A study of 12,168 male first admissions from Chicago to public and private mental hospitals shows that the age-adjusted commitment rates by occupational groups are negatively correlated with the factors of occupational income and prestige. These results are tentatively explained by occupational selection and the differential experiences which men have as direct and indirect results of their occupation.
{"title":"Psychoses, income, and occupational prestige.","authors":"R E CLARK","doi":"10.1086/220397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220397","url":null,"abstract":"A study of 12,168 male first admissions from Chicago to public and private mental hospitals shows that the age-adjusted commitment rates by occupational groups are negatively correlated with the factors of occupational income and prestige. These results are tentatively explained by occupational selection and the differential experiences which men have as direct and indirect results of their occupation.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 5","pages":"433-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27151717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern business executives have in common many personality characteristics, which are a reflection partly of the socially stereotyped conception of the businessman and partly of some underlying similarities of personality structure. The successful executive represents a crystallization of many of the attitudes and values generally accepted by middle-class American society. Acquisitiveness and achievement, self-directed-ness and independent thought, are in this group counterbalanced by uncertainty, constant activity, the continual fear of losing group, and the inability to be introspectively casual.
{"title":"The business executive; the psychodynamics of a social role.","authors":"W E HENRY","doi":"10.1086/220363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220363","url":null,"abstract":"Modern business executives have in common many personality characteristics, which are a reflection partly of the socially stereotyped conception of the businessman and partly of some underlying similarities of personality structure. The successful executive represents a crystallization of many of the attitudes and values generally accepted by middle-class American society. Acquisitiveness and achievement, self-directed-ness and independent thought, are in this group counterbalanced by uncertainty, constant activity, the continual fear of losing group, and the inability to be introspectively casual.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 4","pages":"286-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1949-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27151519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The postulate of Verstehen is the main argument of social theorists who assert the existence of a dichotomy between the physical and the social sciences. An analysis of the operation of Verstehen shows that it does not provide new knowledge and that it cannot be used as a means of verification. Lacking the fundamental attributes of scientific method, even though it does perform some auxiliary functions in research, the fact of Verstehen cannot be used to validate the assumption of a dichotomy of the sciences.
{"title":"The operation called Verstehen.","authors":"T ABEL","doi":"10.1086/220318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220318","url":null,"abstract":"The postulate of Verstehen is the main argument of social theorists who assert the existence of a dichotomy between the physical and the social sciences. An analysis of the operation of Verstehen shows that it does not provide new knowledge and that it cannot be used as a means of verification. Lacking the fundamental attributes of scientific method, even though it does perform some auxiliary functions in research, the fact of Verstehen cannot be used to validate the assumption of a dichotomy of the sciences.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 3","pages":"211-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27758930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for selection of research problems and data imposes an obligation upon scientists to specify the criteria for selection. The possibility of securing universal generalizations is limited in social science, necessitating a shift toward methodological and practical studies. There is nothing unscientific about doing practical research, provided that the hypotheses are put in proper form; nor is there any opposition between theoretical and practical research. In fact, research which is deliberately practical is likely, from both historical and logical considerations, to have greater theoretical value and to meet more of the criteria of science than research which avoids practical implications.
{"title":"The selection of problems for research.","authors":"A M ROSE","doi":"10.1086/220319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220319","url":null,"abstract":"The need for selection of research problems and data imposes an obligation upon scientists to specify the criteria for selection. The possibility of securing universal generalizations is limited in social science, necessitating a shift toward methodological and practical studies. There is nothing unscientific about doing practical research, provided that the hypotheses are put in proper form; nor is there any opposition between theoretical and practical research. In fact, research which is deliberately practical is likely, from both historical and logical considerations, to have greater theoretical value and to meet more of the criteria of science than research which avoids practical implications.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 3","pages":"219-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27758931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Speaking of tongues.","authors":"L NELSON","doi":"10.1086/220317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"54 3","pages":"202-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27758929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The American family presents an external picture of diversity and instability. When viewed in the context of the social change from rural to urban conditions of life, a trend is revealed to the companionship type of family, adapted to urbanization and exemplifying the American ideals of democracy, freedom, and self-expression. The seeming instability of the family is largely a symptom of this transition which may be regarded as a vast social experiment in which adaptability becomes more significant for success in marriage and family living than a rigid stability. This experiment provides a favorable condition for studies on marriage and the family and for the utilization of their findings by their public.
{"title":"The family in a changing society.","authors":"E W BURGESS","doi":"10.1086/220231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220231","url":null,"abstract":"The American family presents an external picture of diversity and instability. When viewed in the context of the social change from rural to urban conditions of life, a trend is revealed to the companionship type of family, adapted to urbanization and exemplifying the American ideals of democracy, freedom, and self-expression. The seeming instability of the family is largely a symptom of this transition which may be regarded as a vast social experiment in which adaptability becomes more significant for success in marriage and family living than a rigid stability. This experiment provides a favorable condition for studies on marriage and the family and for the utilization of their findings by their public.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"53 6","pages":"417-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27732858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of the three million "Mexicans" and their descendants who are immigrants come from small village communities where family ties were strong and closely controlled by tradition and public opinion. After migration the functional relationships of the members of the family to each other are likely to change. Economic insecurity and high mobility as well as cultural and ethnic discrimination affect family life.
{"title":"Ethnic family patterns; the Mexican family in the United States.","authors":"R C JONES","doi":"10.1086/220239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220239","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the three million \"Mexicans\" and their descendants who are immigrants come from small village communities where family ties were strong and closely controlled by tradition and public opinion. After migration the functional relationships of the members of the family to each other are likely to change. Economic insecurity and high mobility as well as cultural and ethnic discrimination affect family life.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"53 6","pages":"450-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27732866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the variety of patterns which the family has taken in other cultures, the American type of family has distinguishing features. In the small isolated family characteristics of American cities, the husband is insecure about his job and the wife about hers, with consequent special problems. Correctives in the form of community services and a new ethic of continuous joint responsibility for family life are emerging.
{"title":"The contemporary American family as an anthropologist sees it.","authors":"M MEAD","doi":"10.1086/220240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220240","url":null,"abstract":"Among the variety of patterns which the family has taken in other cultures, the American type of family has distinguishing features. In the small isolated family characteristics of American cities, the husband is insecure about his job and the wife about hers, with consequent special problems. Correctives in the form of community services and a new ethic of continuous joint responsibility for family life are emerging.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"53 6","pages":"453-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27732867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All family types and other cultural phenomena develop in the interaction of human nature and social structure. Sociological laws concerning the family have universal validity. A particular family form is studied as a type in a general class including all families and is also studied in relation to everything in the culture within which that form exists. The marital process in all cultures begins in one family and ends in another. Persons everywhere use the same universal potentialities of human nature and proceed in the marital process as social-organic-mental unities.
{"title":"The family as a universal culture pattern.","authors":"L G BROWN","doi":"10.1086/220241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220241","url":null,"abstract":"All family types and other cultural phenomena develop in the interaction of human nature and social structure. Sociological laws concerning the family have universal validity. A particular family form is studied as a type in a general class including all families and is also studied in relation to everything in the culture within which that form exists. The marital process in all cultures begins in one family and ends in another. Persons everywhere use the same universal potentialities of human nature and proceed in the marital process as social-organic-mental unities.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"53 6","pages":"460-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/220241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27732868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A historical study of expert and lay interest in and attention to a social problem leads to the hypothesis that a felt need on the part of a significant proportion of the population does not necessarily give rise to collective interest in meeting it. The need for adequate living arrangements for unattached people in cities, including their requirements for housing and also for eating, recreation, and clothing care, is studied as it is expressed in investigations, pamphlets, newspaper stories, laws, actual building projects. A secondary hypothesis is that interest in a problem is a major factor in its solution.
{"title":"Interest in the living arrangements of the urban unattached.","authors":"A M ROSE","doi":"10.1086/220246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/220246","url":null,"abstract":"A historical study of expert and lay interest in and attention to a social problem leads to the hypothesis that a felt need on the part of a significant proportion of the population does not necessarily give rise to collective interest in meeting it. The need for adequate living arrangements for unattached people in cities, including their requirements for housing and also for eating, recreation, and clothing care, is studied as it is expressed in investigations, pamphlets, newspaper stories, laws, actual building projects. A secondary hypothesis is that interest in a problem is a major factor in its solution.","PeriodicalId":86247,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of sociology","volume":"53 6","pages":"483-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27732873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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