Sociologists have always tried to shape their science according to the model of the natural sciences. Critics of sociology object that sociology is not yet and never will be a science of this type. By "natural science" they mean physics, though they do not say so. They ignore other natural sciences, like geology, geography, and meteorology, which deal with objects just as complex and resistant to precision as social phenomena are. In reality, sociology can make studies of both types: precise measurements of small social units and their causal explanation, as in physics, and estimates and low correlations of more complex phenomena, as in geology.
{"title":"Is sociology a natural science?","authors":"O MACHOTKA","doi":"10.1086/220446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220446","url":null,"abstract":"Sociologists have always tried to shape their science according to the model of the natural sciences. Critics of sociology object that sociology is not yet and never will be a science of this type. By \"natural science\" they mean physics, though they do not say so. They ignore other natural sciences, like geology, geography, and meteorology, which deal with objects just as complex and resistant to precision as social phenomena are. In reality, sociology can make studies of both types: precise measurements of small social units and their causal explanation, as in physics, and estimates and low correlations of more complex phenomena, as in geology.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"10-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27181315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following list of doctoral dissertations and Masters' theses in preparation in universities and colleges in the United States is compiled from returns sent by 50 departments of sociology. The number now working for doctoral degrees is 2II, and the number working for Masters' degrees is 369. This list includes theses in social work, divinity, and other related fields whenever the local department of sociology undertakes to direct them.
{"title":"STUDENTS' dissertations in sociology.","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/220454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220454","url":null,"abstract":"The following list of doctoral dissertations and Masters' theses in preparation in universities and colleges in the United States is compiled from returns sent by 50 departments of sociology. The number now working for doctoral degrees is 2II, and the number working for Masters' degrees is 369. This list includes theses in social work, divinity, and other related fields whenever the local department of sociology undertakes to direct them.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"72-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27186514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Redfield's prescription of more humanistic studies for social-science students to counteract too great concentration on technique may not be successful, since the demand for and prestige of technique are so great in our culture. What Redfield says of the art of social science is equally true of the art of any science. Sciences are social inventions; they grow up in a very unscientific way. The choice of problems which determines the course that a science will take is personal and reflects the values of the scientist. The humanistic imagination required of social scientists is of the same kind as that required of all scientists. The social scientist has no advantage, and may have a disadvantage, from the fact that he is a human being studying human beings. Physical science can be as liberalizing and enriching as the social sciences and the humanities, depending on the way it is taught.
{"title":"The art of science; a reply to Redfield.","authors":"J BERNARD","doi":"10.1086/220445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220445","url":null,"abstract":"Redfield's prescription of more humanistic studies for social-science students to counteract too great concentration on technique may not be successful, since the demand for and prestige of technique are so great in our culture. What Redfield says of the art of social science is equally true of the art of any science. Sciences are social inventions; they grow up in a very unscientific way. The choice of problems which determines the course that a science will take is personal and reflects the values of the scientist. The humanistic imagination required of social scientists is of the same kind as that required of all scientists. The social scientist has no advantage, and may have a disadvantage, from the fact that he is a human being studying human beings. Physical science can be as liberalizing and enriching as the social sciences and the humanities, depending on the way it is taught.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27186511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many investigations require a sample of persons who are generally volunteer participants in the research. Since some refuse to participate, the question arises whether self-elimination of nonparticipants biases the sample obtained. This question was investigated in a study of engaged couples which secured data about participants and nonparticipants as to a number of characteristics. Participant were compared with participants and nonparticipant combined, the formed being the obtained sample and the latter the complete sample. The two samples differed on only one item, and this did not affect the findings.
{"title":"Volunteer subjects as a source of sampling bias.","authors":"P WALLIN","doi":"10.1086/220418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220418","url":null,"abstract":"Many investigations require a sample of persons who are generally volunteer participants in the research. Since some refuse to participate, the question arises whether self-elimination of nonparticipants biases the sample obtained. This question was investigated in a study of engaged couples which secured data about participants and nonparticipants as to a number of characteristics. Participant were compared with participants and nonparticipant combined, the formed being the obtained sample and the latter the complete sample. The two samples differed on only one item, and this did not affect the findings.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 6","pages":"539-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27157377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An analysis of prevailing marriages of various occupational strata is presented by cross-section survey methods. The data are viewed from the position of the male, of the female, and of the parent, with the findings in each case tending to confirm prior studies in showing a substantial amount of occupational endogamy. Marriage within the person's own or a contiguous stratum is highly typical. More higher-level persons marry down than up; more lower-level persons marry up than down.
{"title":"Marital selection and occupational strata.","authors":"R CENTERS","doi":"10.1086/220416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220416","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of prevailing marriages of various occupational strata is presented by cross-section survey methods. The data are viewed from the position of the male, of the female, and of the parent, with the findings in each case tending to confirm prior studies in showing a substantial amount of occupational endogamy. Marriage within the person's own or a contiguous stratum is highly typical. More higher-level persons marry down than up; more lower-level persons marry up than down.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 6","pages":"530-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27157375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
No significant difference between the marital adjustment of wives who are engaged in full-time employment and that of those who are engaged in full-time homemaking was found in this study. Nor was a difference found in the marital adjustment of the husbands of the two groups of wives.
{"title":"Marital adjustment and the employed wife.","authors":"H J LOCKE, M MACKEPRANG","doi":"10.1086/220417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220417","url":null,"abstract":"No significant difference between the marital adjustment of wives who are engaged in full-time employment and that of those who are engaged in full-time homemaking was found in this study. Nor was a difference found in the marital adjustment of the husbands of the two groups of wives.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 6","pages":"536-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27157376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concepts of social classes in present-day sociology are either so completely analytical as to be devoid of relevant empirical referents or so crudely empirical as to be lacking in theoretical significance. An analysis of specific empirical studies points to the possibility that their authors may be using, simultaneously, two implicit conceptual schemes for defining social classes- the"substantive" and the "classificatory"-without recognizing their inherent contradictions. An effort is made to clarify these conceptual schemes, to develop their methodological consequences, and to offer recommendations on the problem of the scientific use of class concepts.
{"title":"The use of class concepts in sociological research.","authors":"L GROSS","doi":"10.1086/220395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220395","url":null,"abstract":"Concepts of social classes in present-day sociology are either so completely analytical as to be devoid of relevant empirical referents or so crudely empirical as to be lacking in theoretical significance. An analysis of specific empirical studies points to the possibility that their authors may be using, simultaneously, two implicit conceptual schemes for defining social classes- the\"substantive\" and the \"classificatory\"-without recognizing their inherent contradictions. An effort is made to clarify these conceptual schemes, to develop their methodological consequences, and to offer recommendations on the problem of the scientific use of class concepts.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 5","pages":"409-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27156652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The theory of race relations is in confusion because of the failure to distinguish the sociopsychological which is universal from the cultural which varies. It is a universal human fact that people tend to consider as different those who look different; the differences are evaluated in cultural terms. Thus segregation is rooted in sociosensory perception, not in a social system, cultural pattern, or prejudice. Members of cultural and racial minorities must realize and accept the fact that in certain significant aspects of their personalities they actually are different. Otherwise they are likely to misinterpret as a plot what is actually only a natural majority reaction to personal differences.
{"title":"Sociopsychological and cultural factors in race relations.","authors":"G ICHHEISER","doi":"10.1086/220393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220393","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of race relations is in confusion because of the failure to distinguish the sociopsychological which is universal from the cultural which varies. It is a universal human fact that people tend to consider as different those who look different; the differences are evaluated in cultural terms. Thus segregation is rooted in sociosensory perception, not in a social system, cultural pattern, or prejudice. Members of cultural and racial minorities must realize and accept the fact that in certain significant aspects of their personalities they actually are different. Otherwise they are likely to misinterpret as a plot what is actually only a natural majority reaction to personal differences.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 5","pages":"395-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27151715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An index is proposed for measuring the efficiency of prediction. Values are computed for the principal prediction tables in the literature, permitting rigorous comparisons of studies and alternate scoring methods. The efficiency of prediction is found to drop markedly in follow-up samples. The test of efficiency employed is contrasted with previous, inadequate methods of evaluation. The types of error in prediction suggest future research.
{"title":"The efficiency of prediction in criminology.","authors":"L E OHLIN, O D DUNCAN","doi":"10.1086/220398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220398","url":null,"abstract":"An index is proposed for measuring the efficiency of prediction. Values are computed for the principal prediction tables in the literature, permitting rigorous comparisons of studies and alternate scoring methods. The efficiency of prediction is found to drop markedly in follow-up samples. The test of efficiency employed is contrasted with previous, inadequate methods of evaluation. The types of error in prediction suggest future research.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 5","pages":"441-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220398","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27156653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nonexistence of race prejudice in Brazil has been traced back to the Portuguese, who mingled with colored people wherever they established settlements. However, there are some indications that, at least in southern Brazil, deviational attitudes of race behavior may be found among white minorities; yet sometimes is seems difficult to distinguish them from class prejudice. Contrary to the situation in the United States, public opinion in Brazil is strongly opposed to any kind of racial discrimination.
{"title":"Racial attitudes in Brazil.","authors":"E WILLEMS","doi":"10.1086/220394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220394","url":null,"abstract":"The nonexistence of race prejudice in Brazil has been traced back to the Portuguese, who mingled with colored people wherever they established settlements. However, there are some indications that, at least in southern Brazil, deviational attitudes of race behavior may be found among white minorities; yet sometimes is seems difficult to distinguish them from class prejudice. Contrary to the situation in the United States, public opinion in Brazil is strongly opposed to any kind of racial discrimination.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 5","pages":"402-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27151716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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