.5 Pro) on their ability to distinguish true from false statements related to SDoH and disparities in ophthalmology. A total of 238 referenced true statements were drawn from published literature and edited to create direct contradictions, i.e., false statements. The true and false statements were presented to the models, and each model was tested on its ability to identify the correct statement in each pair. Model accuracy ranged from 78.2 % to 92.0 %. Among the top three performers, two (DeepSeek-R1 and ChatGPT o1) were reasoning models. DeepSeek-V3 achieved the highest accuracy (not statistically superior than DeepSeek-R1 or ChatGPT o1) and significantly outperformed ChatGPT 4o, ChatGPT 4, ChatGPT 3.5, Gemini 1.5 Pro, and Gemini 1. Across all LLMs, performance was lowest on statements concerning pediatric eye disease (52.4 %, P = 0.016) and Asian race (70.3 %, P = 0.044). Gemini 1.5 Pro exhibited significantly lower accuracy on statements involving White race (P = 0.041) compared to other racial categories. These findings reveal knowledge gaps and potential biases in LLM understanding of SDoH in ophthalmology. Further investigation is needed to understand why such variations exist and to guide improvements in LLM performance on this important topic.
{"title":"Comparison between China-based DeepSeek and US-based major LLMs in answering social determinants of health questions in ophthalmology","authors":"Elizabeth T. Wang, Scott S. Song, Kenneth C. Peng, T.Y. Alvin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in ophthalmology. However, their performance in addressing social determinants of health (SDoH), critical drivers of eye care outcomes, remains unclear. This study evaluates 8 LLMs (DeepSeek-V3, DeepSeek-R1, ChatGPT o1, ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5, Gemini 1, and Gemini 1.5 Pro) on their ability to distinguish true from false statements related to SDoH and disparities in ophthalmology. A total of 238 referenced true statements were drawn from published literature and edited to create direct contradictions, i.e., false statements. The true and false statements were presented to the models, and each model was tested on its ability to identify the correct statement in each pair. Model accuracy ranged from 78.2 % to 92.0 %. Among the top three performers, two (DeepSeek-R1 and ChatGPT o1) were reasoning models. DeepSeek-V3 achieved the highest accuracy (not statistically superior than DeepSeek-R1 or ChatGPT o1) and significantly outperformed ChatGPT 4o, ChatGPT 4, ChatGPT 3.5, Gemini 1.5 Pro, and Gemini 1. Across all LLMs, performance was lowest on statements concerning pediatric eye disease (52.4 %, <em>P</em> = 0.016) and Asian race (70.3 %, <em>P</em> = 0.044). Gemini 1.5 Pro exhibited significantly lower accuracy on statements involving White race (<em>P</em> = 0.041) compared to other racial categories. These findings reveal knowledge gaps and potential biases in LLM understanding of SDoH in ophthalmology. Further investigation is needed to understand why such variations exist and to guide improvements in LLM performance on this important topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145942346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100225
Ebenezer Zaabaar , Erica Shing , Ka Wai Kam , Yuzhou Zhang , Alvin L. Young , Clement C. Tham , Chi Pui Pang , Jason C. Yam , Li Jia Chen
Purpose
To investigate the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) with corneal biomechanical parameters in children.
Methods
A cohort of 2535 Chinese children, 4–12 years old, underwent measurements of corneal biomechanical properties, including corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), deformation amplitude (DA), peak distance (PD), highest concavity radius, as well as first and second applanation lengths and velocities (V1 and V2). Fifteen candidate SNPs for AL and SE were genotyped for association analyses.
Results
Overall, ZC3H11B rs994767 and CHD7 rs437036 showed significant associations with DA (β = −0.016, P = 0.0012 and β = 0.018, P = 0.0012, respectively). CHD7 rs437036 was associated with DA (β = 0.030, P = 0.0021) in 4–7-year-old children and ZC3H11B rs994767 with CRF (β = 0.216, P = 0.0027) in 8–12-year-old children. AL genetic risk score (GRS) showed associations with DA (β = 1.625, P = 0.014) and V2 (β = −1.630, P = 0.0019), and SE GRS with CRF (β = −64.94, P = 0.038). Compared to the first, the second and fourth AL GRS quantiles were associated with CH (β = 0.258, P = 0.008; β = 0.303, P = 0.002, respectively) and CRF (β = 0.282, P = 0.014; β = 0.373, P = 0.001, respectively), while the fifth was associated with DA (β = 0.029, P = 0.006), PD (β = 0.158, P = 0.011), V2 (β = −0.037, P = 1.24 ×10−5), and CH (β = 0.20, P = 0.041). The second SE GRS quantile was associated with V2 (β = −0.020, P = 0.02), and the fifth with CH (β = −0.235, P = 0.049), compared to the first.
Conclusion
ZC3H11B and CHD7 SNPs for AL and SE, along with GRS for both traits, showed associations with various corneal biomechanical parameters, suggesting their potential influence on the structure, composition and shape of eye size-related ocular tissues in children.
目的：研究儿童角膜轴长（AL）和球面等效（SE）单核苷酸多态性（snp）与角膜生物力学参数的关系。方法：对2535名4-12岁的中国儿童进行了角膜生物力学特性的测量，包括角膜迟滞（CH）、角膜阻力因子（CRF）、变形幅度（DA）、峰值距离（PD）、最大凹度半径以及第一和第二次平展长度和速度（V1和V2）。对AL和SE的15个候选snp进行基因分型进行关联分析。结果：总体而言，ZC3H11B rs994767和CHD7 rs437036与DA有显著相关性（β = -0.016, P = 0.0012和β = 0.018, P = 0.0012）。CHD7 rs437036与4-7岁儿童DA相关（β = 0.030, P = 0.0021）， ZC3H11B rs994767与8-12岁儿童CRF相关（β = 0.216, P = 0.0027）。AL遗传风险评分（GRS）与DA （β = 1.625, P = 0.014）和V2 （β = -1.630, P = 0.0019）相关，SE遗传风险评分与CRF （β = -64.94, P = 0.038）相关。与第一分位数相比，第二分位数和第四分位数与CH相关(β = 0.258, P = 0.008；β = 0.303, P = 0.002)和CRF (β = 0.282, P = 0.014；β = 0.373, P = 0.001)，而第五基因与DA （β = 0.029, P = 0.006）、PD （β = 0.158, P = 0.011）、V2 （β = -0.037, P = 1.24×10-5）、CH （β = 0.20, P = 0.041）相关。与第1分位数相比，第2分位数与V2相关（β = -0.020, P = 0.02），第5分位数与CH相关（β = -0.235, P = 0.049）。结论：AL和SE的ZC3H11B和CHD7 snp以及这两个性状的GRS与各种角膜生物力学参数相关，提示它们可能影响儿童眼尺寸相关眼部组织的结构、组成和形状。
{"title":"Association of shared gene polymorphisms for refraction and axial length with corneal biomechanical properties in children","authors":"Ebenezer Zaabaar , Erica Shing , Ka Wai Kam , Yuzhou Zhang , Alvin L. Young , Clement C. Tham , Chi Pui Pang , Jason C. Yam , Li Jia Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) with corneal biomechanical parameters in children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cohort of 2535 Chinese children, 4–12 years old, underwent measurements of corneal biomechanical properties, including corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), deformation amplitude (DA), peak distance (PD), highest concavity radius, as well as first and second applanation lengths and velocities (V1 and V2). Fifteen candidate SNPs for AL and SE were genotyped for association analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, <em>ZC3H11B</em> rs994767 and <em>CHD7</em> rs437036 showed significant associations with DA (β = −0.016, <em>P</em> = 0.0012 and β = 0.018, <em>P</em> = 0.0012, respectively). <em>CHD7</em> rs437036 was associated with DA (β = 0.030, <em>P</em> = 0.0021) in 4–7-year-old children and <em>ZC3H11B</em> rs994767 with CRF (β = 0.216, <em>P</em> = 0.0027) in 8–12-year-old children. AL genetic risk score (GRS) showed associations with DA (β = 1.625, <em>P</em> = 0.014) and V2 (β = −1.630, <em>P</em> = 0.0019), and SE GRS with CRF (β = −64.94, <em>P</em> = 0.038). Compared to the first, the second and fourth AL GRS quantiles were associated with CH (β = 0.258, <em>P</em> = 0.008; β = 0.303, <em>P</em> = 0.002, respectively) and CRF (β = 0.282, <em>P</em> = 0.014; β = 0.373, <em>P</em> = 0.001, respectively), while the fifth was associated with DA (β = 0.029, <em>P</em> = 0.006), PD (β = 0.158, <em>P</em> = 0.011), V2 (β = −0.037, <em>P</em> = 1.24 ×10<sup>−5</sup>), and CH (β = 0.20, <em>P</em> = 0.041). The second SE GRS quantile was associated with V2 (β = −0.020, <em>P</em> = 0.02), and the fifth with CH (β = −0.235, <em>P</em> = 0.049), compared to the first.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>ZC3H11B</em> and <em>CHD7</em> SNPs for AL and SE, along with GRS for both traits, showed associations with various corneal biomechanical parameters, suggesting their potential influence on the structure, composition and shape of eye size-related ocular tissues in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100225"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100245
Kai-Yang Chen , Hoi-Chun Chan , Chi-Ming Chan
Background
Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, has recently been linked to rare ocular adverse events, including non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Given the growing concerns and limited clarity, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to critically assess the potential association between semaglutide use and NAION risk.
Objectives
To evaluate the association between semaglutide use and the development of NAION.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted via different databases from inception to June 3rd, 2025. A reviewer screened the potential articles against prespecified eligibility criteria. The risk of bias in the eligible studies was then evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data were then systematically extracted and analyzed.
Results
The database search yielded 3539 records, of which 10 research articles investigating the association between Semaglutide and NAION were included in this study. Semaglutide use was associated with a significantly increased risk of NAION compared to control medications, with a pooled hazard ratio of 2.620 (95 % CI: 1.808–3.795, P < 0.001). Risk elevation showed time-dependency, becoming statistically significant after 2 years of exposure. Identified risk factors included older age, male sex, prolonged diabetes duration, elevated HbA1c, diabetic retinopathy, and obesity. Among GLP-1 receptor agonists, semaglutide accounted for 86.5 % of reported NAION cases. Clinical presentations featured optic disc edema, intraretinal fluid on OCT, and crowded optic discs. Cumulative incidence rates were substantially higher in semaglutide users versus non-GLP-1 receptor agonist comparators.
Conclusions
Semaglutide use shows association with increased NAION risk, particularly with prolonged exposure and in patients with predisposing factors. Risk-benefit assessment and targeted ophthalmologic monitoring are recommended while maintaining appropriate therapeutic use.
背景：Semaglutide是一种广泛用于2型糖尿病和肥胖的GLP-1受体激动剂，最近被发现与罕见的眼部不良事件有关，包括非动脉性前缺血性视神经病变（NAION）。鉴于越来越多的关注和有限的清晰度，本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在批判性地评估使用西马鲁肽与NAION风险之间的潜在关联。目的：评价西马鲁肽的使用与NAION的发展之间的关系。方法：在不同数据库中检索自成立至2025年6月3日的文献。审稿人根据预先规定的资格标准筛选潜在的文章。然后使用纽卡斯尔渥太华量表（NOS）评估符合条件的研究的偏倚风险。然后系统地提取和分析数据。结果：数据库检索得到225条记录，其中10篇关于Semaglutide与NAION相关性的研究文章被纳入本研究。与对照药物相比，使用Semaglutide与NAION的风险显著增加相关，合并风险比为2.620 （95% CI: 1.808-3.795, P < 0.001）。风险升高表现出时间依赖性，暴露2年后具有统计学意义。确定的危险因素包括年龄较大、男性、糖尿病病程延长、糖化血红蛋白升高、糖尿病视网膜病变和肥胖。在GLP-1受体激动剂中，西马鲁肽占报告的NAION病例的86.5%。临床表现为视盘水肿，OCT显示视网膜内积液，视盘拥挤。与非glp -1受体激动剂比较剂相比，semaglutide使用者的累积发病率要高得多。结论：Semaglutide的使用与NAION风险增加有关，特别是长时间暴露和有易感因素的患者。在保持适当的治疗使用的同时，建议进行风险-效益评估和有针对性的眼科监测。
{"title":"Does semaglutide increase the risk of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of emerging evidence","authors":"Kai-Yang Chen , Hoi-Chun Chan , Chi-Ming Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, has recently been linked to rare ocular adverse events, including non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Given the growing concerns and limited clarity, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to critically assess the potential association between semaglutide use and NAION risk.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the association between semaglutide use and the development of NAION.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted via different databases from inception to June 3rd, 2025. A reviewer screened the potential articles against prespecified eligibility criteria. The risk of bias in the eligible studies was then evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data were then systematically extracted and analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The database search yielded 3539 records, of which 10 research articles investigating the association between Semaglutide and NAION were included in this study. Semaglutide use was associated with a significantly increased risk of NAION compared to control medications, with a pooled hazard ratio of 2.620 (95 % CI: 1.808–3.795, <em>P</em> < 0.001). Risk elevation showed time-dependency, becoming statistically significant after 2 years of exposure. Identified risk factors included older age, male sex, prolonged diabetes duration, elevated HbA1c, diabetic retinopathy, and obesity. Among GLP-1 receptor agonists, semaglutide accounted for 86.5 % of reported NAION cases. Clinical presentations featured optic disc edema, intraretinal fluid on OCT, and crowded optic discs. Cumulative incidence rates were substantially higher in semaglutide users versus non-GLP-1 receptor agonist comparators.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Semaglutide use shows association with increased NAION risk, particularly with prolonged exposure and in patients with predisposing factors. Risk-benefit assessment and targeted ophthalmologic monitoring are recommended while maintaining appropriate therapeutic use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145079610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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