Sobhan Roshani, None Salah I. Yahya, Yazeed Y. Ghadi, Saeed Roshani, Fariborz Parandin, Behnam D. Yaghouti
In this paper, several types of microstrip power divider are studied and compared in terms of harmonics suppression and size reductions. The importance of this research lies in the fact that power dividers are critical components in various communication systems, and their performance directly affects the overall system efficiency. The conventional structure of the power divider has an acceptable performance at operating frequency in terms of excellent output ports isolation, low insertion loss, and high return loss, but occupies large size and passes unwanted signals at higher frequencies along with desired signal without any suppression. Harmonics are popular distortion and has different distortion impacts in many different facilities. Recently, several techniques are introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Applied open stubs, applied resonators, lumped reactive components such as capacitors and inductors, coupled lines, defected ground structure (DGS), and electronic band gaps are common methods, which are widely used to overcome these drawbacks. Finally, the study results show that the resonator-based power dividers and coupled-line-based power dividers have good performances in terms of size reduction and harmonic suppression but increase insertion loss parameter. Furthermore, the lumped reactive component-based power dividers and applied DGS and electromagnetic bandgap cells suppress unwanted harmonics, but they need extra process to fabrication, which is undesirable. Moreover, the open-stub-based power dividers have moderate performance with simple structure, but size reduction and harmonics suppression are not so superior in this method.
{"title":"Size Reduction and Harmonics Suppression in Microwave Power Dividers","authors":"Sobhan Roshani, None Salah I. Yahya, Yazeed Y. Ghadi, Saeed Roshani, Fariborz Parandin, Behnam D. Yaghouti","doi":"10.14500/aro.11385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11385","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, several types of microstrip power divider are studied and compared in terms of harmonics suppression and size reductions. The importance of this research lies in the fact that power dividers are critical components in various communication systems, and their performance directly affects the overall system efficiency. The conventional structure of the power divider has an acceptable performance at operating frequency in terms of excellent output ports isolation, low insertion loss, and high return loss, but occupies large size and passes unwanted signals at higher frequencies along with desired signal without any suppression. Harmonics are popular distortion and has different distortion impacts in many different facilities. Recently, several techniques are introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Applied open stubs, applied resonators, lumped reactive components such as capacitors and inductors, coupled lines, defected ground structure (DGS), and electronic band gaps are common methods, which are widely used to overcome these drawbacks. Finally, the study results show that the resonator-based power dividers and coupled-line-based power dividers have good performances in terms of size reduction and harmonic suppression but increase insertion loss parameter. Furthermore, the lumped reactive component-based power dividers and applied DGS and electromagnetic bandgap cells suppress unwanted harmonics, but they need extra process to fabrication, which is undesirable. Moreover, the open-stub-based power dividers have moderate performance with simple structure, but size reduction and harmonics suppression are not so superior in this method.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":" 488","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleman Y. Omar, Dyari M. Mamand, Rebaz A. Omer, Rzgar F. Rashid, Musher I. Salih
Metoclopramide is a treatment for gastroenteritis accompanied by vomiting. Hyoscine-n-butyl bromide as an anticholinergic agent causes inhibition of the acetylcholine (Ach) by acting on muscarinic receptors. The study aims to ascertain how metoclopramide affects Ach-induced cortical motility and also investigates the effects of metoclopramide alone and in combination with hyoscine-n-butyl bromide drug effects on colon motility. In this study, 1 cm of colon tissue width was cut, 2 cm long strips were made, and both sides of the tissue were secured with surgical silk at both ends of isolated bath tissues of isolated organs with (1g) tension to the suspended instrument that recorded isometric contractions. Tissue fixation is followed by drug addiction: Ach, metoclopramide, and hyoscine-N-butyl bromide. The tissue was treated with metoclopramide and hyoscine-n-butyl bromide and excess Caine for 10 min. The results show changes in colon frequency, peak-to-peak, and amplitude levels for metoclopramide, hyoscine-N-butyl, and metoclopramide and hyoscine. Apaired T-test statistically analyzes the results. Metoclopramide by itself, as well as in combination with hyoscine-n-butyl bromide, increases colon motility and induces Ach release. In addition, an analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of hyoscine-n-butyl bromide and metoclopramide molecules is conducted. The study includes theoretical calculations of electronic parameters for both protonated and unprotonated forms of these molecules in both gaseous and aqueous environments. These results show the potential use of metoclopramide as a therapeutic option for gastroenteritis with vomiting, warranting additional study, and clinical evaluation. The research also reveals hyoscine-n-butyl bromide and metoclopramide’s molecular features by their physicochemical properties.
{"title":"Investigating the Role of Metoclopramide and Hyoscine-N-Butyl Bromide in Colon Motility","authors":"Sleman Y. Omar, Dyari M. Mamand, Rebaz A. Omer, Rzgar F. Rashid, Musher I. Salih","doi":"10.14500/aro.11375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11375","url":null,"abstract":"Metoclopramide is a treatment for gastroenteritis accompanied by vomiting. Hyoscine-n-butyl bromide as an anticholinergic agent causes inhibition of the acetylcholine (Ach) by acting on muscarinic receptors. The study aims to ascertain how metoclopramide affects Ach-induced cortical motility and also investigates the effects of metoclopramide alone and in combination with hyoscine-n-butyl bromide drug effects on colon motility. In this study, 1 cm of colon tissue width was cut, 2 cm long strips were made, and both sides of the tissue were secured with surgical silk at both ends of isolated bath tissues of isolated organs with (1g) tension to the suspended instrument that recorded isometric contractions. Tissue fixation is followed by drug addiction: Ach, metoclopramide, and hyoscine-N-butyl bromide. The tissue was treated with metoclopramide and hyoscine-n-butyl bromide and excess Caine for 10 min. The results show changes in colon frequency, peak-to-peak, and amplitude levels for metoclopramide, hyoscine-N-butyl, and metoclopramide and hyoscine. Apaired T-test statistically analyzes the results. Metoclopramide by itself, as well as in combination with hyoscine-n-butyl bromide, increases colon motility and induces Ach release. In addition, an analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of hyoscine-n-butyl bromide and metoclopramide molecules is conducted. The study includes theoretical calculations of electronic parameters for both protonated and unprotonated forms of these molecules in both gaseous and aqueous environments. These results show the potential use of metoclopramide as a therapeutic option for gastroenteritis with vomiting, warranting additional study, and clinical evaluation. The research also reveals hyoscine-n-butyl bromide and metoclopramide’s molecular features by their physicochemical properties.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":" 375","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies show that Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) and Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) essential oils can help relieve dental pain. Clove oil and lavender oil were tested as topical anesthetics in this study on rabbits, and their effects and likely mechanisms of action were analyzed. Clove oil and lavender oil were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-setup apparatus. Topically applying lidocaine, clove oil, or lavender oil topically all significantly reduced corneal sensitivity. The sensitivity of the cornea was successfully reduced by treatments consisting of lidocaine at a concentration of 0.5%, 25 μg of clove oil, and 50 μg of lavender oil. When clove oil is applied topically to the cornea, it produces effects similar to those of a local anesthetic due to the involvement of the cholinergic system. To achieve the desired effect of producing local anesthesia in the cornea of the rabbit, lidocaine, clove oil, and lavender oil were applied topically to the animal. A noticeable local
anesthetic effect was produced when sub-anesthetic doses of lidocaine were combined with sub-anesthetic doses of lavender or clove oil.
{"title":"The Local Anesthetic Activity of Lavandula angustifolia and Eugenia caryophyllata Essential Oils","authors":"Subasini Uthirapathy","doi":"10.14500/aro.11426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11426","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies show that Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) and Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) essential oils can help relieve dental pain. Clove oil and lavender oil were tested as topical anesthetics in this study on rabbits, and their effects and likely mechanisms of action were analyzed. Clove oil and lavender oil were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-setup apparatus. Topically applying lidocaine, clove oil, or lavender oil topically all significantly reduced corneal sensitivity. The sensitivity of the cornea was successfully reduced by treatments consisting of lidocaine at a concentration of 0.5%, 25 μg of clove oil, and 50 μg of lavender oil. When clove oil is applied topically to the cornea, it produces effects similar to those of a local anesthetic due to the involvement of the cholinergic system. To achieve the desired effect of producing local anesthesia in the cornea of the rabbit, lidocaine, clove oil, and lavender oil were applied topically to the animal. A noticeable local
 anesthetic effect was produced when sub-anesthetic doses of lidocaine were combined with sub-anesthetic doses of lavender or clove oil.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":" 395","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huda M. Radha, Alia K. Abdul Hassan, Ali H. Al-Timemy
Amputation of the upper limb significantly hinders the ability of patients to perform activities of daily living. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a novel approach that combines non-invasive methods, specifically Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electromyography (EMG) signals, with advanced machine learning techniques to recognize upper limb movements. The objective is to improve the control and functionality of prosthetic upper limbs through effective pattern recognition. The proposed methodology involves the fusion of EMG and EEG signals, which are processed using time-frequency domain feature extraction techniques. This enables the classification of seven distinct hand and wrist movements. The experiments conducted in this study utilized the Binary Grey Wolf Optimization (BGWO) algorithm to select optimal features for the proposed classification model. The results demonstrate promising outcomes, with an average classification accuracy of 93.6% for three amputees and five individuals with intact limbs. The accuracy achieved in classifying the seven types of hand and wrist movements further validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. By offering a non-invasive and reliable means of recognizing upper limb movements, this research represents a significant step forward in biotechnical engineering for upper limb amputees. The findings hold considerable potential for enhancing the control and usability of prosthetic devices, ultimately contributing to the overall quality of life for individuals with upper limb amputations.
上肢截肢严重妨碍患者进行日常生活活动的能力。为了应对这一挑战，本文介绍了一种将非侵入性方法(特别是脑电图(EEG)和肌电图(EMG)信号)与先进的机器学习技术相结合的新方法来识别上肢运动。目的是通过有效的模式识别来改善假肢上肢的控制和功能。该方法将肌电信号和脑电信号进行融合，并利用时频域特征提取技术对其进行处理。这样就可以对七种不同的手和手腕运动进行分类。本研究的实验利用二元灰狼优化算法(Binary Grey Wolf Optimization, BGWO)为所提出的分类模型选择最优特征。结果显示出令人鼓舞的结果，对于3名截肢者和5名四肢完好的个体，平均分类准确率为93.6%。对七种手部和手腕动作进行分类的准确性进一步验证了所提方法的有效性。通过提供一种非侵入性和可靠的方法来识别上肢运动，本研究代表了上肢截肢者生物技术工程的重要一步。该研究结果在增强假肢装置的控制和可用性方面具有相当大的潜力，最终有助于提高上肢截肢患者的整体生活质量。
{"title":"Enhancing Upper Limb Prosthetic Control in Amputees Using Non-invasive EEG and EMG Signals with Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Huda M. Radha, Alia K. Abdul Hassan, Ali H. Al-Timemy","doi":"10.14500/aro.11269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11269","url":null,"abstract":"Amputation of the upper limb significantly hinders the ability of patients to perform activities of daily living. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a novel approach that combines non-invasive methods, specifically Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electromyography (EMG) signals, with advanced machine learning techniques to recognize upper limb movements. The objective is to improve the control and functionality of prosthetic upper limbs through effective pattern recognition. The proposed methodology involves the fusion of EMG and EEG signals, which are processed using time-frequency domain feature extraction techniques. This enables the classification of seven distinct hand and wrist movements. The experiments conducted in this study utilized the Binary Grey Wolf Optimization (BGWO) algorithm to select optimal features for the proposed classification model. The results demonstrate promising outcomes, with an average classification accuracy of 93.6% for three amputees and five individuals with intact limbs. The accuracy achieved in classifying the seven types of hand and wrist movements further validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. By offering a non-invasive and reliable means of recognizing upper limb movements, this research represents a significant step forward in biotechnical engineering for upper limb amputees. The findings hold considerable potential for enhancing the control and usability of prosthetic devices, ultimately contributing to the overall quality of life for individuals with upper limb amputations.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"261 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136069740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalid N. Sediq, Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif, Simko O Ramadan, Shalaw Z. Sedeeq
Refractive index (RI) can be used to identify a particular substance and determine its purity and concentration. The RI of glucose solution with various concentrations can be determined using a distributed Bragg reflective (DBR) device containing a nanocavity. The optical property of the reflection spectrum produced by DBR is sensitive to the variation of the refractive index. In this study, a DBR with a cavity width of 220 nm, located in the middle of the device, is designed and used to sense the variation in the refractive index of glucose at different concentrations. The proposed design showed a sharp dip pattern within the reflection spectrum. The wavelength of the absorption peak was found to be sensitive to trivial variations in the refractive index of glucose solution. Results showed that the variation in the refractive index of glucose within the order of Δn = 0.02 has led to a noticeable shift in the absorption spectrum by Δλ = 2.6 nm. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the proposed device was found to be 130 nm/RIU which is considered high compared with those reported in the literature. Hence, the proposed structure can be a promising optical device for chemical ultrasensing applications.
{"title":"Design and Study of a Nanocavity-based One-dimensional Photonic Crystal for Potential Applications in Refractive Index Sensing","authors":"Khalid N. Sediq, Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif, Simko O Ramadan, Shalaw Z. Sedeeq","doi":"10.14500/aro.11298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11298","url":null,"abstract":"Refractive index (RI) can be used to identify a particular substance and determine its purity and concentration. The RI of glucose solution with various concentrations can be determined using a distributed Bragg reflective (DBR) device containing a nanocavity. The optical property of the reflection spectrum produced by DBR is sensitive to the variation of the refractive index. In this study, a DBR with a cavity width of 220 nm, located in the middle of the device, is designed and used to sense the variation in the refractive index of glucose at different concentrations. The proposed design showed a sharp dip pattern within the reflection spectrum. The wavelength of the absorption peak was found to be sensitive to trivial variations in the refractive index of glucose solution. Results showed that the variation in the refractive index of glucose within the order of Δn = 0.02 has led to a noticeable shift in the absorption spectrum by Δλ = 2.6 nm. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the proposed device was found to be 130 nm/RIU which is considered high compared with those reported in the literature. Hence, the proposed structure can be a promising optical device for chemical ultrasensing applications.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
–Indirect solar drying uses solar radiation to heat air and dry agricultural products in harvest time to store them for a longer time and reduce waste. The dryer consists of a solar air heater collector, a drying chamber, and an air ventilation system. In this study, an indirect solar dryer system is constructed and ventilated with an electrical fan. Experiments are conducted on the system using eggplant as an agricultural sample on 2 consequent days (29th and 30th October 2022), to evaluate the system data recorded during the drying process in terms of the temperature for points in the system, solar radiation, and the sample mass. The temperature measurements are ambient, collector, and dried chamber outlet temperatures. The results show that the most effective time for solar drying is between 9:00 and 16:00, and the drying system air temperature is raised to about 40°C when solar radiation reached more than 600 W/m2 in the noon time. The weighted mass is used to evaluate the drying process, and maximum drying rate and drying efficiency are obtained on the 1st day of the drying before noon time.
{"title":"Manufacturing and Evaluating of Indirect Solar Dryers","authors":"Dara K. Khidir","doi":"10.14500/aro.11127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11127","url":null,"abstract":"–Indirect solar drying uses solar radiation to heat air and dry agricultural products in harvest time to store them for a longer time and reduce waste. The dryer consists of a solar air heater collector, a drying chamber, and an air ventilation system. In this study, an indirect solar dryer system is constructed and ventilated with an electrical fan. Experiments are conducted on the system using eggplant as an agricultural sample on 2 consequent days (29th and 30th October 2022), to evaluate the system data recorded during the drying process in terms of the temperature for points in the system, solar radiation, and the sample mass. The temperature measurements are ambient, collector, and dried chamber outlet temperatures. The results show that the most effective time for solar drying is between 9:00 and 16:00, and the drying system air temperature is raised to about 40°C when solar radiation reached more than 600 W/m2 in the noon time. The weighted mass is used to evaluate the drying process, and maximum drying rate and drying efficiency are obtained on the 1st day of the drying before noon time.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135483093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fundamental goal of this study is to measure the level of radioactivity in the soil of the area around Al-Hadbaa cement plant, also to evaluate the radiological hazard of radionuclide, gamma-spectroscopy with an HPGe detector with the crystal diameter of 70.6 mm and length of 70 mm has been used to estimate the specific activity of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and artificial radionuclides 137Cs in the fifteen soil samples collected. The results show that the average concentration of specific activity of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs was 11.17 ± 1.69, 13.38 ± 0.72, 158.36 ± 5.35 Bq/kg, and 1.52 ± 0.19 Bq/kg, respectively. The average specific activity of these radionuclides is discovered to be lower than the global average which is 33 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 30 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 400 Bq/kg for 40K. Radiological hazard indices are determined according to the activity concentration of the radionuclides in the area under study. The outcome of the radiological hazard index is within the globally recognized limit proposed by UNSCEAR which is 1000 μSv/y for annual effective dose and 290 × 10-6 for cancer risk, so it is possible to conclude that there are no radiological hazards as a result of radiation exposure to the workers working in the cement plant as well as the organisms living in the region.
{"title":"Evaluation of Radioactivity in Soil Sample from Al-Hadbaa Cement Plant in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq","authors":"Laith A. Najam, Ali I. Yaseen","doi":"10.14500/aro.11283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11283","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamental goal of this study is to measure the level of radioactivity in the soil of the area around Al-Hadbaa cement plant, also to evaluate the radiological hazard of radionuclide, gamma-spectroscopy with an HPGe detector with the crystal diameter of 70.6 mm and length of 70 mm has been used to estimate the specific activity of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and artificial radionuclides 137Cs in the fifteen soil samples collected. The results show that the average concentration of specific activity of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs was 11.17 ± 1.69, 13.38 ± 0.72, 158.36 ± 5.35 Bq/kg, and 1.52 ± 0.19 Bq/kg, respectively. The average specific activity of these radionuclides is discovered to be lower than the global average which is 33 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 30 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 400 Bq/kg for 40K. Radiological hazard indices are determined according to the activity concentration of the radionuclides in the area under study. The outcome of the radiological hazard index is within the globally recognized limit proposed by UNSCEAR which is 1000 μSv/y for annual effective dose and 290 × 10-6 for cancer risk, so it is possible to conclude that there are no radiological hazards as a result of radiation exposure to the workers working in the cement plant as well as the organisms living in the region.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135769265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research explored the behavior of glass when bombarded by high-energy radiation, especially electron beams inside transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Six types of glasses are investigated under e-beam. The work is conducted using three types of TEMs of energies of 120, 200, and 300 keV. The findings show that these microscopies have a significant impact on the glass, as various observations were documented. Using a wide electron beam, morphology changes combined with bubble formation are observed in the glass. These changes are rounding and smoothening of glass edges and surfaces. In addition, the findings show that there is no material loss due to irradiation as confirmed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results also show that high silica glass is very sensitive, while high boron glass is found to be less sensitive to irradiation. Using a smaller size electron beam, on the other hand, resulted in the fabrication of a nanoring/nanocrater in glass. The possible applications of this research can be in the protection and packaging of three-dimensional electronic equipment and nanoscale pattern formation through roughening of the external glass contour through phase separation and the opposite through local changing of a part of the glass through the pseudo-melting and the stability of loaded and un-loaded glasses to the irradiation. Furthermore, by generating a nanoring or a nanocrater through e-beam, the lithography process is successfully performed, as the effect of the electron beam is solely at the irradiation region, while the regions outside the e-beam remain unaffected
{"title":"Investigating and Studying the Modifications of Nano and Micro-sized Amorphous Materials Under the Influence of a High Energy Radiation","authors":"Mohammed F. Sabri","doi":"10.14500/aro.11290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11290","url":null,"abstract":"This research explored the behavior of glass when bombarded by high-energy radiation, especially electron beams inside transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Six types of glasses are investigated under e-beam. The work is conducted using three types of TEMs of energies of 120, 200, and 300 keV. The findings show that these microscopies have a significant impact on the glass, as various observations were documented. Using a wide electron beam, morphology changes combined with bubble formation are observed in the glass. These changes are rounding and smoothening of glass edges and surfaces. In addition, the findings show that there is no material loss due to irradiation as confirmed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results also show that high silica glass is very sensitive, while high boron glass is found to be less sensitive to irradiation. Using a smaller size electron beam, on the other hand, resulted in the fabrication of a nanoring/nanocrater in glass. The possible applications of this research can be in the protection and packaging of three-dimensional electronic equipment and nanoscale pattern formation through roughening of the external glass contour through phase separation and the opposite through local changing of a part of the glass through the pseudo-melting and the stability of loaded and un-loaded glasses to the irradiation. Furthermore, by generating a nanoring or a nanocrater through e-beam, the lithography process is successfully performed, as the effect of the electron beam is solely at the irradiation region, while the regions outside the e-beam remain unaffected","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135926137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hardi S. Fathullah, Hirsh M. Majid, Chro H. Ahmed, Sulleyman H. Sourkan, Karzan S. Ismael, Balen Z. Abdulsamad
This paper investigates the impact of geometry of central island of roundabout on operational performance in terms of delay and capacity measures. A roundabout with an elliptical central island having major and minor axes of 63 and 44m respectively was selected as a case study. Using SIDRA Intersection software two simulation models are developed while considering two geometric shapes of central island; one with an elliptical shape and the other with a circular shape. The peak traffic volume of each approach was assigned to both models as a preliminary simulation then twelve scenarios were generated by assigning identical lane volumes starting from a value that gave level of service A and increasing gradually to level of service F. In each scenario 100% of the volume assigned to an approach while the other was assigned with 75% of it and this process was reversed for every run. The results revealed that at high degree of saturation, the elliptical roundabout generally possessed a higher performance especially in term of delay and capacity compared to the circular roundabout. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out through running eight more simulation scenarios to examine the impacts of heavy vehicle percentage (HV%) on the roundabout operational performance. The (HV %) started from 2% and increased to 12% with alternate approach virtual volume, and the results showed that performance of the elliptical roundabout was higher than the circular roundabout. However it was more susceptible to increase of HV% in term of control delay and capacity.
{"title":"Traffic Circulation Efficiency of Elliptical Roundabouts","authors":"Hardi S. Fathullah, Hirsh M. Majid, Chro H. Ahmed, Sulleyman H. Sourkan, Karzan S. Ismael, Balen Z. Abdulsamad","doi":"10.14500/aro.11150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11150","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of geometry of central island of roundabout on operational performance in terms of delay and capacity measures. A roundabout with an elliptical central island having major and minor axes of 63 and 44m respectively was selected as a case study. Using SIDRA Intersection software two simulation models are developed while considering two geometric shapes of central island; one with an elliptical shape and the other with a circular shape. The peak traffic volume of each approach was assigned to both models as a preliminary simulation then twelve scenarios were generated by assigning identical lane volumes starting from a value that gave level of service A and increasing gradually to level of service F. In each scenario 100% of the volume assigned to an approach while the other was assigned with 75% of it and this process was reversed for every run. The results revealed that at high degree of saturation, the elliptical roundabout generally possessed a higher performance especially in term of delay and capacity compared to the circular roundabout. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out through running eight more simulation scenarios to examine the impacts of heavy vehicle percentage (HV%) on the roundabout operational performance. The (HV %) started from 2% and increased to 12% with alternate approach virtual volume, and the results showed that performance of the elliptical roundabout was higher than the circular roundabout. However it was more susceptible to increase of HV% in term of control delay and capacity.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136377414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jahfer M. Smail, Hiwa H. Azeez, Habeeb H. Mansour, Saddon T. Ahmad
This study aims to assess radon levels in the water of the Lower Zab River. Knowing the radon concentrations is crucial for understanding the potential risks to human health and implementing protective measures. ARAD7-H2O detector has been used to measure the radon concentration in 28 water samples from the Lower Zab River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Results show that the radon activity concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4 Bq.L−1, with an average of 0.61 Bq.L−1, and the resulting annual effective dose (AED) varied from 0.137 to 60.06 Sv.y−1, with an average of 12.08 Sv.y−1. The average radon concentration and AED in the measured samples are below the reference levels recommended by the ICRP and the World Health Organization. Consequently, the LZR water is suitable for human consumption and use and does not present any health hazards related to radon exposure.
{"title":"Radon Activity Concentration Measurements in the Water Collected from the Lower Zab River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq","authors":"Jahfer M. Smail, Hiwa H. Azeez, Habeeb H. Mansour, Saddon T. Ahmad","doi":"10.14500/aro.11192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11192","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to assess radon levels in the water of the Lower Zab River. Knowing the radon concentrations is crucial for understanding the potential risks to human health and implementing protective measures. ARAD7-H2O detector has been used to measure the radon concentration in 28 water samples from the Lower Zab River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Results show that the radon activity concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4 Bq.L−1, with an average of 0.61 Bq.L−1, and the resulting annual effective dose (AED) varied from 0.137 to 60.06 Sv.y−1, with an average of 12.08 Sv.y−1. The average radon concentration and AED in the measured samples are below the reference levels recommended by the ICRP and the World Health Organization. Consequently, the LZR water is suitable for human consumption and use and does not present any health hazards related to radon exposure.","PeriodicalId":8665,"journal":{"name":"ARO. The Scientific Journal of Koya University","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135202862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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