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N limitation may inhibit the effectiveness of close-to-nature restoration measures for degraded alpine meadows on the northern Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau 氮限制可能会抑制青藏高原北部退化的高山草甸近自然恢复措施的有效性
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.04.001
Guoxu Ji , Guozheng Hu , Qingzhu Gao , Hasbagan Ganjurjav , Yunfan Wan , Huihui Liu , Peidong Yu , Shicheng He , Jun Yan

As important terrestrial ecosystems on the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau with important ecological and economic value, alpine meadows in some regions are in a degraded state due to climate change and unsustainable grazing. Due to the fragile ecological environment, exploring sustainable restoration models of degraded alpine meadows using close-to-nature restoration measures is the direction of ongoing efforts. Thus, in this study, three close-to-nature restoration measures, namely, manure application (M), Poa annua, Elymus dahuricus, and Puccinellia distans mixed with non-tillage reseeding (R), and the combined treatments (MR), were used to restore degraded alpine meadows from 2019 to 2021. The results showed that the M and MR treatments significantly enhanced plant biomass and reduced forbs dominance, thus improving community structure. Moreover, the M and MR treatments significantly affected plant and bacterial alpha diversity. However, the three restoration measures did not alter the correlation between the plant and bacterial communities. Furthermore, these three measures resulted in a significant increase in the plant carbon:nitrogen ratio and a significant decrease in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio, while neither the plant carbon:phosphorus ratio nor the soil stoichiometric ratio changed significantly, indicating that nitrogen limitation was an important factor that limited the recovery process of the alpine meadows. The structural equation model indicated that the plant nitrogen:phosphorus ratio may regulate the response of plant and bacterial diversity to different restoration measures in alpine meadows. Our findings emphasize that the management of degraded alpine meadows using close-to-nature restoration measures should be a long-term effort, with more attention given to changes in the nitrogen content of meadow ecosystems.

高寒草甸是青藏高原重要的陆地生态系统,具有重要的生态和经济价值,但由于气候变化和不可持续的放牧,部分地区的高寒草甸处于退化状态。由于生态环境脆弱,利用近自然恢复措施探索退化高寒草甸的可持续恢复模式是目前努力的方向。因此,本研究采用了三种接近自然的恢复措施,即施用粪肥(M),Poa annua、Elymus dahuricus 和 Puccinellia distans 与非耕种重播混合(R),以及综合处理(MR),来恢复 2019 年至 2021 年退化的高山草甸。结果表明,M和MR处理显著提高了植物生物量,降低了草本植物的优势地位,从而改善了群落结构。此外,M和MR处理对植物和细菌α多样性也有明显影响。不过,这三种恢复措施并没有改变植物群落和细菌群落之间的相关性。此外,这三种措施导致植物碳氮比显著上升,氮磷比显著下降,而植物碳磷比和土壤化学计量比均无明显变化,表明氮限制是限制高山草甸恢复过程的重要因素。结构方程模型表明,植物氮磷比可能调节植物和细菌多样性对高山草甸不同恢复措施的响应。我们的研究结果强调,采用接近自然的恢复措施管理退化的高山草甸应是一项长期工作,同时应更加关注草甸生态系统氮含量的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Irrigation decreases flower cover and beneficial arthropod abundances in Mediterranean vineyards 灌溉会降低地中海葡萄园的花卉覆盖率和有益节肢动物数量
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.03.003
Emile Melloul , Léo Rocher , Raphaël Gros , Armin Bischoff , Olivier Blight

Over the last decades, the use of irrigation in vineyards has grown exponentially in response to climate change. In the Mediterranean region, irrigation is the most widely used method of preventing water stress and high sugar content in grapes. However, little is known about potential irrigation effects on biodiversity. This study aims to understand the effect of irrigation on inter-row vegetation, on the abundance of beneficial arthropods and on the predation of pest insects. In the Luberon region of South-Eastern France, nine irrigated and nine non-irrigated vineyards were analysed. Drip irrigation was applied only during the two driest months of the growing season. We found lower flower cover in irrigated vineyards but no difference in species richness and total vegetation cover. Similarly, abundances of several beneficial arthropods were directly affected by irrigation, such as crab spiders, ladybirds, ladybird larvae and parasitic wasps. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that negative irrigation effects on these arthropods were mediated by negative effects on flower cover. Predation rates were also lower in irrigated vineyards but only during daytime. Grapevine yield was not affected by irrigation. Experiments manipulating water availability under controlled conditions may help to understand this surprisingly strong effect of irrigation on flower cover and beneficial arthropod abundance.

过去几十年来,随着气候变化,葡萄园灌溉的使用成倍增长。在地中海地区,灌溉是防止葡萄出现水分胁迫和高含糖量的最广泛使用的方法。然而,人们对灌溉对生物多样性的潜在影响知之甚少。本研究旨在了解灌溉对行间植被、有益节肢动物数量和害虫捕食的影响。研究分析了法国东南部卢贝隆地区的九个灌溉葡萄园和九个非灌溉葡萄园。仅在生长季节最干旱的两个月进行滴灌。我们发现灌溉葡萄园的花卉覆盖率较低,但物种丰富度和植被总覆盖率没有差异。同样,几种有益节肢动物的数量也直接受到灌溉的影响,如蟹蛛、瓢虫、瓢虫幼虫和寄生蜂。结构方程模型(SEM)显示,灌溉对这些节肢动物的负面影响是通过对花卉覆盖率的负面影响来调节的。灌溉葡萄园的捕食率也较低,但仅限于白天。葡萄产量不受灌溉影响。在可控条件下控制水分供应量的实验可能有助于理解灌溉对花卉覆盖率和有益节肢动物数量的惊人影响。
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引用次数: 0
Red fox cannibalism in a temperate forest ecosystem 温带森林生态系统中的红狐食人现象
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.03.002
Sandrina Muther , Joe Premier , Martin Gahbauer , Christian von Hoermann , Jörg Müller , Marco Heurich

Scavengers benefit from carrion and simultaneously provide essential ecosystem services. To assess benefits and risks that carrion might bring, it is crucial to understand ecosystem-specific scavenger communities. Carrion research has mostly focussed on ungulate carcasses and has rarely explored the effects of carnivore carcasses, which can be critical to understanding disease transmission pathways. Therefore, using red fox, roe deer and red deer carcasses, we investigated factors that affect facultative vertebrate scavenger assemblages visiting carnivore and herbivore carcasses in a temperate forest ecosystem. Due to potentially increased disease transmission risk associated with carnivore carrion, we predicted that carnivore carcasses would be visited less and have a reduced visiting species composition compared to herbivore carcasses. Further, we expected red foxes to exhibit less consumption behavior of conspecific carcasses. We placed 22 red fox and 22 herbivore carcasses in a temperate montane protected area in Central Europe, the Bavarian Forest National Park, and analyzed the visits of all species and the consumption behavior of red fox at carcasses to understand whether these depended on carcass type. We found no significant effects of carcass type on visitation rates, visiting species composition, or red fox behavior. Cannibalism of foxes was common and, when controlling for confounding factors, e.g., elevation, temperature, and scavenging seasonality, the predicted consumption rate of red fox at conspecifics was higher than at herbivore carrion. Foxes appeared to consume conspecifics earlier than herbivore carrion, but the difference was not significant. At the very least, our results show that carnivore carcasses and fox behavior, including cannibalism, could provide a pathway for disease transmission. We thereby provide a first impression of the patterns of vertebrate scavenger assemblages at different carcass types in a temperate ecosystem and show that red fox behavior might precipitate a disease transmission pathway.

食腐动物既能从腐肉中获益,又能提供重要的生态系统服务。要评估腐肉可能带来的益处和风险,了解特定生态系统的食腐动物群落至关重要。腐肉研究大多集中在无脊椎动物的尸体上,很少探讨食肉动物尸体的影响,而这对于了解疾病传播途径至关重要。因此,我们利用赤狐、狍子和赤鹿的尸体,研究了影响温带森林生态系统中食肉动物和食草动物尸体的面食脊椎动物食腐动物群落的因素。由于食肉动物尸体可能会增加疾病传播的风险,我们预测食肉动物尸体的访问量会比食草动物尸体少,而且访问的物种组成也会减少。此外,我们预计赤狐对同类尸体的消耗行为也会减少。我们在中欧的温带山地保护区--巴伐利亚森林国家公园--放置了22具赤狐和22具食草动物尸体,并分析了所有物种的访问情况以及赤狐在尸体前的消耗行为,以了解这些是否取决于尸体类型。我们发现,尸体类型对红狐的访问率、访问物种组成或行为没有明显影响(p < 0.05)。红狐的食人行为很常见,在控制了干扰因素(如海拔、温度和食腐季节性)后,红狐对同种动物的预测消耗率高于对食草动物腐肉的预测消耗率。与食草动物腐肉相比,狐狸似乎更早食用同类,但差异并不显著。至少,我们的研究结果表明,食肉动物的尸体和狐狸的行为(包括食人)可能为疾病传播提供了途径。因此,我们对温带生态系统中不同类型尸体上脊椎动物食腐动物的组合模式有了初步印象,并表明红狐的行为可能会促成疾病传播途径。
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引用次数: 0
Bumblebee pollination ensures the stability of both yield and quality of the woody oil crop Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ 熊蜂授粉确保木本油料作物牡丹 "凤丹 "的产量和质量稳定
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.03.001
Kaiyue Zhang , Xiang Wang , Junyi Bao , Xiangnan He , Yang Lei , Chunling He , Xiaogai Hou

Oil tree peony is a unique woody oil crop found exclusively in China. Its seed oil is a highly nutritious edible vegetable oil. However, its seed production varies greatly and is often low. Oil tree peony is a plant that relies on insects for pollination, but inadequate pollination is a common occurrence. In this study, we focused on the Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ species and conducted a five-year study (from 2017 to 2022) in Luoyang, China. Our objective was to assess the extent of pollination deficiency and dependence, as well as quantify the contribution of supplemented bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) to the yield of oil tree peony. We also examined the effect of supplemented bumblebees on the temporal variation in yield through various pollinator survey designs, including supplemented bumblebees (BP), open pollination (OP), pollinator exclusion (EP), self-pollination treatments (SP), and artificial cross-pollination (CP). The results revealed a medium pollination deficit (D = 0.50) at the study sites for three consecutive years from 2020 to 2022, indicating limited pollination for oil tree peony under natural conditions. Importantly, BP significantly compensated for this deficiency (D = 0.22). Over the course of five years, BP increased the yield of oil tree peony by 82.87% on average compared to EP. Furthermore, the yield variation coefficient of EP (CVt=0.20) increased by 100% compared to BP (CVt=0.10). And we also observed significant variability in other yield parameters. Additionally, oil tree peony production was reduced by 44.24% in the absence of flower visitors, and the dependence on BP reached a “high” level. The fatty acid content in the seed oil did not show significant differences across treatments, indicating its stability. Overall, our pollination practices demonstrate that supplementing bee pollination can provide sufficient and stable pollination services, resulting in a higher and more stable yield of oil tree peony seeds.

油用牡丹是中国独有的木本油料作物。它的种子油是一种营养价值很高的食用植物油。然而,它的种子产量差异很大,通常很低。油用牡丹是一种依靠昆虫授粉的植物,但授粉不足的情况时有发生。在这项研究中,我们以 "凤丹 "品种为重点,在中国洛阳开展了一项为期五年(从 2017 年到 2022 年)的研究。我们的目标是评估授粉不足和依赖的程度,并量化补充熊蜂()对油树牡丹产量的贡献。我们还通过各种授粉昆虫调查设计,包括补充熊蜂(BP)、开放授粉(OP)、授粉昆虫排斥(EP)、自花授粉处理(SP)和人工异花授粉(CP),研究了补充熊蜂对产量时间变化的影响。结果表明,从2020年到2022年,研究地点连续三年出现中等程度的授粉赤字(=0.50),这表明油树牡丹在自然条件下的授粉能力有限。重要的是,BP 显著弥补了这一不足(= 0.22)。在五年的时间里,BP 比 EP 平均增产 82.87%。此外,与 BP(CVt=0.10)相比,EP 的产量变异系数(CVt=0.20)增加了 100%。我们还观察到其他产量参数也存在明显的变异。此外,在没有访花者的情况下,油用牡丹的产量减少了 44.24%,对 BP 的依赖性达到了 "高 "水平。种子油中的脂肪酸含量在不同处理间没有显著差异,表明其稳定性。总之,我们的授粉实践证明,补充蜜蜂授粉可以提供充足而稳定的授粉服务,从而提高油用牡丹种子的产量并使其更加稳定。
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引用次数: 0
Soundscape for urban ecological security evaluation 用于城市生态安全评估的声景
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.007
Jingyi Wang , Chunming Li , Ziyan Yao , Shenghui Cui

The security of the Earth system has been extensively discussed through the concept of planetary boundaries, which hypothesizes the Anthropocene as the crisis for pushing environmental variables beyond safe limits. Cities, as burgeoning population centers, warrant heightened attention to issues surrounding planetary boundaries and ecological security. While groundwork has been laid for environmental change detection, the acoustic or soundscape perspective is rarely considered. This paper presents abundant empirical evidence supporting the feasibility of leveraging the soundscape as a valuable lens for exploring ecosystem structures, functions, and their contribution to human well-being. Particularly, it proposes spatialized soundscape maps as practical tools to implement this innovative perspective. We elaborate on two key aspects: (i) soundscape as a reflection of ecosystem evolution, enabling evaluation of ecosystem structures, interactions, and the ecosystem's functions; (ii) soundscape has the attribution of providing cultural services, allowing assessment of its impact on human health. Consequently, we propose two paradigms: (i) “security in soundscape” and (ii) “security of soundscape”, thereby initiated the concept of “soundscape for security”. Furthermore, we outline two generalized pathways: (i) soundscape monitoring, encompassing long-term strategies for real-time tracking of ecosystem evolution, and (ii) soundscape perception, involving detailed surveys to investigate perception and public participatory sensing for large-scale evaluation of ecosystem cultural services. We argue that integrating soundscape considerations holds promise in urban ecological security initiatives and the pursuit of sustainable cities. Moving forward, collective efforts among academics are crucial to establish widely accepted protocols to maximize the value of soundscape for urban ecological security.

地球系统的安全问题已通过 "地球边界 "这一概念得到广泛讨论。"地球边界 "假设 "人类世 "是将环境变量推向安全极限的危机。城市作为新兴的人口中心,需要高度关注与地球边界和生态安全相关的问题。虽然环境变化探测的基础已经奠定,但声学或声景的视角却很少被考虑。本文提出了大量实证证据,支持利用声景作为探索生态系统结构、功能及其对人类福祉贡献的重要视角的可行性。特别是,本文提出将空间化声景地图作为实现这一创新视角的实用工具。我们阐述了两个关键方面:(i) 声景是生态系统演变的反映,可用于评估生态系统结构、相互作用和生态系统功能;(ii) 声景具有提供文化服务的属性,可用于评估其对人类健康的影响。因此,我们提出了两个范式:(i) "声景安全 "和 (ii) "声景安全",从而提出了 "声景安全 "的概念。此外,我们还概述了两种通用的途径:(i) 声景监测,包括对生态系统演变进行实时跟踪的长期战略;(ii) 声景感知,包括调查感知的详细调查和对生态系统文化服务进行大规模评估的公众参与式感知。我们认为,在城市生态安全倡议和追求可持续城市的过程中,综合考虑声景因素是大有可为的。展望未来,学术界的集体努力对于建立广泛接受的协议至关重要,以最大限度地提高声景对城市生态安全的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Home-and-away comparisons of life history traits indicate enemy release and founder effects of the solitary bee, Megachile sculpturalis 生活史特征的同地和异地比较表明了独居蜂Megachile sculpturalis的敌方释放和创始效应
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.008
Felix Fornoff , Julia Lanner , Michael Christopher Orr , Tingting Xie , Shikun Guo , Elia Guariento , Tina Tuerlings , Guy Smagghe , Katherine Parys , Aleksandar Ćetković , Jovana Bila Dubaić , Benoit Geslin , Sebastian Victor Scharnhorst , Baerbel Pachinger , Alexandra-Maria Klein , Harald Meimberg

Occurrences of introduced and invasive pollinators are increasing worldwide. To predict the potential impacts of exotic bees on native ecosystems we need to understand their ecological interactions. Life history traits are fundamental for understanding ecological interactions and often help to explain the spread of exotic species. We conducted home-and-away comparisons of life history traits of the first invasive bee in Europe, the sculptured resin bee Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853. We compiled information on nest architecture, offspring, natural enemies, body size and phenology using published literature, museum specimen, data from citizen science initiatives, field observations and reared specimen. Megachile sculpturalis uses a broad variety of nesting materials for brood cell construction, including even plastic at the exotic range. Body size at warm temperate climate was similar in the native and exotic ranges, but phenology shifted forward by about one month (28.9 ± 3.3 SE days) in the exotic ranges. The abundance of natural enemies was similar between native and exotic ranges but specialist enemies were missing in the exotic ranges. These trait shifts may be explained by founder effects or ecological filtering. The comparison of life history traits in native and exotic ranges sheds light on the ecological-evolutionary process of this quickly spreading species and provides a better understanding of invasion processes in solitary bees.

在全球范围内,外来和入侵授粉昆虫的数量与日俱增。为了预测外来蜜蜂对本地生态系统的潜在影响,我们需要了解它们之间的生态相互作用。生命史特征是了解生态相互作用的基础,通常有助于解释外来物种的传播。我们对欧洲第一种入侵蜂--雕刻树脂蜂 Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853 的生活史特征进行了同地和异地比较。我们利用已发表的文献、博物馆标本、公民科学活动数据、实地观察和饲养标本,汇编了有关巢穴结构、后代、天敌、体型和物候的信息。Megachile sculpturalis使用多种筑巢材料建造育雏室,在外来地区甚至包括塑料。在暖温带气候下,原生地和外来分布区的体型相似,但外来分布区的物候期提前了约一个月(28.9 ± 3.3 SE天)。原生地和外来地的天敌数量相似,但外来地缺少天敌。这些性状的变化可能是由于始祖效应或生态过滤作用造成的。原生地和外来地生活史特征的比较揭示了这一快速传播物种的生态进化过程,有助于更好地理解独居蜂的入侵过程。
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引用次数: 0
The positive plant diversity/consumer relationship is independent of grassland age 植物多样性与消费者之间的正向关系与草龄无关
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.006
M. Bröcher , S.T. Meyer , N. Eisenhauer , A. Ebeling

Plant diversity is an important driver of many ecosystem processes within and among trophic levels. There is growing evidence that the strength of plant diversity effects depends on the biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. Plant and soil history may be underlying mechanisms of an observed strengthening of biodiversity effects in aging biodiversity experiments. Temporal changes in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships have been observed primarily for plants, while dynamics of higher trophic levels are little studied. However, similar patterns can be expected for higher trophic levels because of the close links between producers and consumers. Here, we compare the effects of plant diversity on consumer communities (richness, abundance, diversity, and community composition) and consumer-mediated functions (herbivory and predation) in plant communities with different plant and soil histories. Across six study years, plant diversity had a positive effect on consumer richness, abundance, diversity, and herbivory, whereas the level of predation was not significantly affected by plant diversity. Furthermore, consumer community composition shifted significantly with increasing diversity of plant communities. In addition, consumer abundance, composition, and consumer functions (herbivory and predation) differed between plant communities of different histories. However, contrary to our expectations, plant and soil history caused no significant change in the effects of plant diversity on consumer communities and functions, indicating that these history effects do not provide a mechanistic explanation for plant diversity effects on aboveground invertebrate communities. Thus, our results suggest that plant diversity is a major driver of aboveground invertebrate communities and functions across grassland ages and should be maximized to protect and restore multitrophic biodiversity.

植物多样性是营养级内部和营养级之间许多生态系统过程的重要驱动力。越来越多的证据表明,植物多样性效应的强度取决于生物和非生物环境条件。在生物多样性老化试验中观察到的生物多样性效应增强的潜在机制可能是植物和土壤历史。生物多样性-生态系统功能(BEF)关系的时间变化主要是针对植物观察到的,而对更高营养级的动态研究很少。然而,由于生产者和消费者之间的密切联系,预计较高营养级也会出现类似的模式。在这里,我们比较了不同植物和土壤历史的植物群落中植物多样性对消费者群落(丰富度、丰度、多样性和群落组成)和消费者媒介功能(食草和捕食)的影响。在六个研究年份中,植物多样性对消费者的丰富度、丰度、多样性和食草量都有积极影响,而捕食量则不受植物多样性的显著影响。此外,随着植物群落多样性的增加,消费者群落组成也发生了显著变化。此外,不同历史时期的植物群落的消费者丰度、组成和消费者功能(食草和捕食)也不尽相同。然而,与我们的预期相反,植物和土壤的历史并没有导致植物多样性对消费者群落和功能的影响发生显著变化,这表明这些历史效应并不能从机制上解释植物多样性对地上无脊椎动物群落的影响。因此,我们的研究结果表明,植物多样性是跨草原年龄的地上无脊椎动物群落和功能的主要驱动因素,应最大限度地保护和恢复多营养生物多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Bees improve oil quality of oilseed rape 蜜蜂提高油菜籽的油质
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.002
Thomas Perrot , Vincent Bretagnolle , Niyazi Acar , Valérie Febvret , Annick Matejicek , Stéphane Grégoire , Sabrina Gaba

Global demand for vegetable oil is projected to expand to 28 Mt by 2028. Oilseed rape (OSR) is the predominant oilseed crop in Europe. Its nutritional value is determined by seed oil content and fatty acids (FAs) composition. Insect pollination increases seed oil content, however, its benefit on FAs composition remains unknown. In this study, we address this gap by investigating the variation of OSR seed oil content and FAs composition along a gradient of bee abundance in farmed OSR fields. We used a pollinator exclusion experiment to disentangle the contribution of pollination processes, i.e. wind, self and insect pollination. We show that bees improved OSR nutritional value by increasing amount of poly-unsaturated FAs and decreasing the amount saturated and trans-saturated FAs. In addition, oil content was higher in seeds with than without access to pollinators. Our study provides for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, evidence that insect pollination enhances the quality value of OSR oil by affecting FAs composition. Such effect implies potential negative consequences with any further decline of pollinator abundance. More investigations are also needed to better understand the mechanisms by which insect pollination affects FAs composition, and the way to enhance such mechanisms.

预计到 2028 年,全球植物油需求量将增至 2 800 万吨。油菜(OSR)是欧洲最主要的油料作物。其营养价值取决于种子含油量和脂肪酸(FAs)组成。昆虫授粉可提高种子含油量,但其对脂肪酸组成的益处仍不得而知。在本研究中,我们针对这一空白,调查了耕种的 OSR 田中蜜蜂丰度梯度上 OSR 种子含油量和脂肪酸组成的变化。我们使用了授粉者排斥实验来区分授粉过程(即风力、自花授粉和昆虫授粉)的贡献。我们发现,蜜蜂通过增加多不饱和脂肪酸的含量,减少饱和和反式饱和脂肪酸的含量,提高了 OSR 的营养价值。此外,有蜜蜂授粉的种子比没有蜜蜂授粉的种子含油量更高。据我们所知,我们的研究首次提供了证据,证明昆虫授粉会影响脂肪酸的组成,从而提高 OSR 油的质量价值。这种效应意味着传粉昆虫数量的进一步减少可能会带来负面影响。为了更好地了解昆虫授粉影响脂肪酸组成的机制以及加强这种机制的方法,还需要进行更多的调查。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying the mutualism-antagonism continuum for seed removal by a granivorous disperser 量化粒食性播种机清除种子的互利-拮抗连续体
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.005
Finn Rehling , Eelke Jongejans , Nina Farwig , Dana G. Schabo

Seeds removed by animals have one of two mutually exclusive fates – they are either predated or dispersed and still alive. The quality of seed dispersal by animals and the number of predated seeds will therefore determine net interaction outcomes for plants. Yet, it is poorly understood what proportion of removed seeds animals can predate before benefits of dispersal no longer outweigh costs of seed loss.

Here, we calculated the mutualism-antagonism continuum for seed removal of the fleshy-fruited tree Frangula alnus by the seed-predating bird Coccothraustes coccothraustes in Białowieża Forest. We integrated effects of the bird during seed dispersal (fruit handling, seed predation, and seed deposition) into microhabitat-structured tree population models.

Results of our models showed that the probability of a seed of F. alnus reaching maturity after seed removal by C. coccothraustes decreased from 0.0028% to 0% as seed predation increased from 0% to 100%. Seed removal was beneficial when less than 63.7% of seeds were predated, and antagonistic when more than 72.0% of seeds were predated. Modifying key model parameters (here, the negative effect of fruit pulp on seedling recruitment and the frequency of forest gaps) decreased and increased rates of seed predation, at which costs of seed loss outweighed benefits of seed dispersal (from 37.9% to 80.7%).

Our findings highlight that benefits of animal seed dispersal can largely outweigh costs of seed predation in a fleshy-fruited tree. Yet, the mutualism-antagonism continuum of seed removal depends on intrinsic factors (e.g. variation in interactions among individuals) and extrinsic factors (e.g. the environment) of seed dispersal and plant demography. Because C. coccothraustes was observed predating at least 80% of removed seeds, it appears to be an antagonist of animal-dispersed plants and exploiter of the seed dispersal mutualism.

被动物移走的种子有两种相互排斥的命运--要么被捕食,要么被散播且仍然存活。因此,动物传播种子的质量和被捕食种子的数量将决定植物的净相互作用结果。在这里,我们计算了比奥维耶扎森林中捕食种子的鸟类 Coccothraustes coccothraustes 清除多肉果树 Frangula alnus 种子时的互利-拮抗连续体。我们将鸟类在种子传播过程中的影响(果实处理、种子捕食和种子沉积)整合到微生境结构的树木种群模型中。模型结果表明,随着种子捕食率从0%上升到100%,桤木种子被椰子鸦移除后达到成熟的概率从0.0028%下降到0%。当被捕食的种子少于 63.7% 时,移除种子是有益的,而当被捕食的种子超过 72.0% 时,移除种子是有害的。我们的研究结果突出表明,在多肉果树中,动物传播种子的收益在很大程度上大于捕食种子的成本。然而,种子清除的互利-拮抗连续统一体取决于种子传播和植物种群的内在因素(如个体间相互作用的变化)和外在因素(如环境)。由于我们观察到 C. coccothraustes 至少捕食了 80% 被移走的种子,因此它似乎是动物传播植物的拮抗剂,也是种子传播互利关系的利用者。
{"title":"Quantifying the mutualism-antagonism continuum for seed removal by a granivorous disperser","authors":"Finn Rehling ,&nbsp;Eelke Jongejans ,&nbsp;Nina Farwig ,&nbsp;Dana G. Schabo","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seeds removed by animals have one of two mutually exclusive fates – they are either predated or dispersed and still alive. The quality of seed dispersal by animals and the number of predated seeds will therefore determine net interaction outcomes for plants. Yet, it is poorly understood what proportion of removed seeds animals can predate before benefits of dispersal no longer outweigh costs of seed loss.</p><p>Here, we calculated the mutualism-antagonism continuum for seed removal of the fleshy-fruited tree <em>Frangula alnus</em> by the seed-predating bird <em>Coccothraustes coccothraustes</em> in Białowieża Forest. We integrated effects of the bird during seed dispersal (fruit handling, seed predation, and seed deposition) into microhabitat-structured tree population models.</p><p>Results of our models showed that the probability of a seed of <em>F. alnus</em> reaching maturity after seed removal by <em>C. coccothraustes</em> decreased from 0.0028% to 0% as seed predation increased from 0% to 100%. Seed removal was beneficial when less than 63.7% of seeds were predated, and antagonistic when more than 72.0% of seeds were predated. Modifying key model parameters (here, the negative effect of fruit pulp on seedling recruitment and the frequency of forest gaps) decreased and increased rates of seed predation, at which costs of seed loss outweighed benefits of seed dispersal (from 37.9% to 80.7%).</p><p>Our findings highlight that benefits of animal seed dispersal can largely outweigh costs of seed predation in a fleshy-fruited tree. Yet, the mutualism-antagonism continuum of seed removal depends on intrinsic factors (e.g. variation in interactions among individuals) and extrinsic factors (e.g. the environment) of seed dispersal and plant demography. Because <em>C. coccothraustes</em> was observed predating at least 80% of removed seeds, it appears to be an antagonist of animal-dispersed plants and exploiter of the seed dispersal mutualism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S143917912400015X/pdfft?md5=ce579c89b4263a5fd867c3e04a32dac5&pid=1-s2.0-S143917912400015X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139823275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distance- and density-dependent recruitment of common ragwort is not driven by plant-soil feedbacks 植物与土壤的反馈作用无法驱动普通豚草随距离和密度而变化的新陈代谢
IF 3.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.02.003
Xiangyu Liu , Dong He , Klaas Vrieling , Suzanne T.E. Lommen , Chenguang Gao , T. Martijn Bezemer

Janzen-Connell effects state that the accumulation of host-specific natural enemies near parent plants can negatively affect their offspring. Negative plant-soil feedbacks can produce patterns of seedling performance predicted by Janzen-Connell effects and influence plant populations, but their relevance in field conditions remains unclear. Here, using spatial point-pattern analysis, we examine the spatial distribution of Jacobaea vulgaris to assess whether distance- and density-dependent predictions of Janzen-Connell effects are evident in the field. We established 27 replicated 64 m2 plots at two grassland sites and mapped positions of rosette-bearing and flowering J. vulgaris plants within each plot. To investigate temporal distribution patterns, we tracked plant positions repeatedly in three plots during a single season. Additionally, we tested whether these patterns are soil-mediated. Soil samples were collected underneath flowering plants and at a distance of 0.5 meter, and used to compare seed germination, seedling survival, and growth under controlled conditions. Furthermore, we measured J. vulgaris growth in soil from patches with high J. vulgaris densities and in soil from areas outside these patches. The density of rosette-bearing plants was lower at close distances from flowering plants than expected from null models, suggesting negative distance-dependent plant recruitment. The degree of clustering decreased over time from rosette-bearing to flowering plants, indicating density-dependent self-thinning. Seed germination was higher in soil further away from flowering J. vulgaris plants than in soil underneath plants at one site, but soil distance was not an overall significant factor in explaining seed germination. However, seedling mortality and biomass did not differ between soils collected at the two distances, and plants produced similar biomass in soil collected from inside and outside J. vulgaris patches. Our study demonstrates conspecific distance- and density-dependent plant recruitment in J. vulgaris in the field, but we found no evidence this depends on belowground natural enemies.

扬森-康奈尔效应(Janzen-Connell effects)指出,亲本植物附近寄主特异性天敌的积累会对其后代产生负面影响。植物与土壤之间的负反馈会产生扬森-康奈尔效应所预测的幼苗表现模式,并影响植物种群,但它们在田间条件下的相关性仍不清楚。在这里,我们利用空间点模式分析,研究了雅各布海棠的空间分布,以评估扬森-康奈尔效应的距离和密度依赖性预测在野外是否明显。我们在两块草地上建立了 27 个 64 m2 的重复小区,并绘制了每个小区中莲座状和开花的雅各伯草植株的位置图。为了研究时间分布模式,我们在一个季节内对三个小区的植物位置进行了反复跟踪。此外,我们还测试了这些模式是否由土壤介导。我们在开花植物下方和 0.5 米处采集了土壤样本,用于比较种子发芽率、幼苗存活率以及受控条件下的生长情况。此外,我们还测量了粗壮绒毛草(J. vulgaris)在高密度种植区土壤中的生长情况,以及在这些种植区以外土壤中的生长情况。在与开花植株距离较近的地方,莲座状植株的密度低于空模型的预期,这表明植株的招募与距离有关。从莲座状植株到开花植株的集群程度随着时间的推移而降低,这表明密度依赖性自稀疏。在一个地点,离开花植物较远的土壤中的种子萌发率高于植物下的土壤,但土壤距离并不是解释种子萌发率的重要因素。不过,在两种距离采集的土壤中,幼苗死亡率和生物量并无差异,而且在草花斑块内外采集的土壤中,植物产生的生物量相似。我们的研究表明,在野外,褐花鸦胆子属植物的繁殖取决于同种间的距离和密度,但我们没有发现这取决于地下天敌的证据。
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引用次数: 0
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Basic and Applied Ecology
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