{"title":"Foreword to 'Invertebrate Pests of Grain Crops and Integrated Management: Current Practice and Prospects for the Future'","authors":"Rohan Rainbow","doi":"10.1071/EAV48N12_FO","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EAV48N12_FO","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59080028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The snails Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta and Theba pisana are introduced pests of grain crops and pastures in southern Australia. The population dynamics of these three species of snail were studied for 20 years in two adjacent fields where they coexisted on a farm on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. The fields were used for pasture–cereal rotations. Surveys were conducted in autumn and spring each year, coinciding respectively with the start of the breeding season and peak abundance of snails (mostly juveniles). Populations varied greatly in abundance between years and between species, but snails were generally most common in spring, in wet years, especially those with wet autumns and wet springs. Rainfall early in a particular year (i.e. at sowing of crops in autumn) can thus be used to predict the likelihood of heavy snail infestations later in spring (i.e. at harvest). In contrast, the abundance of adult snails in autumn was a poor predictor of the subsequent abundance of juvenile snails in spring, especially in crops. There were no significant correlations, at field scale, between the average abundance of the three species of snail in spring, in either pastures or crops. However, at a sampling scale of 0.25 m2, there were consistent, negative relationships between the abundance of all three snail species. Such patterns may reflect either competitive interactions between snails or subtle differences in micro-habitat choice. Patterns in the abundance of snails (e.g. large numbers near field edges) were suggestive of occasional invasion from dense populations in adjacent fields.
{"title":"The population dynamics of the mediterranean snails Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta (Hygromiidae) and Theba pisana (Helicidae) in pasture–cereal rotations in South Australia: a 20-year study","authors":"G. Baker","doi":"10.1071/EA08031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08031","url":null,"abstract":"The snails Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta and Theba pisana are introduced pests of grain crops and pastures in southern Australia. The population dynamics of these three species of snail were studied for 20 years in two adjacent fields where they coexisted on a farm on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. The fields were used for pasture–cereal rotations. Surveys were conducted in autumn and spring each year, coinciding respectively with the start of the breeding season and peak abundance of snails (mostly juveniles). Populations varied greatly in abundance between years and between species, but snails were generally most common in spring, in wet years, especially those with wet autumns and wet springs. Rainfall early in a particular year (i.e. at sowing of crops in autumn) can thus be used to predict the likelihood of heavy snail infestations later in spring (i.e. at harvest). In contrast, the abundance of adult snails in autumn was a poor predictor of the subsequent abundance of juvenile snails in spring, especially in crops. There were no significant correlations, at field scale, between the average abundance of the three species of snail in spring, in either pastures or crops. However, at a sampling scale of 0.25 m2, there were consistent, negative relationships between the abundance of all three snail species. Such patterns may reflect either competitive interactions between snails or subtle differences in micro-habitat choice. Patterns in the abundance of snails (e.g. large numbers near field edges) were suggestive of occasional invasion from dense populations in adjacent fields.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"1514-1522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA08031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58802447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Schellhorn, S. Macfadyen, F. Bianchi, David G. Williams, M. Zalucki
Over the past 200 years agriculture has expanded throughout Australia. The culmination of clearing and cultivating land at the farm scale has resulted in highly modified landscapes and a perceived loss of ecosystem services from pest control and pollination. We examine the literature: (i) to identify the appropriate spatial scale for managing pests, natural enemies and pollinators; and (ii) for evidence that farm-scale changes (due to agricultural intensification) across a landscape have resulted in a tipping point favouring pests and hindering pollinators. Although there is limited information to draw firm conclusions, the evidence suggests that actions undertaken on individual farms have an impact both on their neighbours and regionally, and that the culmination of these actions can lead to changes in population dynamics of pests, natural enemies and pollinators. For major pest species, there is reasonable evidence that grain growers may benefit from improved management and higher yields by implementing area-wide pest management strategies on a landscape scale in collaboration with growers of other crops that also share these pests. As yet, for natural enemies and pollinators there is little direct evidence that similar area-wide initiatives will have a greater effect than management strategies aimed at the field and farm level. Managing pests, natural enemies and pollinators beyond the scale of the field or farm is technically and socially challenging and will required a well defined research agenda, as well as compromise, balance and trading among stakeholders. We highlight critical knowledge gaps and suggest approaches for designing and managing landscapes for ecosystem services.
{"title":"Managing ecosystem services in broadacre landscapes: what are the appropriate spatial scales?","authors":"N. Schellhorn, S. Macfadyen, F. Bianchi, David G. Williams, M. Zalucki","doi":"10.1071/EA08112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08112","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 200 years agriculture has expanded throughout Australia. The culmination of clearing and cultivating land at the farm scale has resulted in highly modified landscapes and a perceived loss of ecosystem services from pest control and pollination. We examine the literature: (i) to identify the appropriate spatial scale for managing pests, natural enemies and pollinators; and (ii) for evidence that farm-scale changes (due to agricultural intensification) across a landscape have resulted in a tipping point favouring pests and hindering pollinators. Although there is limited information to draw firm conclusions, the evidence suggests that actions undertaken on individual farms have an impact both on their neighbours and regionally, and that the culmination of these actions can lead to changes in population dynamics of pests, natural enemies and pollinators. For major pest species, there is reasonable evidence that grain growers may benefit from improved management and higher yields by implementing area-wide pest management strategies on a landscape scale in collaboration with growers of other crops that also share these pests. As yet, for natural enemies and pollinators there is little direct evidence that similar area-wide initiatives will have a greater effect than management strategies aimed at the field and farm level. Managing pests, natural enemies and pollinators beyond the scale of the field or farm is technically and socially challenging and will required a well defined research agenda, as well as compromise, balance and trading among stakeholders. We highlight critical knowledge gaps and suggest approaches for designing and managing landscapes for ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"1549-1559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA08112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58804946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Furlong, H. Spafford, P. Ridland, N. Endersby, O. Edwards, G. Baker, M. Keller, C. Paull
The ecology of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylsotella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and records of its frequent, but sporadic, population outbreaks in the canola agroecosystems of southern and western Australia are reviewed. The migratory capacity of DBM, possible maintenance of pest populations on brassicaceous weeds and forage crops, resistance to commonly used pyrethroid insecticides, a lack of effective natural enemies (due to disruption by insecticides and difficulties associated with colonising the vast areas of canola crops) and suitable climatic conditions during critical phases of the crop cycle are all likely to contribute to the observed pest outbreaks. A greater understanding of the ecology of DBM in the canola landscape is fundamental to improving its management in the crop but relevant long-term DBM abundance data are currently lacking. Five critical research issues are identified: (i) improved understanding of the factors which determine regional movement patterns of diamondback in canola-growing areas; (ii) the development and implementation of flexible insecticide resistance management strategies; (iii) better understanding of canola crop colonisation by natural enemies of DBM and their population dynamics under current and alternative insecticide application strategies; (iv) greater appreciation of the interactions between DBM and its crop and weedy host plants; and (v) the development of validated simulation models to aid in the forecasting of possible DBM outbreaks. Each issue represents a significant challenge but all must be addressed if the development of a sustainable integrated strategy for the management of DBM in Australian canola is to become a reality.
{"title":"Ecology of diamondback moth in Australian canola: landscape perspectives and the implications for management","authors":"M. Furlong, H. Spafford, P. Ridland, N. Endersby, O. Edwards, G. Baker, M. Keller, C. Paull","doi":"10.1071/EA07413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07413","url":null,"abstract":"The ecology of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylsotella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and records of its frequent, but sporadic, population outbreaks in the canola agroecosystems of southern and western Australia are reviewed. The migratory capacity of DBM, possible maintenance of pest populations on brassicaceous weeds and forage crops, resistance to commonly used pyrethroid insecticides, a lack of effective natural enemies (due to disruption by insecticides and difficulties associated with colonising the vast areas of canola crops) and suitable climatic conditions during critical phases of the crop cycle are all likely to contribute to the observed pest outbreaks. A greater understanding of the ecology of DBM in the canola landscape is fundamental to improving its management in the crop but relevant long-term DBM abundance data are currently lacking. Five critical research issues are identified: (i) improved understanding of the factors which determine regional movement patterns of diamondback in canola-growing areas; (ii) the development and implementation of flexible insecticide resistance management strategies; (iii) better understanding of canola crop colonisation by natural enemies of DBM and their population dynamics under current and alternative insecticide application strategies; (iv) greater appreciation of the interactions between DBM and its crop and weedy host plants; and (v) the development of validated simulation models to aid in the forecasting of possible DBM outbreaks. Each issue represents a significant challenge but all must be addressed if the development of a sustainable integrated strategy for the management of DBM in Australian canola is to become a reality.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"1494-1505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58799475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ridsdill‐Smith, A. Hoffmann, G. Mangano, J. M. Gower, C. Pavri, P. Umina
The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, continues to be an intractable pest causing damage to most crop and pasture species in southern Australia. H. destructor feed on all stages of plants, but particularly damage seedlings in autumn. Research has aimed to develop new controls based on a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest. Chemicals remain the key tool to control H. destructor, despite the recent appearance of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. A control package, Timerite, has been developed by which a single well-timed spray in spring can prevent H. destructor from developing diapause eggs. Field trials show this strategy provides effective control of H. destructor the following autumn, and protects plant seedlings, although mite populations build up again during winter. Non-chemical control strategies include grazing, the use of tolerant plants such as cereals, resistant legume cultivars and avoiding rotations where favourable host plants are available in the year before growing susceptible crops such as canola. Natural enemies can assist in mite control, and their numbers can be enhanced by methods including increasing landscape features like shelterbelts. Interspecific competition can occur between H. destructor and other pest mites, but the extent to which these interactions influence the structure of pest communities under different management regimes remains to be investigated.
{"title":"Strategies for control of the redlegged earth mite in Australia","authors":"T. Ridsdill‐Smith, A. Hoffmann, G. Mangano, J. M. Gower, C. Pavri, P. Umina","doi":"10.1071/EA08020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08020","url":null,"abstract":"The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, continues to be an intractable pest causing damage to most crop and pasture species in southern Australia. H. destructor feed on all stages of plants, but particularly damage seedlings in autumn. Research has aimed to develop new controls based on a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest. Chemicals remain the key tool to control H. destructor, despite the recent appearance of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. A control package, Timerite, has been developed by which a single well-timed spray in spring can prevent H. destructor from developing diapause eggs. Field trials show this strategy provides effective control of H. destructor the following autumn, and protects plant seedlings, although mite populations build up again during winter. Non-chemical control strategies include grazing, the use of tolerant plants such as cereals, resistant legume cultivars and avoiding rotations where favourable host plants are available in the year before growing susceptible crops such as canola. Natural enemies can assist in mite control, and their numbers can be enhanced by methods including increasing landscape features like shelterbelts. Interspecific competition can occur between H. destructor and other pest mites, but the extent to which these interactions influence the structure of pest communities under different management regimes remains to be investigated.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"1506-1513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA08020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58800898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aphids can cause substantial damage to cereals, oilseeds and legumes through direct feeding and through the transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. Aphid-resistant varieties are only available for a limited number of crops. In Australia, growers often use prophylactic sprays to control aphids, but this strategy can lead to non-target effects and the development of insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is a problem in one aphid pest of Australian grains in Australia, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Molecular analyses of field-collected samples demonstrate that amplified E4 esterase resistance to organophosphate insecticides is widespread in Australian grains across Australia. Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids is less abundant, but has an increased frequency in areas with known frequent use of these insecticides. Modified acetylcholinesterase resistance to dimethyl carbamates, such as pirimicarb, has not been found in Australia, nor has resistance to imidacloprid. Australian grain growers should consider control options that are less likely to promote insecticide resistance, and have reduced impacts on natural enemies. Research is ongoing in Australia and overseas to provide new strategies for aphid management in the future.
{"title":"Insecticide resistance and implications for future aphid management in Australian grains and pastures: a review","authors":"O. Edwards, B. Franzmann, D. Thackray, S. Mićić","doi":"10.1071/EA07426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07426","url":null,"abstract":"Aphids can cause substantial damage to cereals, oilseeds and legumes through direct feeding and through the transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. Aphid-resistant varieties are only available for a limited number of crops. In Australia, growers often use prophylactic sprays to control aphids, but this strategy can lead to non-target effects and the development of insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is a problem in one aphid pest of Australian grains in Australia, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Molecular analyses of field-collected samples demonstrate that amplified E4 esterase resistance to organophosphate insecticides is widespread in Australian grains across Australia. Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids is less abundant, but has an increased frequency in areas with known frequent use of these insecticides. Modified acetylcholinesterase resistance to dimethyl carbamates, such as pirimicarb, has not been found in Australia, nor has resistance to imidacloprid. Australian grain growers should consider control options that are less likely to promote insecticide resistance, and have reduced impacts on natural enemies. Research is ongoing in Australia and overseas to provide new strategies for aphid management in the future.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"1523-1530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07426","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58799748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.
{"title":"Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems","authors":"J. Holloway, M. Furlong, P. Bowden","doi":"10.1071/EA07424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07424","url":null,"abstract":"Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"1531-1542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58799556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface to 'Meat Standards Australia'","authors":"R. Polkinghorne, J. Thompson","doi":"10.1071/EAV48N11_PR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EAV48N11_PR","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59079917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Watson, R. Polkinghorne, A. M. Gee, M. Porter, J. Thompson, D. Ferguson, D. Pethick, B. M. McIntyre
The effect of several different hormonal growth promotant (HGP) implant strategies on the palatability and carcass traits of different muscles in beef carcasses was investigated using samples from heifer and steer carcasses from a Bos indicus composite breed. In experiment 1, there were seven different implant strategies evaluated in heifers that were given different combinations of up to three implants (implanted at weaning, during backgrounding and at feedlot entry). A total of 112 heifers were slaughtered and 11 muscles or portions were collected from both sides [Mm. adductor femoris, gracilus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi lumborum, triceps brachii caput longum, semispinalis capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, spinalis dorsi, biceps femoris (syn. gluteobiceps), tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius (both the ‘D’ and the ‘eye’ portions) rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis]. These muscles were used to prepare a total of 1030 sensory samples which were aged for either 7 or 21 days and frozen. Thawed samples were cooked using different cooking methods (grill, roast and stir frying) before being evaluated by a consumer taste panel that scored samples for tenderness, juiciness, like flavour and overall liking. Experiment 2 used the steer portion from the same calving, which were treated to a similar array of HGP strategies, except that they were given up to four implants between weaning and slaughter at ~3 years of age. In experiment 2, there was a total of 12 different HGP implant strategies tested. At boning, three muscles (Mm. psoas major, longisimuss dorsi thoracis and lumborum portions) were collected from each of 79 carcasses with a total of 237 steak samples that consumers tested as grilled steaks. For both experiments, the mean of the HGP implant strategies resulted in increased ossification scores (P 0.05), and aging rates differed among the muscles (P 0.05).
{"title":"Effect of hormonal growth promotants on palatability and carcass traits of various muscles from steer and heifer carcasses from a Bos indicus–Bos taurus composite cross","authors":"R. Watson, R. Polkinghorne, A. M. Gee, M. Porter, J. Thompson, D. Ferguson, D. Pethick, B. M. McIntyre","doi":"10.1071/EA05112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA05112","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of several different hormonal growth promotant (HGP) implant strategies on the palatability and carcass traits of different muscles in beef carcasses was investigated using samples from heifer and steer carcasses from a Bos indicus composite breed. In experiment 1, there were seven different implant strategies evaluated in heifers that were given different combinations of up to three implants (implanted at weaning, during backgrounding and at feedlot entry). A total of 112 heifers were slaughtered and 11 muscles or portions were collected from both sides [Mm. adductor femoris, gracilus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi lumborum, triceps brachii caput longum, semispinalis capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, spinalis dorsi, biceps femoris (syn. gluteobiceps), tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius (both the ‘D’ and the ‘eye’ portions) rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis]. These muscles were used to prepare a total of 1030 sensory samples which were aged for either 7 or 21 days and frozen. Thawed samples were cooked using different cooking methods (grill, roast and stir frying) before being evaluated by a consumer taste panel that scored samples for tenderness, juiciness, like flavour and overall liking. Experiment 2 used the steer portion from the same calving, which were treated to a similar array of HGP strategies, except that they were given up to four implants between weaning and slaughter at ~3 years of age. In experiment 2, there was a total of 12 different HGP implant strategies tested. At boning, three muscles (Mm. psoas major, longisimuss dorsi thoracis and lumborum portions) were collected from each of 79 carcasses with a total of 237 steak samples that consumers tested as grilled steaks. For both experiments, the mean of the HGP implant strategies resulted in increased ossification scores (P 0.05), and aging rates differed among the muscles (P 0.05).","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"325 1","pages":"1415-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA05112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Polkinghorne, R. Watson, J. Thompson, D. Pethick
Progress in the development and adoption of the Meat Standards Australia system has encouraged substantial change and an improved consumer awareness at all points of the Australian beef production chain. The system is moving from niche to mainstream market application with the exciting potential to transform many industry practices and build a more direct consumer focus. The system aims to accurately predict consumer satisfaction levels for individual cooked beef portions. This is a major advance on grading systems that classify carcasses into groups of like appearance. A prediction model was developed based on consumer testing and has proved to be useful in categorising a wide range of beef into consumer grades within cooking methods. These provide a basis to ensure a predictable eating quality result for the consumer and a mechanism to align product description and pricing throughout the production chain. When used in value-based marketing systems financial reward can be directly linked to consumer satisfaction encouraging a consumer-focussed industry. Research is proceeding to extend and improve the accuracy of the prediction model encompassing additional cattle types and cooking methods. Several projects in other countries are adding insights into the relative response of consumers from varied cultural backgrounds. It is hoped that further international collaboration will facilitate use of the developed technology to improve consumer value and industry returns through improved product consistency in global markets.
{"title":"Current usage and future development of the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) grading system","authors":"R. Polkinghorne, R. Watson, J. Thompson, D. Pethick","doi":"10.1071/EA07175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07175","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in the development and adoption of the Meat Standards Australia system has encouraged substantial change and an improved consumer awareness at all points of the Australian beef production chain. The system is moving from niche to mainstream market application with the exciting potential to transform many industry practices and build a more direct consumer focus. The system aims to accurately predict consumer satisfaction levels for individual cooked beef portions. This is a major advance on grading systems that classify carcasses into groups of like appearance. A prediction model was developed based on consumer testing and has proved to be useful in categorising a wide range of beef into consumer grades within cooking methods. These provide a basis to ensure a predictable eating quality result for the consumer and a mechanism to align product description and pricing throughout the production chain. When used in value-based marketing systems financial reward can be directly linked to consumer satisfaction encouraging a consumer-focussed industry. Research is proceeding to extend and improve the accuracy of the prediction model encompassing additional cattle types and cooking methods. Several projects in other countries are adding insights into the relative response of consumers from varied cultural backgrounds. It is hoped that further international collaboration will facilitate use of the developed technology to improve consumer value and industry returns through improved product consistency in global markets.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"15 1","pages":"1459-1464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58792597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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