Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100229
I. Christopher Lloyd , M. Edward Wilson , Rupal H. Trivedi , Susmito Biswas , Jane L. Ashworth , Elspeth Green , Jay Self , Kelly Voltz , Cyril Archambault , Thaddeus S. McClatchey , Scott K. McClatchey , Joanne Randeree , Jessica Gowing , Sophie Cowen , Lucy Barker , Ramesh Kekunnaya , Scott R. Lambert
Cataracts in infants and children are comparatively rare, but they remain an important cause of potentially lifelong visual impairment, largely because of associated deprivation amblyopia. This is particularly seen in children missed by screening programs and thus presenting late for treatment. However, advances in diagnosis, surgical techniques and amblyopia management have improved the prognosis for most children seen with this condition. This comprehensive review focuses on all aspects of the care required to optimize outcomes. It covers modern genetic investigations, performed to precisely determine underlying cataract etiology, and discusses the use of outcome-based evidence to guide the timing of surgical intervention. The paper also outlines the options available to clinicians for post-operative refractive error correction and compares indications, risks and benefits for the use of contact lenses, spectacles and intraocular lenses (IOL). The challenge of choosing the most appropriate dioptric power of IOL to implant into a growing eye is discussed, as is consideration of types of IOLs that can be considered and the surgical techniques needed. Evidence-based approaches to the clinical management of amblyopia, glaucoma and visual axis opacification, the three most common complications seen following pediatric cataract surgery, are reviewed. Two specific conditions associated with pediatric cataract are discussed in detail--persistent fetal vasculature and ocular trauma. Strategies for assessment, management and surgical treatment of these conditions are reviewed.
{"title":"Update on pediatric cataract surgery","authors":"I. Christopher Lloyd , M. Edward Wilson , Rupal H. Trivedi , Susmito Biswas , Jane L. Ashworth , Elspeth Green , Jay Self , Kelly Voltz , Cyril Archambault , Thaddeus S. McClatchey , Scott K. McClatchey , Joanne Randeree , Jessica Gowing , Sophie Cowen , Lucy Barker , Ramesh Kekunnaya , Scott R. Lambert","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cataracts in infants and children are comparatively rare, but they remain an important cause of potentially lifelong visual impairment, largely because of associated deprivation amblyopia. This is particularly seen in children missed by screening programs and thus presenting late for treatment. However, advances in diagnosis, surgical techniques and amblyopia management have improved the prognosis for most children seen with this condition. This comprehensive review focuses on all aspects of the care required to optimize outcomes. It covers modern genetic investigations, performed to precisely determine underlying cataract etiology, and discusses the use of outcome-based evidence to guide the timing of surgical intervention. The paper also outlines the options available to clinicians for post-operative refractive error correction and compares indications, risks and benefits for the use of contact lenses, spectacles and intraocular lenses (IOL). The challenge of choosing the most appropriate dioptric power of IOL to implant into a growing eye is discussed, as is consideration of types of IOLs that can be considered and the surgical techniques needed. Evidence-based approaches to the clinical management of amblyopia, glaucoma and visual axis opacification, the three most common complications seen following pediatric cataract surgery, are reviewed. Two specific conditions associated with pediatric cataract are discussed in detail--persistent fetal vasculature and ocular trauma. Strategies for assessment, management and surgical treatment of these conditions are reviewed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100167
Wenqing Ye , Shaodan Zhang , Shuqing Zhu , Jinxin Li , Juan Gu , Mian Zhao , Kaiting Jiang , Yanqian Xie , Rongrong Le , Weihe Zhou , Clement C. Tham , Mingguang He , Yuanbo Liang , Ningli Wang
Purpose
To report the 24-month efficacy and safety of ab externo penetrating canaloplasty compared with trabeculectomy in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).
Methods
This is a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Patients with PACG and inadequately controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) were recruited. Patients enrolled were randomized to either ab externo penetrating canaloplasty (PCP group) or trabeculectomy (TRAB group). The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, success rate and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. Surgical success (definition 1) was defined as 6 mm Hg ≤ IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg with an IOP reduction of ≥ 20 % without glaucoma medications (complete success) or regardless of glaucoma medications (qualified success).
Results
A total of 52 eyes (44 patients) were finally enrolled with 25 eyes in PCP group and 27 eyes in TRAB group. PCP group (85.0 %) had a similar qualified success rate compared with TRAB group (87.0 %) with definition 1 at 24 months in intention to treat (ITT) analysis (P = 1.000). In per protocol (PP) analysis, the qualified success with definition 1 were 81.3 % in PCP group and 87.0 % in TRAB group (P = 0.972). But PCP group had a lower success rate in postoperative IOP ≤ 15 mm Hg with an IOP reduction of ≥ 20 % than in TRAB group, in ITT analysis with complete success (PCP 35.0 % vs TRAB 65.2 %, P = 0.048) and PP analysis with qualified success (PCP 31.3 % vs. TRAB 69.6 %, P = 0.025). The mean OSDI score was equal in PCP group (11.9 ± 8.5) and TRAB group (16.6 ± 14.3) (P = 0.302). Hypotony-associated complications were the main complications in PCP group and TRAB group (24.0 % vs. 33.3 %, P = 0.458).
Conclusions
Compared with trabeculectomy, ab externo penetrating canaloplasty had a similar qualified success rate and comparable complications at 24 months. Without frequent bleb interventions, penetrating canaloplasty may be a promising surgery for PACG patients especially with early or mild stages.
目的：比较外穿小梁成形术与小梁切除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼24个月的疗效和安全性。方法：这是一项前瞻性、随机对照试验。我们招募了患有PACG和眼压控制不充分的患者。纳入的患者随机分为外穿性小管成形术组（PCP组）和小梁切除术组（TRAB组）。主要观察指标为眼压（IOP）、青光眼用药次数、成功率和眼表疾病指数（OSDI）问卷。手术成功（定义1）定义为6mm Hg≤IOP≤21mm Hg且IOP降低≥20%，不使用青光眼药物（完全成功）或不使用青光眼药物（合格成功）。结果：共入组52只眼（44例），PCP组25只眼，TRAB组27只眼。PCP组（85.0%）与TRAB组（83.3%）在24个月意向治疗（ITT）分析中定义1的合格成功率相似（P=1.000）。在每个方案（PP）分析中，定义1的合格成功率在PCP组为81.3%，在TRAB组为83.3% （P = 0.972）。但PCP组术后IOP≤15mm Hg的成功率低于TRAB组，IOP降低≥20%，ITT分析完全成功（PCP 35.0% vs TRAB 65.2%, P = 0.048）， PP分析合格成功（PCP 31.3% vs TRAB 69.6%, P = 0.025）。PCP组（11.9±8.5）和TRAB组（16.6±14.3）平均OSDI评分相等（P = 0.302）。PCP组和TRAB组的主要并发症为低压相关并发症（24.0% vs 33.3%, P = 0.458）。结论：与小梁切除术相比，外穿小梁成形术在24个月时具有相似的成功率和相似的并发症。如果没有频繁的水泡干预，穿透性导管成形术可能是一种很有前途的手术，特别是对于早期或轻度PACG患者。
{"title":"24-month prospective randomized comparison of ab externo penetrating canaloplasty versus trabeculectomy in primary angle-closure glaucoma","authors":"Wenqing Ye , Shaodan Zhang , Shuqing Zhu , Jinxin Li , Juan Gu , Mian Zhao , Kaiting Jiang , Yanqian Xie , Rongrong Le , Weihe Zhou , Clement C. Tham , Mingguang He , Yuanbo Liang , Ningli Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To report the 24-month efficacy and safety of ab externo penetrating canaloplasty compared with trabeculectomy in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Patients with PACG and inadequately controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) were recruited. Patients enrolled were randomized to either ab externo penetrating canaloplasty (PCP group) or trabeculectomy (TRAB group). The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, success rate and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. Surgical success (definition 1) was defined as 6 mm Hg ≤ IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg with an IOP reduction of ≥ 20 % without glaucoma medications (complete success) or regardless of glaucoma medications (qualified success).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 52 eyes (44 patients) were finally enrolled with 25 eyes in PCP group and 27 eyes in TRAB group. PCP group (85.0 %) had a similar qualified success rate compared with TRAB group (87.0 %) with definition 1 at 24 months in intention to treat (ITT) analysis (P = 1.000). In per protocol (PP) analysis, the qualified success with definition 1 were 81.3 % in PCP group and 87.0 % in TRAB group (P = 0.972). But PCP group had a lower success rate in postoperative IOP ≤ 15 mm Hg with an IOP reduction of ≥ 20 % than in TRAB group, in ITT analysis with complete success (PCP 35.0 % vs TRAB 65.2 %, P = 0.048) and PP analysis with qualified success (PCP 31.3 % vs. TRAB 69.6 %, P = 0.025). The mean OSDI score was equal in PCP group (11.9 ± 8.5) and TRAB group (16.6 ± 14.3) (P = 0.302). Hypotony-associated complications were the main complications in PCP group and TRAB group (24.0 % vs. 33.3 %, P = 0.458).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Compared with trabeculectomy, ab externo penetrating canaloplasty had a similar qualified success rate and comparable complications at 24 months. Without frequent bleb interventions, penetrating canaloplasty may be a promising surgery for PACG patients especially with early or mild stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To evaluate the association between green space exposure and dry eye.
Design
Part I: case-control study. Part II: cross-sectional study.
Methods
Part I: The study contained 450 patients with dry eye and 900 controls recruited from Electronic Health Records. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between green space exposure and the occurrence of dry eye. Part II: This study included 140 diabetic participants recruited from the community registry in Guangzhou, China. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between green space exposure and quantitative measures of the tear meniscus.
Results
Part I: A total of 1350 individuals were included in the study. On average individuals aged 31.07 ± 4.58 years and 59.33 % were female. Higher 10-year green space exposure was significantly associated with lower odds of dry eye (OR = 0.96; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.94, 0.97; p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, rainfall, temperature, particulate matter, and other factors. Part II: A total of 140 diabetic patients were included in the study. On average individuals aged 64.48 ± 8.19 years and 53.57 % were female. Greater 10-year green space exposure was associated with a higher tear meniscus area (β = 0.07, 95 % CI, 0.02, 0.11; p = 0.007) after adjusting for age, sex, rainfall, temperature, particulate matter, and other factors.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest an association between green space exposure and diagnosis of dry eye and tear meniscus, offering novel insights into the strategies for preventing dry eye.
{"title":"Association between long-term green space exposure and dry eye in China","authors":"Weijing Cheng , Hanyou Wu , Zhenyu Wang, Lingyi Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the association between green space exposure and dry eye.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Part I: case-control study. Part II: cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Part I: The study contained 450 patients with dry eye and 900 controls recruited from Electronic Health Records. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between green space exposure and the occurrence of dry eye. Part II: This study included 140 diabetic participants recruited from the community registry in Guangzhou, China. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between green space exposure and quantitative measures of the tear meniscus.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Part I: A total of 1350 individuals were included in the study. On average individuals aged 31.07 ± 4.58 years and 59.33 % were female. Higher 10-year green space exposure was significantly associated with lower odds of dry eye (OR = 0.96; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.94, 0.97; p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, rainfall, temperature, particulate matter, and other factors. Part II: A total of 140 diabetic patients were included in the study. On average individuals aged 64.48 ± 8.19 years and 53.57 % were female. Greater 10-year green space exposure was associated with a higher tear meniscus area (β = 0.07, 95 % CI, 0.02, 0.11; p = 0.007) after adjusting for age, sex, rainfall, temperature, particulate matter, and other factors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest an association between green space exposure and diagnosis of dry eye and tear meniscus, offering novel insights into the strategies for preventing dry eye.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100207
Antoine Huang , Zhichao Wu , Georg Ansari , Leon Von Der Emde , Maximilian Pfau , Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg , Monika Fleckenstein , Tiarnán D.L. Keenan , Srinivas R. Sadda , Robyn H. Guymer , Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung , Usha Chakravarthy
Purpose
This review explores the complex relationship between anatomical alterations and functional consequences in geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced non-neovascular form of age-related macular degeneration. We examine the natural history, progression patterns, structural biomarkers, functional assessments, and structure-function correlations in GA.
Methods
Experts contributed specialized knowledge on GA pathophysiology, imaging biomarkers, and functional assessment methods. We synthesized an understanding of the relationship between structural changes (including fundus autofluorescence patterns, optical coherence tomography markers, and novel biomarkers) and functional outcomes (visual acuity, microperimetry, reading performance, and patient-reported outcomes), drawing from authors' research expertise and relevant literature.
Results
While GA is defined by visible areas of outer retinal atrophy, the structure-function relationship is complex and often discordant. Visual acuity incompletely reflects the functional impact of GA, as it may remain preserved until foveal involvement occurs. Microperimetric assessments reveal functional deficits extending beyond visible atrophic borders, with varying degrees of correlation between structural and functional metrics. Different fundus autofluorescence patterns demonstrate distinct functional implications and progression rates. Recent innovations in imaging and visual function testing offer enhanced characterization of disease progression.
Conclusions
The complex relationship between structural and functional measures in GA reflects underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and has important implications for clinical trial endpoints and patient management. Multimodal assessment incorporating both structural and functional parameters is essential for the comprehensive evaluation and management of GA, particularly as novel therapeutic approaches emerge.
{"title":"Geographic atrophy: Understanding the relationship between structure and function","authors":"Antoine Huang , Zhichao Wu , Georg Ansari , Leon Von Der Emde , Maximilian Pfau , Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg , Monika Fleckenstein , Tiarnán D.L. Keenan , Srinivas R. Sadda , Robyn H. Guymer , Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung , Usha Chakravarthy","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This review explores the complex relationship between anatomical alterations and functional consequences in geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced non-neovascular form of age-related macular degeneration. We examine the natural history, progression patterns, structural biomarkers, functional assessments, and structure-function correlations in GA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Experts contributed specialized knowledge on GA pathophysiology, imaging biomarkers, and functional assessment methods. We synthesized an understanding of the relationship between structural changes (including fundus autofluorescence patterns, optical coherence tomography markers, and novel biomarkers) and functional outcomes (visual acuity, microperimetry, reading performance, and patient-reported outcomes), drawing from authors' research expertise and relevant literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While GA is defined by visible areas of outer retinal atrophy, the structure-function relationship is complex and often discordant. Visual acuity incompletely reflects the functional impact of GA, as it may remain preserved until foveal involvement occurs. Microperimetric assessments reveal functional deficits extending beyond visible atrophic borders, with varying degrees of correlation between structural and functional metrics. Different fundus autofluorescence patterns demonstrate distinct functional implications and progression rates. Recent innovations in imaging and visual function testing offer enhanced characterization of disease progression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The complex relationship between structural and functional measures in GA reflects underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and has important implications for clinical trial endpoints and patient management. Multimodal assessment incorporating both structural and functional parameters is essential for the comprehensive evaluation and management of GA, particularly as novel therapeutic approaches emerge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100199
William Rojas-Carabali , Kevin Chan , Carlos Cifuentes-Gonzalez , Manisha Agarwal , Alok Sen , Jyotirmay Biswas , Ranju Kharel (Sitaula) , Rina La Distia Nora , Anna Utami , Anadi Khatri , Padmamalini Mahendradas , Ariel Schlaen , Chitaranjan Mishra , Yan Guex-Crosier , Edmund Tsui , Apoorva Ayachit , Sapna Gangaputra , John H. Kempen , Vishali Gupta , Alejandra de-la-Torre , Sagun Narayan Joshi
Purpose
The Programme for Ocular Inflammation & Infection Translational Research (PROTON) registry collects real-world data on infectious and non-infectious ocular inflammatory diseases (OID) to enhance understanding of disease progression and treatment outcomes. This report presents the baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in two international multicentric studies, OASIS 1 and OASIS 2, over the first two years.
Design
A cross-sectional observational study.
Methods
PROTON is an observational ambispective cohort registry comprising OASIS 1, a retrospective study (2000–2021), and OASIS 2, a prospective study (2021 onwards). Data is collected at multiple intervals over a 10-year period, focusing on various OID. Participants include patients diagnosed with anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, scleritis, retinal vasculitis, and neuroretinitis. Baseline characteristics, ocular examinations, and treatment outcomes are recorded.
Results
A total of 2640 patients (3642 eyes) have been recruited across 17 centers worldwide. Infectious was the most common etiology (31.6 %), followed by idiopathic (28.1 %), undetermined (21.7 %), and non-infectious (16.0 %). Most patients (54.8 %) were male, with anterior uveitis being the most common anatomical location (37.5 %). Visual impairment was present in 53.2 % of cases, with 18.8 % experiencing moderate (0.5–1.0 LogMAR) and 22.6 % severe impairment (>1.0 LogMAR). Tuberculosis (64.0 %) and toxoplasmosis (13.5 %) were the leading infectious causes, while HLA-B27-associated uveitis accounted for 19.4 % of non-infectious cases.
Conclusions
The PROTON registry provides valuable insights into the global spectrum of OID, with a substantial representation of infectious causes. This real-world evidence highlights the key prevalence of visual impairment and underscores the importance of research on this topic. As the registry evolves, it will help refine clinical management strategies and improve patient outcomes globally.
{"title":"Programme for ocular inflammation & infection translational research (PROTON) registry: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline patient characteristics","authors":"William Rojas-Carabali , Kevin Chan , Carlos Cifuentes-Gonzalez , Manisha Agarwal , Alok Sen , Jyotirmay Biswas , Ranju Kharel (Sitaula) , Rina La Distia Nora , Anna Utami , Anadi Khatri , Padmamalini Mahendradas , Ariel Schlaen , Chitaranjan Mishra , Yan Guex-Crosier , Edmund Tsui , Apoorva Ayachit , Sapna Gangaputra , John H. Kempen , Vishali Gupta , Alejandra de-la-Torre , Sagun Narayan Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The Programme for Ocular Inflammation & Infection Translational Research (PROTON) registry collects real-world data on infectious and non-infectious ocular inflammatory diseases (OID) to enhance understanding of disease progression and treatment outcomes. This report presents the baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in two international multicentric studies, OASIS 1 and OASIS 2, over the first two years.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A cross-sectional observational study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PROTON is an observational ambispective cohort registry comprising OASIS 1, a retrospective study (2000–2021), and OASIS 2, a prospective study (2021 onwards). Data is collected at multiple intervals over a 10-year period, focusing on various OID. Participants include patients diagnosed with anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, scleritis, retinal vasculitis, and neuroretinitis. Baseline characteristics, ocular examinations, and treatment outcomes are recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 2640 patients (3642 eyes) have been recruited across 17 centers worldwide. Infectious was the most common etiology (31.6 %), followed by idiopathic (28.1 %), undetermined (21.7 %), and non-infectious (16.0 %). Most patients (54.8 %) were male, with anterior uveitis being the most common anatomical location (37.5 %). Visual impairment was present in 53.2 % of cases, with 18.8 % experiencing moderate (0.5–1.0 LogMAR) and 22.6 % severe impairment (>1.0 LogMAR). Tuberculosis (64.0 %) and toxoplasmosis (13.5 %) were the leading infectious causes, while HLA-B27-associated uveitis accounted for 19.4 % of non-infectious cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The PROTON registry provides valuable insights into the global spectrum of OID, with a substantial representation of infectious causes. This real-world evidence highlights the key prevalence of visual impairment and underscores the importance of research on this topic. As the registry evolves, it will help refine clinical management strategies and improve patient outcomes globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Survey: Practice patterns of intravitreal injection in Japan","authors":"Kazuki Matsuura, Shin-ichi Sasaki, Hidenori Inoue, Takafumi Mori, Kazunobu Sugihara","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100200
Yinwen Li , Yiyang Shu , Tianwei Qian , Yuzhou Zhang , Lijia Chen , Jason C. Yam
Aim
This study investigates the global burden of vision impairment caused by refraction disorders, near vision loss, and other vision loss among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021. The analysis is categorized globally by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI), with a focus on predicting trends to 2035.
Methods
Data weas obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We reported the prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of vision impairment due to refraction disorders, near vision loss, and other vision loss globally. Then, we described the prevalence and DALYs numbers and rates by sex, SDI and age. Next, we analyzed the relationship between rate and SDI. Finally, bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis model was used to predict the trends from 2022 to 2035 globally by sex and age.
Results
The prevalence and DALYs rates for refraction disorders had a statistically significant trend of reduction in four age groups globally and were positively associated with SDI. The prevalence and DALYs rates for near vision loss were increasing in four age groups, and were negatively associated with SDI. The BAPC model indicates that the age-specific prevalence and DALYs rates of refraction disorders and other vision loss in both men and women will remain on a downward trend until 2035, while near vision loss continues to rise.
Conclusions
The findings underscore that there are extensive variations based on the type of vision impairment, age group, sex and SDI. Policies should be tailored to specific types in order to effectively alleviate the burden.
{"title":"Global burden of blindness and vision loss among children and adolescents: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","authors":"Yinwen Li , Yiyang Shu , Tianwei Qian , Yuzhou Zhang , Lijia Chen , Jason C. Yam","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study investigates the global burden of vision impairment caused by refraction disorders, near vision loss, and other vision loss among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021. The analysis is categorized globally by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI), with a focus on predicting trends to 2035.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data weas obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We reported the prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of vision impairment due to refraction disorders, near vision loss, and other vision loss globally. Then, we described the prevalence and DALYs numbers and rates by sex, SDI and age. Next, we analyzed the relationship between rate and SDI. Finally, bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis model was used to predict the trends from 2022 to 2035 globally by sex and age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence and DALYs rates for refraction disorders had a statistically significant trend of reduction in four age groups globally and were positively associated with SDI. The prevalence and DALYs rates for near vision loss were increasing in four age groups, and were negatively associated with SDI. The BAPC model indicates that the age-specific prevalence and DALYs rates of refraction disorders and other vision loss in both men and women will remain on a downward trend until 2035, while near vision loss continues to rise.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings underscore that there are extensive variations based on the type of vision impairment, age group, sex and SDI. Policies should be tailored to specific types in order to effectively alleviate the burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100200"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100196
Shengsong Xu , Jianqi Chen , Xiao Wang , Xiaohua Zhuo , Yanbin Wang , Jinyi Xu , Chuqi Xiang , Mingxin Lu , Jingfeng Mu , Xiao Yang
Purpose
This study aims to examine the trends in the burden of visual impairment across Asia from 1990 to 2021 and to project the burden through 2040.
Methods
This population-based study used data from the latest Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) were the main outcomes. The trends were analyzed by calculating the average annual percentage change (AAPC) using joinpoint regression analysis. The projection was performed by Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling.
Results
The prevalence of visual impairment in Asia increased from 1990 to 2021, with AAPCs of 0.77 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.44–1.11), while YLD rates decreased with AAPCs of − 0.21 (95 % CI, − 0.38 to − 0.03). Near vision loss was the main contributor to visual impairment in Asia. Notably, the prevalence in the working-age population (20–54 years) increased significantly from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC = 2.11 [95 % CI, 1.70–2.53]), which was accord with the YLDs (AAPC = 1.07 [95 % CI, 0.83–1.32]), whereas for children and adolescents (< 20 years) and the elderly (≥ 55 years) it has decreased. According to the projection, the burden was predicted to significantly increase across all Asian sub-regions, especially in East Asia and South Asia.
Conclusion
The burden of visual impairment in Asia has been substantially increasing from 1990 to 2021. This trend is anticipated to persist significantly soon, especially in East Asia and South Asia, underlining the urgent need for concentrated attention and robust policy support for these regions.
{"title":"Trends and projections of the burden of visual impairment in Asia: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","authors":"Shengsong Xu , Jianqi Chen , Xiao Wang , Xiaohua Zhuo , Yanbin Wang , Jinyi Xu , Chuqi Xiang , Mingxin Lu , Jingfeng Mu , Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aims to examine the trends in the burden of visual impairment across Asia from 1990 to 2021 and to project the burden through 2040.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This population-based study used data from the latest Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) were the main outcomes. The trends were analyzed by calculating the average annual percentage change (AAPC) using joinpoint regression analysis. The projection was performed by Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of visual impairment in Asia increased from 1990 to 2021, with AAPCs of 0.77 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.44–1.11), while YLD rates decreased with AAPCs of − 0.21 (95 % CI, − 0.38 to − 0.03). Near vision loss was the main contributor to visual impairment in Asia. Notably, the prevalence in the working-age population (20–54 years) increased significantly from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC = 2.11 [95 % CI, 1.70–2.53]), which was accord with the YLDs (AAPC = 1.07 [95 % CI, 0.83–1.32]), whereas for children and adolescents (< 20 years) and the elderly (≥ 55 years) it has decreased. According to the projection, the burden was predicted to significantly increase across all Asian sub-regions, especially in East Asia and South Asia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The burden of visual impairment in Asia has been substantially increasing from 1990 to 2021. This trend is anticipated to persist significantly soon, especially in East Asia and South Asia, underlining the urgent need for concentrated attention and robust policy support for these regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100198
Wiktor Stopyra , Oleksiy Voytsekhivskyy , Andrzej Grzybowski
Purpose
To compare the accuracy of twenty intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in long eyes (26.00–29.99 mm)
Design
Retrospective accuracy and validity analysis
Methods
The data of patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification between August 2019 and July 2024 were reviewed. Pre-surgery IOL power was calculated using Haigis, Holladay 2, SRK/T and Barrett Universal II formulas. Three months after cataract surgery, refraction was measured. Post-surgery IOL power calculations were performed utilizing the following formulas: Castrop, EVO 2.0, Hill-RBF 3.0, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Hoffer QST, K6, Kane, Karmona, Ladas Super Formula AI (LSF AI), Naeser 2, Olsen (standalone), PEARL-DGS, T2, VRF and VRF-G. Root mean square absolute error (RMSAE), median absolute error (MedAE) and percentage of eyes with prediction error (PE) within ± 0.25 D, ± 0.50 D, ± 0.75 D and ± 1.00 were calculated.
Results
One hundred fifty-three eyes with axial length ranging between 26.00 mm and 29.47 mm, were studied. The SRK/T formula yielded the lowest RMSAE (0.349) with statistical superiority over Holladay 1 (0.519, P = 0.000), Olsen (standalone) (0.505, P = 0.000) and Hoffer Q (0.497, P = 0.000). In terms of MedAE, the lowest outcome was obtained by VRF-G (0.256) followed by Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF 3.0 and LSF AI (all equally of 0.260). The highest percentage of eyes with prediction error within ± 0.50 D was achieved by SRK/T (84.97 %) statistically significant vs Holladay 1 (60.78 %), Hoffer Q (64.05 %) and Olsen(standalone) (68.63 %).
Conclusions
SRK/T has delivered highly accurate results in long eyes. Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF 3.0, VRF-G and LSF AI are also very true.
目的：比较20种长眼人工晶状体（IOL）度数计算公式（26.00-29.99 mm）的准确性设计：回顾性准确性和效度分析方法：回顾性分析2019年8月至2024年7月行超声乳化术的患者资料。术前人工晶状体度数采用Haigis、Holladay 2、SRK/T和Barrett Universal II公式计算。白内障手术后3个月，测量屈光。采用以下公式计算术后IOL晶晶体功率：Castrop、EVO 2.0、Hill-RBF 3.0、Hoffer Q、Holladay 1、Hoffer QST、K6、Kane、Karmona、Ladas Super Formula AI （LSF AI）、Naeser 2、Olsen（独立）、PEARL-DGS、T2、VRF和VRF- g。计算均方根绝对误差（RMSAE）、中位数绝对误差（MedAE）和预测误差在± 0.25 D、± 0.50 D、± 0.75 D和± 1.00范围内的眼睛百分比（PE）。结果：观察眼轴长26.00 ~ 29.47 mm的153只眼。SRK/T公式的RMSAE最低，为0.349，优于Holladay 1 （0.519, P = 0.000）、Olsen (standalone) （0.505, P = 0.000）和Hoffer Q （0.497, P = 0.000）。在MedAE方面，VRF-G评分最低（0.256），其次是Barrett Universal II、Hill-RBF 3.0和LSF AI（均为0.260）。SRK/T预测误差在± 0.50 D内的眼睛比例最高（84.97 %），与Holladay 1（60.78 %）、Hoffer Q（64.05 %）和Olsen（独立）（68.63 %）相比具有统计学意义。结论：SRK/T在长眼患者中具有较高的准确性。Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF 3.0， VRF-G和LSF AI也非常真实。
{"title":"Comparison of the accuracy of twenty intraocular lens power calculation formulas in long eyes","authors":"Wiktor Stopyra , Oleksiy Voytsekhivskyy , Andrzej Grzybowski","doi":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To compare the accuracy of twenty intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in long eyes (26.00–29.99 mm)</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective accuracy and validity analysis</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The data of patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification between August 2019 and July 2024 were reviewed. Pre-surgery IOL power was calculated using Haigis, Holladay 2, SRK/T and Barrett Universal II formulas. Three months after cataract surgery, refraction was measured. Post-surgery IOL power calculations were performed utilizing the following formulas: Castrop, EVO 2.0, Hill-RBF 3.0, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Hoffer QST, K6, Kane, Karmona, Ladas Super Formula AI (LSF AI), Naeser 2, Olsen (standalone), PEARL-DGS, T2, VRF and VRF-G. Root mean square absolute error (RMSAE), median absolute error (MedAE) and percentage of eyes with prediction error (PE) within ± 0.25 D, ± 0.50 D, ± 0.75 D and ± 1.00 were calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>One hundred fifty-three eyes with axial length ranging between 26.00 mm and 29.47 mm, were studied. The SRK/T formula yielded the lowest RMSAE (0.349) with statistical superiority over Holladay 1 (0.519, <em>P</em> = 0.000), Olsen (standalone) (0.505, <em>P</em> = 0.000) and Hoffer Q (0.497, <em>P</em> = 0.000). In terms of MedAE, the lowest outcome was obtained by VRF-G (0.256) followed by Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF 3.0 and LSF AI (all equally of 0.260). The highest percentage of eyes with prediction error within ± 0.50 D was achieved by SRK/T (84.97 %) statistically significant vs Holladay 1 (60.78 %), Hoffer Q (64.05 %) and Olsen(standalone) (68.63 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SRK/T has delivered highly accurate results in long eyes. Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF 3.0, VRF-G and LSF AI are also very true.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8594,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"14 3","pages":"Article 100198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143961782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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