Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2023.3421
A. Yazdi, M. Alvandi, Z. Shaghaghi, S. H. Hashemi, Seyed Omid Inanloo, S. Hashemi, Tayeb Mohammadi, Surur Akbari
Background: Being infected with COVID-19 is a multifaceted syndrome that should be managed in the context of concurrent comorbidities. This study aimed to decipher the influence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the COVID-19 progression and its outcome. Methods: From a cohort of 184 consecutive CVD patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 86 and 98 cases were placed in the non-severe and severe groups. The clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were compared between two divisions. A logistic regression model was further applied to determine parameters associated with disease severity and outcomes. Results: Patients in the severe group had significantly a higher mean age and body mass index (BMI). Of laboratory parameters, neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, troponin I, and creatine kinase-myocardial band increased significantly in the severe group. Heart failure (HF) was the only CVD type that was associated with disease severity and outcome. The overall mortality rate among CVD patients was 24.5%, and patients with age over 75, dyspnea, and lower O2 saturation at the admission time were at risk of an increased chance of death. Conclusion: The mortality rate of COVID patients with underlying CVDs is high, and identifying the factors associated with disease progression is of great value. Obesity and advanced age put cardiovascular patients at the stake of severe disease and poorer outcomes. Dyspnea and hypoxia at the admission time, as well as the N/L ratio, were associated with disease severity and outcome, and chances are that they can be used as suitable predictors for recognizing those who need intensive management care.
{"title":"Coronavirus Disease in Cardiovascular Patients: Clinical Characteristics and Final Prognosis","authors":"A. Yazdi, M. Alvandi, Z. Shaghaghi, S. H. Hashemi, Seyed Omid Inanloo, S. Hashemi, Tayeb Mohammadi, Surur Akbari","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2023.3421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2023.3421","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Being infected with COVID-19 is a multifaceted syndrome that should be managed in the context of concurrent comorbidities. This study aimed to decipher the influence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the COVID-19 progression and its outcome. Methods: From a cohort of 184 consecutive CVD patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 86 and 98 cases were placed in the non-severe and severe groups. The clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were compared between two divisions. A logistic regression model was further applied to determine parameters associated with disease severity and outcomes. Results: Patients in the severe group had significantly a higher mean age and body mass index (BMI). Of laboratory parameters, neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, troponin I, and creatine kinase-myocardial band increased significantly in the severe group. Heart failure (HF) was the only CVD type that was associated with disease severity and outcome. The overall mortality rate among CVD patients was 24.5%, and patients with age over 75, dyspnea, and lower O2 saturation at the admission time were at risk of an increased chance of death. Conclusion: The mortality rate of COVID patients with underlying CVDs is high, and identifying the factors associated with disease progression is of great value. Obesity and advanced age put cardiovascular patients at the stake of severe disease and poorer outcomes. Dyspnea and hypoxia at the admission time, as well as the N/L ratio, were associated with disease severity and outcome, and chances are that they can be used as suitable predictors for recognizing those who need intensive management care.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84145707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3416
S. Maktabi, Mehdi Pourmahdi Brojeni, Leila Elahinia
Background: Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes are among the most important foodborne pathogens, and new methods to remove them from surfaces are useful. The aim of this study was to investigate the bactericidal effect of a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and some food matrix-related factors such as temperature, salinity, acidity, and exposure time on L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium in suspension and on different food industry related surfaces. Methods: The bacterial strains were treated with different concentrations of SDS, citric acid, lactic acid, and NaCl at different temperatures at various times. At least one concentration was selected that caused one or less log reduction in the viability of each bacterium, and the combination treatments were examined in this regard. The best combination was then selected, and its bactericidal effect on the bacteria tested was evaluated on ceramic, stainless steel, and plastic surfaces. Results: The results showed that the sensitivity of the bacteria studied to different disinfectants was different. L. monocytogenes was highly sensitive to SDS, while S. Typhimurium was relatively resistant to SDS. Both bacteria were more sensitive to lactic acid than to citric acid, and the bactericidal effects of the disinfectants were enhanced in the combined treatments at 45º C compared to 35º C treatments. The addition of NaCl to the SDS solution resulted in a strong reduction in the bactericidal effect of SDS. The selected disinfectant removed bacterial biofilms from stainless steel surfaces in a shorter time than ceramic and plastic surfaces. Conclusion: The preparation of combined solutions using SDS and an organic acid at an appropriate concentration and temperature could be useful for removing or reducing bacterial biofilms. Therefore, the combination of SDS and the lactic acid at 45° C can effectively remove pathogenic bacteria from various surfaces.
{"title":"Decontamination of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes on Food-Related Surfaces by a Combination of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Lactic Acid, or Citric Acid Under Different Temperatures","authors":"S. Maktabi, Mehdi Pourmahdi Brojeni, Leila Elahinia","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3416","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes are among the most important foodborne pathogens, and new methods to remove them from surfaces are useful. The aim of this study was to investigate the bactericidal effect of a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and some food matrix-related factors such as temperature, salinity, acidity, and exposure time on L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium in suspension and on different food industry related surfaces. Methods: The bacterial strains were treated with different concentrations of SDS, citric acid, lactic acid, and NaCl at different temperatures at various times. At least one concentration was selected that caused one or less log reduction in the viability of each bacterium, and the combination treatments were examined in this regard. The best combination was then selected, and its bactericidal effect on the bacteria tested was evaluated on ceramic, stainless steel, and plastic surfaces. Results: The results showed that the sensitivity of the bacteria studied to different disinfectants was different. L. monocytogenes was highly sensitive to SDS, while S. Typhimurium was relatively resistant to SDS. Both bacteria were more sensitive to lactic acid than to citric acid, and the bactericidal effects of the disinfectants were enhanced in the combined treatments at 45º C compared to 35º C treatments. The addition of NaCl to the SDS solution resulted in a strong reduction in the bactericidal effect of SDS. The selected disinfectant removed bacterial biofilms from stainless steel surfaces in a shorter time than ceramic and plastic surfaces. Conclusion: The preparation of combined solutions using SDS and an organic acid at an appropriate concentration and temperature could be useful for removing or reducing bacterial biofilms. Therefore, the combination of SDS and the lactic acid at 45° C can effectively remove pathogenic bacteria from various surfaces.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80488060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3391
F. Alam, T. Tasnim, Sonia Afroz, A. Alam, Nabila Afroze, Aysha Khatun, Sanjida Khondakar Setu, A. Saleh
Background: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and antibiogram of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka , Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 185 clinical S. aureus isolates were studied from March 2016 to February 2017 and identified by standard microbiological methods and an antibiogram was determined by disc diffusion method. A duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed on all isolates to detect femA and mecA genes of S. aureus. Results: Among the 185 isolates, all (100%) were positive for the femA gene, 76 (41.1%) were methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 109 (58.9%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The highest and the lowest frequency of both MRSA were isolated from pus and urine specimens, respectively. All 185 S. aureus were 100% sensitive to both vancomycin and linezolid and were highly sensitive towards rifampicin (94%), meropenem (87%), gentamicin (85.4%), and cotrimoxazole (82.2%), whereas the highest resistance was against penicillin G (94.6%) followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (82.7%), azithromycin (72.4%), amoxicillin (66.5%), and ciprofloxacin (63.2%). After vancomycin and linezolid, MRSA showed good susceptibility to rifampicin, cotrimoxazole, and gentamicin, while MSSA exhibited high sensitivity toward rifampicin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, meropenem, cloxacillin, ceftriaxone, and cotrimoxazole. Furthermore, MRSA was significantly more resistant to antibiotics than MSSA (P value<0.05), and the majority of S. aureus (81.1%), MRSA (97.4%), and MSSA (69.7%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion: Our findings can guide physicians to provide effective antibiotic therapy, implement monitoring and control strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance, and prevent the dissemination of MRSA and MDR in the environment.
{"title":"Epidemiology and Antibiogram of Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"F. Alam, T. Tasnim, Sonia Afroz, A. Alam, Nabila Afroze, Aysha Khatun, Sanjida Khondakar Setu, A. Saleh","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3391","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and antibiogram of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka , Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 185 clinical S. aureus isolates were studied from March 2016 to February 2017 and identified by standard microbiological methods and an antibiogram was determined by disc diffusion method. A duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed on all isolates to detect femA and mecA genes of S. aureus. Results: Among the 185 isolates, all (100%) were positive for the femA gene, 76 (41.1%) were methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 109 (58.9%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The highest and the lowest frequency of both MRSA were isolated from pus and urine specimens, respectively. All 185 S. aureus were 100% sensitive to both vancomycin and linezolid and were highly sensitive towards rifampicin (94%), meropenem (87%), gentamicin (85.4%), and cotrimoxazole (82.2%), whereas the highest resistance was against penicillin G (94.6%) followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (82.7%), azithromycin (72.4%), amoxicillin (66.5%), and ciprofloxacin (63.2%). After vancomycin and linezolid, MRSA showed good susceptibility to rifampicin, cotrimoxazole, and gentamicin, while MSSA exhibited high sensitivity toward rifampicin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, meropenem, cloxacillin, ceftriaxone, and cotrimoxazole. Furthermore, MRSA was significantly more resistant to antibiotics than MSSA (P value<0.05), and the majority of S. aureus (81.1%), MRSA (97.4%), and MSSA (69.7%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion: Our findings can guide physicians to provide effective antibiotic therapy, implement monitoring and control strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance, and prevent the dissemination of MRSA and MDR in the environment.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85240345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3427
M. Rezai, Hasan Safehian, P. Hafezimoghadam, H. Amiri, A. Javan
Background: Nowadays, ceftriaxone is being used widely and its use is less compatible with the current guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate use of ceftriaxone. The results may help to find a way to prevent its inappropriate use in the emergency department (ED). Methods: In this observational-analytical study, the patients who were referred to EDs of two teaching hospitals from September 23, 2019, to March 19, 2020, and treated with ceftriaxone were analyzed. The appropriate use of ceftriaxone was determined based on the latest evidence-based literature. Results: Ceftriaxone had been prescribed properly in 156 patients (38.4%; 95% CI, 33.5-42.9%) and its use did not meet logical criteria in the remaining 250 patients (69.6%; 95% CI, 57.1-66.5%). The appropriate use of ceftriaxone was independently related to goal-directed use, level I triage, urinalysis (U/A) indicating urinary tract infection (UTI), and chest radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Conclusion: Our study revealed the inappropriate use of ceftriaxone in teaching medical centers; therefore, further education seems to be necessary in this field.
{"title":"The Use of Ceftriaxone in Academic Emergency Departments: Evidence-Based Utilization or Overuse","authors":"M. Rezai, Hasan Safehian, P. Hafezimoghadam, H. Amiri, A. Javan","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3427","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nowadays, ceftriaxone is being used widely and its use is less compatible with the current guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate use of ceftriaxone. The results may help to find a way to prevent its inappropriate use in the emergency department (ED). Methods: In this observational-analytical study, the patients who were referred to EDs of two teaching hospitals from September 23, 2019, to March 19, 2020, and treated with ceftriaxone were analyzed. The appropriate use of ceftriaxone was determined based on the latest evidence-based literature. Results: Ceftriaxone had been prescribed properly in 156 patients (38.4%; 95% CI, 33.5-42.9%) and its use did not meet logical criteria in the remaining 250 patients (69.6%; 95% CI, 57.1-66.5%). The appropriate use of ceftriaxone was independently related to goal-directed use, level I triage, urinalysis (U/A) indicating urinary tract infection (UTI), and chest radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Conclusion: Our study revealed the inappropriate use of ceftriaxone in teaching medical centers; therefore, further education seems to be necessary in this field.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74978976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3426
Z. Sadeghi Dehkordi, Ali Akbar Mahmoudi, Ali Saeghinasab, Gamal Gharekhani
Background: Ectoparasites in domestic animals (sheep and goats) play important roles in transmitting the widest range of pathogens and can induce considerable economic losses in the animal husbandry industry. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and species’ variation of ectoparasites in the sheep and goats and its risk factors in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, western Iran. Methods: The ectoparasites of 4576 animals; that is, 1954 sheep (416+1538) and 2622 goats (1084+1538) were collected in the abattoir and different rural regions (N=32) of Sanandaj. Determination of ectoparasites was done using a stereomicroscope according to the identification keys. Results: Results indicated that 925 sheep (47.33%) and 811 goats (30.93%) were infested with ectoparasites. There was a significant difference between the prevalence and sex in sheep aged less than one-year old (P≤0.05). Moreover, the highest and lowest prevalence of ixodid tick infestations was observed for Boophilus spp. (35.36%) and Rhipicephalus spp. (3.06%), respectively. In addition, the highest body infestation to be detected was on the ears (24.82%) of Rhipicephalus (P≤0.05) with 2.13 ticks in each animal. The frequency of tick infestation was remarkably higher in spring (33.82%) than in other seasons. Furthermore, 143/416 (34.37%) and 109/416 (26.2%) sheep as well as 113/1084 (10.42%) and 87/1084(0.86%) goats were infested with Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans, respectively. Myiasis resulting from Przhevalskiana fly larvae was merely observed in the goat population at the abattoir. Haematopinus spp, Linognathus spp., and Damalinia were detected, and the prevalence of lice infestation was significantly higher in the goats 831/1538 (54.03%) rather than in the sheep 20/1538 (1.3%). Conclusion: This is the first report on ectoparasites fauna in the sheep and goats in Sanandaj, western Iran. Furthermore, it was confirmed that various ticks can not only transmit pathogens to humans but also induce tick-borne disease in animals in the region.
{"title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors Associated with Zoonotic Ectoparasite Infestation Among Human and Small Ruminants in Sanandaj, West Iran","authors":"Z. Sadeghi Dehkordi, Ali Akbar Mahmoudi, Ali Saeghinasab, Gamal Gharekhani","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3426","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ectoparasites in domestic animals (sheep and goats) play important roles in transmitting the widest range of pathogens and can induce considerable economic losses in the animal husbandry industry. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and species’ variation of ectoparasites in the sheep and goats and its risk factors in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, western Iran. Methods: The ectoparasites of 4576 animals; that is, 1954 sheep (416+1538) and 2622 goats (1084+1538) were collected in the abattoir and different rural regions (N=32) of Sanandaj. Determination of ectoparasites was done using a stereomicroscope according to the identification keys. Results: Results indicated that 925 sheep (47.33%) and 811 goats (30.93%) were infested with ectoparasites. There was a significant difference between the prevalence and sex in sheep aged less than one-year old (P≤0.05). Moreover, the highest and lowest prevalence of ixodid tick infestations was observed for Boophilus spp. (35.36%) and Rhipicephalus spp. (3.06%), respectively. In addition, the highest body infestation to be detected was on the ears (24.82%) of Rhipicephalus (P≤0.05) with 2.13 ticks in each animal. The frequency of tick infestation was remarkably higher in spring (33.82%) than in other seasons. Furthermore, 143/416 (34.37%) and 109/416 (26.2%) sheep as well as 113/1084 (10.42%) and 87/1084(0.86%) goats were infested with Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans, respectively. Myiasis resulting from Przhevalskiana fly larvae was merely observed in the goat population at the abattoir. Haematopinus spp, Linognathus spp., and Damalinia were detected, and the prevalence of lice infestation was significantly higher in the goats 831/1538 (54.03%) rather than in the sheep 20/1538 (1.3%). Conclusion: This is the first report on ectoparasites fauna in the sheep and goats in Sanandaj, western Iran. Furthermore, it was confirmed that various ticks can not only transmit pathogens to humans but also induce tick-borne disease in animals in the region.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87603051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3395
H. Ghaderi, A. Mohammadzadeh, Mohamadreza Pajohi-alamoti, A. Sadeghi-Nasab, P. Mahmoodi, A. Goudarztalejerdi
Background: Staphylococcus aureus, as a major food-borne pathogen, is the most commonly isolated bacterium from bovine mastitis. However, some S. aureus strains exhibit a high rate of antibiotic resistance, among which, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is very important. The present study was conducted to isolate, characterize, and determine the antibiotic resistance profile of MRSA strains in milk. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated and identified from 415 milk samples collected from apparently healthy cattle in Hamedan province, Iran. Molecular characteristics of the strains were identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. Results: A total of 76 S. aureus strains were isolated and identified. The PCR results indicated that 50 (65.78%) isolates possessed mecA gene and were found to be MRSA strains. Twelve isolates (15.78%) showed phenotypic resistance to oxacillin in disk diffusion method. All 76 S. aureus isolates (100%) were resistant to penicillin and susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that bovine milk may contain MRSA strains and this is worrying as these isolates may transfer multi-drug resistance to the isolates that circulate among humans, animals, and food chains.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Isolated From Milk Samples of Apparently Healthy Cattle in Hamedan, Iran","authors":"H. Ghaderi, A. Mohammadzadeh, Mohamadreza Pajohi-alamoti, A. Sadeghi-Nasab, P. Mahmoodi, A. Goudarztalejerdi","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3395","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Staphylococcus aureus, as a major food-borne pathogen, is the most commonly isolated bacterium from bovine mastitis. However, some S. aureus strains exhibit a high rate of antibiotic resistance, among which, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is very important. The present study was conducted to isolate, characterize, and determine the antibiotic resistance profile of MRSA strains in milk. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated and identified from 415 milk samples collected from apparently healthy cattle in Hamedan province, Iran. Molecular characteristics of the strains were identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. Results: A total of 76 S. aureus strains were isolated and identified. The PCR results indicated that 50 (65.78%) isolates possessed mecA gene and were found to be MRSA strains. Twelve isolates (15.78%) showed phenotypic resistance to oxacillin in disk diffusion method. All 76 S. aureus isolates (100%) were resistant to penicillin and susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that bovine milk may contain MRSA strains and this is worrying as these isolates may transfer multi-drug resistance to the isolates that circulate among humans, animals, and food chains.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76114945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3413
F. Mehrabi, M. Moshafi, Sina Bahraminejad, M. Ranjbar
Background: Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important concerns caused by the extensive use of antibiotics. Efforts to find new materials with antimicrobial effects have been continued more seriously than before. Nanoparticles (NPs) with very small dimensions and extraordinary properties have the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance, so the use of previous antimicrobial substances at the nanometer dimensions to investigate physicochemical and antimicrobial effects could help overcome these universal concerns. Methods: In this study, NPs were synthesized by hydrothermal-assisted microwave technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties. Further, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were carried out to analyze the chemical composition of nanocomposites. Then, their minimum inhibitory concentration was measured on seven bacterial isolates. Results: The majority of NPs were in the range of 40-100 nanometers which is the well-optimized size for our purpose. Antimicrobial analysis revealed the effect of synthesized nanocomposites on every seven microbial isolates, including three gram-positive isolates (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis) and four gram-negative isolates (i.e., Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae). Conclusion: Synthesized nanocomposite revealed a good antimicrobial effect on all bacterial isolates. It is suggested to investigate the cellular toxicity of synthesized nanocomposite in the next studies.
{"title":"Eco-Friendly Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Study of Chitosan/Bi (OH)3 Nanocomposites","authors":"F. Mehrabi, M. Moshafi, Sina Bahraminejad, M. Ranjbar","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3413","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important concerns caused by the extensive use of antibiotics. Efforts to find new materials with antimicrobial effects have been continued more seriously than before. Nanoparticles (NPs) with very small dimensions and extraordinary properties have the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance, so the use of previous antimicrobial substances at the nanometer dimensions to investigate physicochemical and antimicrobial effects could help overcome these universal concerns. Methods: In this study, NPs were synthesized by hydrothermal-assisted microwave technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties. Further, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were carried out to analyze the chemical composition of nanocomposites. Then, their minimum inhibitory concentration was measured on seven bacterial isolates. Results: The majority of NPs were in the range of 40-100 nanometers which is the well-optimized size for our purpose. Antimicrobial analysis revealed the effect of synthesized nanocomposites on every seven microbial isolates, including three gram-positive isolates (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis) and four gram-negative isolates (i.e., Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae). Conclusion: Synthesized nanocomposite revealed a good antimicrobial effect on all bacterial isolates. It is suggested to investigate the cellular toxicity of synthesized nanocomposite in the next studies.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76420058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3390
S. Hudu, A. Jimoh, Y. Mohammed
Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant danger to Nigeria’s TB control efforts. Nigeria records 570000 new TB cases each year, and it is one of the world’s greatest TB-burden countries as well as one of the top ten countries with MDR-TB. This study aimed to determine the MDR prevalence, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular mapping as well as the link between MDR prevalence and demographic data. Methods: The study comprised 100 TB patients recruited consecutively. The proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium was used for drug susceptibility testing. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used, and the rrs genes were amplified and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment techniques were used to compare the PCR product sequences to reference sequences retrieved from GenBank. Results: Rifampicin (RIF) resistance was found in 29% (22.75), ethambutol resistance was found in 20% (15.75), and isoniazid (INH) resistance was found in 28% (21.75). Further, RIF and INH resistance were found in 20% (15.75) of the samples. At nucleotide position 892, four isolates (31%) contained a G-A transition, and the most prevalent mutation found in the rrs gene was S531L (80%, 12.15). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that three of the Sokoto isolates are closely linked to reference isolates from Iran, Germany, China, and Sudan in terms of geographical relatedness. Conclusions: The obtained data revealed that acquired resistance is a major factor in the establishment of MDR-TB in Sokoto, which could be owing to poor adherence to medication or poor treatment of TB patients.
{"title":"Prevalence and Molecular Mapping of Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria","authors":"S. Hudu, A. Jimoh, Y. Mohammed","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3390","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant danger to Nigeria’s TB control efforts. Nigeria records 570000 new TB cases each year, and it is one of the world’s greatest TB-burden countries as well as one of the top ten countries with MDR-TB. This study aimed to determine the MDR prevalence, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular mapping as well as the link between MDR prevalence and demographic data. Methods: The study comprised 100 TB patients recruited consecutively. The proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium was used for drug susceptibility testing. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used, and the rrs genes were amplified and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment techniques were used to compare the PCR product sequences to reference sequences retrieved from GenBank. Results: Rifampicin (RIF) resistance was found in 29% (22.75), ethambutol resistance was found in 20% (15.75), and isoniazid (INH) resistance was found in 28% (21.75). Further, RIF and INH resistance were found in 20% (15.75) of the samples. At nucleotide position 892, four isolates (31%) contained a G-A transition, and the most prevalent mutation found in the rrs gene was S531L (80%, 12.15). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that three of the Sokoto isolates are closely linked to reference isolates from Iran, Germany, China, and Sudan in terms of geographical relatedness. Conclusions: The obtained data revealed that acquired resistance is a major factor in the establishment of MDR-TB in Sokoto, which could be owing to poor adherence to medication or poor treatment of TB patients.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79703173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3393
R. Norouzi, F. Mirzaei, Abolghasem Siadatpanah, Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a major health threatening disease in Iran and many countries around the world. Antimony compounds are currently used to treat CL. Due to the side effects and high resistance, the use of alternative therapies, especially the use of nanoparticles, has been considered by researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-leishmanial activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on Leishmania major in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, the anti-leishmanial activity of the SeNPs was evaluated at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL at exposure times of 24, 48, and 72 hours on 106 live parasites. Then, the number of live parasites was counted by trypan blue using a neobar slide and light microscope (Hemocytometer method). Glucantime and distilled water were considered positive and negative controls, respectively. Then, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated by SigmaPlot™ 13 software. All reactions were performed in triplicate, and the results were considered as average. Results: The results of this study revealed that all concentrations of SeNPs have anti-leishmanial activity. The concentration of 100 µg/mL of SeNPs had the highest anti-leishmanial effect (100%) after 72 hours of exposure. Further, the IC50 content of SeNPs on L. major after 24, 48, and 72 hours was calculated to be 42.76, 34.53, and 22.69 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicated that SeNPs in different concentrations has an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. major. However, further investigations are required to determine the efficacy of SeNPs in vivo.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-leishmanial Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Leishmania major Promastigotes In Vitro","authors":"R. Norouzi, F. Mirzaei, Abolghasem Siadatpanah, Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3393","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a major health threatening disease in Iran and many countries around the world. Antimony compounds are currently used to treat CL. Due to the side effects and high resistance, the use of alternative therapies, especially the use of nanoparticles, has been considered by researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-leishmanial activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on Leishmania major in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, the anti-leishmanial activity of the SeNPs was evaluated at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL at exposure times of 24, 48, and 72 hours on 106 live parasites. Then, the number of live parasites was counted by trypan blue using a neobar slide and light microscope (Hemocytometer method). Glucantime and distilled water were considered positive and negative controls, respectively. Then, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated by SigmaPlot™ 13 software. All reactions were performed in triplicate, and the results were considered as average. Results: The results of this study revealed that all concentrations of SeNPs have anti-leishmanial activity. The concentration of 100 µg/mL of SeNPs had the highest anti-leishmanial effect (100%) after 72 hours of exposure. Further, the IC50 content of SeNPs on L. major after 24, 48, and 72 hours was calculated to be 42.76, 34.53, and 22.69 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicated that SeNPs in different concentrations has an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. major. However, further investigations are required to determine the efficacy of SeNPs in vivo.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89936595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3406
Colton M Zeitler, Thomas Varkey, Zachary I. Merhavy
{"title":"The Microbiome and the Future of Anesthesia","authors":"Colton M Zeitler, Thomas Varkey, Zachary I. Merhavy","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.3406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90058164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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