Basic and Applied Ecology最新文献_第10页

Unpacking the fitness consequences of a warmer spring on an overwintering butterfly 在一只越冬的蝴蝶身上，打开温暖的春天带来的健康后果

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.005

Richard J Walters , Kajsa Karlsson , Filip Beckman , Henrik G Smith , Magne Friberg

Declining butterfly abundance over recent decades coincides with both habitat loss and increasingly warmer springs. Warmer temperatures could pose a problem for ‘capital’ breeders, especially those species that enter winter diapause as a pupa or adult, since a higher metabolic rate pre-eclosion is expected to further deplete lipid stores needed for egg production. We undertook an experiment on Pieris napi, a butterfly that overwinters as a pupa, to assess to what extent access to nectar as an adult could compensate for a loss in body conditioning due to a warmer (6 °C vs. 2 °C) and or longer (195 vs. 145 days) post-diapause treatment. We found that a warmer and longer post-diapause time significantly increased the proportion of body mass lost between pupation and adult emergence, which in turn reduced lifetime fecundity for females in the water control treatment. However, when given access to a sugar/honey solution, a higher rate of egg laying and an extended lifespan allowed females to offset any fecundity disadvantage. The full consequences of a warmer post-diapause treatment were partially obscured by an elevated rate of egg laying during the first week, presumably due to a preceding effect of temperature on metabolic rate. Structural equation modelling suggests that the direct and indirect benefits of feeding on nectar as an adult double lifetime fecundity. We conclude that while potential reproduction may be limited by the availability of essential fatty acids acquired as a larva, other nutrients available in nectar are needed to realise a potential fecundity advantage. In this sense, butterflies could be considered an ‘income’ breeder, which can benefit from conservation actions that aim to provision more nectar resources in spring.

近几十年来，蝴蝶数量的减少与栖息地的丧失和日益温暖的春天同时发生。温度升高可能会给“资本”育种者带来问题，特别是那些作为蛹或成虫进入冬季滞育的物种，因为在羽化前较高的代谢率预计会进一步消耗产卵所需的脂质储存。我们对一种蛹越冬的蝴蝶Pieris napi进行了一项实验，以评估成年蝴蝶获得花蜜可以在多大程度上弥补滞育后较温暖（6°C vs. 2°C）或较长时间（195天vs. 145天）处理造成的身体调节损失。研究发现，较长的滞育后温度显著增加了蛹化到羽化之间的体质量损失比例，从而降低了水分控制处理下雌蜂的终生繁殖力。然而，当给予糖/蜂蜜溶液时，更高的产卵率和更长的寿命使雌性抵消了任何生育劣势。滞育后温度升高的全部后果部分被第一周产卵率升高所掩盖，这可能是由于温度对代谢率的先前影响。结构方程模型表明，以花蜜为食对成虫的直接和间接的好处是其终生繁殖力的两倍。我们得出结论，虽然潜在的繁殖可能受到幼虫获得的必需脂肪酸的可用性的限制，但花蜜中可用的其他营养物质需要实现潜在的繁殖力优势。从这个意义上说，蝴蝶可以被认为是一种“收入”育种者，它们可以从旨在在春天提供更多花蜜资源的保护行动中受益。

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引用次数: 0

Linking nutrient dynamics and phenology in Lupinus polyphyllus to identify the right timing for population control 链接多叶lupinus polyphyllus的营养动态和物候以确定种群控制的正确时机

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.006

Elin L. Blomqvist , Yves P. Klinger , Till Kleinebecker , R. Lutz Eckstein

In light of the decline of semi-natural grasslands, road verges have become important refuges for grassland plants, benefiting from the management regimes that resemble those of traditional grasslands. However, the value of road verges for grassland plants is threatened by the presence of invasive alien plant species such as Lupinus polyphyllus. Mowing is most effective for controlling invasive plants when the shoot:root ratio is high or when below-ground reserves are exhausted but seeds have not yet matured. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal time for mowing of L. polyphyllus based on the species nutrient dynamics and phenology. We photographed and collected whole lupine plants throughout one growing season, divided them into roots, leaves, and stem + inflorescence, and analyzed each fraction for three growth-limiting, phloem-mobile nutrients (N, P and K). The nutrient contents in roots were lowest during the flowering phase, while the nutrient contents in stems + inflorescences were lowest during the early flowering phase and increased until the seed ripening phase, before declining again in the seed dispersal phase. Leaf nutrient contents showed a general decrease throughout the season. Shoot:root ratios of nutrient contents were also maximized during flowering. Our conclusion is that mowing will weaken L. polyphyllus most when carried out between phenological phases 2 (less than 50% of flowers open) and 4 (more than 50% of flowers withering), with the most optimal timing being during phase 3, i.e., when more than 50% of flowers are open. Concerning the heterogeneity within L. polyphyllus populations, the phenological assessment before management should prioritize individuals that have progressed furthest in their development.

随着半自然草地的减少，道路边缘已成为草地植物的重要避难所，得益于类似传统草原的管理制度。然而，道路边缘对草地植物的保护价值受到了外来入侵植物的威胁。当茎根比较高或地下储量耗尽而种子尚未成熟时，割草对控制入侵植物最有效。本研究的目的是根据多叶松的营养动态和物候特征，确定多叶松的最佳刈割时间。我们在一个生长季节拍摄并采集了整株羽扇豆，将其分为根、叶和茎+花序，并对每个部分进行了三种生长限制性、韧皮部流动性营养物质（N、P和K）的分析。根的营养物质含量在开花期最低，茎+花序的营养物质含量在开花期早期最低，直到种子成熟期增加，然后在种子传播期再次下降。叶片养分含量在整个季节总体呈下降趋势。在开花期间，茎与根的养分含量比也最大。结果表明，在物候期2（花开放50%以下）和物候期4（花凋谢50%以上）之间进行刈割对多叶松的影响最大，而在物候期3（花开放50%以上）进行刈割效果最佳。对于多叶松种群内的异质性，在管理前的物候评估中应优先考虑发育进展最快的个体。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond pollination – The neglected contribution of ground-nesting bees to soil functions 在授粉之外-被忽视的地面筑巢蜜蜂对土壤功能的贡献

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.003

Philippe Tschanz , Matthias Albrecht , Thomas Keller

While the pollination services provided by wild bees are now well recognized, their importance as soil ecosystem engineers has been largely overlooked, despite the fact that most species nest in the soil in self-excavated burrows. Here we provide an overview of the many direct and indirect effects of ground-nesting wild bees on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, soil functions, and ecosystem services. In particular, we discuss how ground-nesting bees move and mix substantial amounts of soil during nest construction, thereby altering soil physical properties (e.g., soil pore architecture, soil porosity, density) and soil functions (e.g., water and gas exchange), and act as geomorphic agents at larger scales (affecting, e.g., surface runoff and soil erosion). We also review how ground-nesting bees affect soil chemical and biological properties through their nesting activity, leading to the redistribution and accumulation of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil, providing hotspots for microbial activity, and introducing a range of organisms into the soil. Furthermore, we discuss the large-scale indirect effects on soils through their pollination functions, which shape plant communities and soil functions modulated by plants. Lastly, we highlight the role of ground-nesting bees as soil ecosystem engineers that complement the activity of other bioturbators in both space and time by occupying biogeographical niches where other bioturbators are largely absent, and by complementary activity peaks during the season. We emphasize the distinctive position of ground-nesting bees among soil fauna, acting as both pollinators and soil bioturbators, and conclude that ground-nesting bees deserve greater attention and recognition in future research and conservation policy as part of soil biodiversity and for their role as soil ecosystem engineers.

虽然野生蜜蜂提供的授粉服务现在已经得到了很好的认识，但它们作为土壤生态系统工程师的重要性在很大程度上被忽视了，尽管大多数物种在自挖的洞穴中在土壤中筑巢。本文综述了地面筑巢野生蜜蜂对土壤物理、化学和生物特性、土壤功能和生态系统服务的直接和间接影响。特别是，我们讨论了地面筑巢蜜蜂如何在筑巢过程中移动和混合大量土壤，从而改变土壤的物理性质（例如，土壤孔隙结构，土壤孔隙度，密度）和土壤功能（例如，水和气体交换），并在更大范围内充当地貌因子（例如，影响地表径流和土壤侵蚀）。我们还回顾了地面筑巢蜜蜂如何通过筑巢活动影响土壤的化学和生物特性，导致土壤中有机碳和营养物质的重新分配和积累，为微生物活动提供热点，并将一系列生物引入土壤。此外，我们还讨论了植物的传粉功能对土壤的大规模间接影响，包括植物群落的形成和植物对土壤功能的调节。最后，我们强调了地面筑巢蜜蜂作为土壤生态系统工程师的作用，它们在空间和时间上补充了其他生物扰动器的活动，占据了其他生物扰动器基本缺失的生物地理生态位，并在季节期间补充了活动高峰。我们强调了地巢蜂在土壤动物中的独特地位，既是传粉者，也是土壤生物扰动者，并得出结论，地巢蜂作为土壤生物多样性的一部分，作为土壤生态系统工程师，在未来的研究和保护政策中应该得到更多的关注和认可。

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引用次数: 0

Sheep grazing in vineyards benefits wild bees in vineyard embankments and sheep dung attracts dung beetles to vineyards 在葡萄园里吃草的羊有利于葡萄园堤岸上的野蜂，而羊粪吸引蜣螂到葡萄园来

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.004

Felix Fornoff , Johanna Mattenklodt , Frauke Thul , Jörn Buse , Alexandra-Maria Klein , Jakob Hörl , Nicolas Schoof

Integrated sheep-vineyard systems are an example of ecological intensification. Sheep can replace mulching, thereby reducing the input of fossil fuels and agrochemicals. However, knowledge about the co-benefits of sheep grazing for biodiversity is lacking. This study examined the impact of grazing on wild bee diversity within terraced vineyards and vineyard embankments. Additionally, dung beetle colonization of sheep dung was investigated in the wine-growing region of southwestern Germany. Five vineyards and their terrace risers (embankments) had been grazed by sheep for several years, typically in a rotational system, or were managed conventionally by mulching as control. Wild bee diversity was compared in five pairs of grazed and non-grazed vineyards and five pairs of grazed and non-grazed embankments within one year. Dung beetle diversity, reared from sheep dung collected at three grazed vineyards, was also assessed. In the vineyards, bee abundance and species richness did not differ between grazed plots and mulched controls, but bee abundance increased with flower abundance, and bee species richness increased with flowering herb species richness. In contrast, on vineyard embankments, both species richness and abundance of wild bees were higher on grazed embankments compared to control embankments, whereas flower cover did not have any effect. At least 20 different dung beetle species, including threatened ones, were recorded in sheep droppings of grazed vineyards. This additional food resource may support dung beetle populations, contributing to overall insect biomass, with potential relevance for nature conservation. Our study shows that sheep grazing may support dung beetles, but does not affect bees in vineyards. However, allowing sheep to access vineyard embankments for vegetation management supports wild bees. Therefore, sheep grazing in vineyards offers opportunities for biodiversity conservation and maintaining ecosystem functions, though is not an all-in-one solution.

综合羊-葡萄园系统是生态集约化的一个例子。绵羊可以代替地膜，从而减少化石燃料和农用化学品的投入。然而，关于放羊对生物多样性的共同利益的认识是缺乏的。本研究考察了放牧对梯田葡萄园和葡萄园堤防内野生蜜蜂多样性的影响。此外，在德国西南部的葡萄酒产区调查了蜣螂对羊粪的定植。五个葡萄园和它们的梯田（堤岸）已经被羊放牧了好几年了，通常是轮作的，或者是用覆盖物作为控制的传统管理。在一年内比较了5对放牧和非放牧的葡萄园以及5对放牧和非放牧的堤岸的野生蜜蜂多样性。还评估了从三个放牧葡萄园收集的羊粪中饲养的屎壳郎多样性。在葡萄园中，蜜蜂丰度和物种丰富度在放牧地和覆盖地之间无显著差异，但蜜蜂丰度随花卉丰度的增加而增加，蜜蜂物种丰富度随开花草本物种丰富度的增加而增加。相比之下，在葡萄园堤岸上，放牧堤岸的野生蜜蜂物种丰富度和丰度都高于对照堤岸，而覆盖对其没有任何影响。至少有20种不同的屎壳郎，包括濒临灭绝的屎壳郎，被记录在放牧葡萄园的绵羊粪便中。这种额外的食物资源可能会增加屎壳郎的数量，增加昆虫的总生物量，对自然保护具有潜在的意义。我们的研究表明，放牧可能会支持屎壳郎，但不会影响葡萄园里的蜜蜂。然而，允许羊进入葡萄园的堤岸进行植被管理支持野生蜜蜂。因此，在葡萄园放牧为生物多样性保护和维持生态系统功能提供了机会，尽管这不是一个一体化的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Protected areas do not outperform urban wastelands in supporting insect pollinators and pollination in central Germany 在德国中部，保护区在支持昆虫授粉和授粉方面的表现并不比城市荒地好

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.001

Panagiotis Theodorou , Wilhelm H.A. Osterman , Janna H. Mrozek , Bilyana S. Wild , Michael Beckmann , Julia Osterman , Robert J. Paxton

The Natura 2000 network is central to Europe's conservation efforts to address biodiversity decline, with ongoing plans to expand protected areas and restore habitats across the European Union. However, due to the relative scarcity of biodiversity assessments within Natura 2000 sites, our understanding of how effective these areas are at protecting biodiversity and how they can be improved remains limited. At the same time, urban green spaces and associated disturbed, unmanaged vacant areas, also known as urban wastelands, have gained attention as potential conservation targets due to their high insect species richness. Here, we assess and compare the biodiversity of pollinators within Natura 2000 reserves and urban wastelands to evaluate their relative value for biodiversity protection and pollination services. To achieve this, we compared pollinator communities, their flower-visitation patterns and pollination services using potted experimental plants in flower-rich Natura 2000 sites and paired non-protected, unmanaged, yet similarly flower-rich urban wastelands. While the total biomass and overall abundance of insects did not differ between the two habitat types, wild bee abundance and richness were higher in urban wastelands, whereas pollinator communities were more heterogeneous among Natura 2000 sites. Though insect flower-visitation network metrics were similar across both habitats, seed set of experimental plants was higher in urban wastelands compared to Natura 2000 sites, indicating lower pollination services in the nature reserves. Our findings suggest that while Natura 2000 areas contained unique biodiversity compared to urban wastelands, the current status of protected areas in Germany is inadequate to conserve biodiversity hotspots for bees, including endangered species and the pollination services they provide. We highlight the potential for urban areas to support biodiversity conservation as well as the need to develop targeted strategies for bee conservation in Natura 2000 areas.

Natura 2000网络是欧洲应对生物多样性下降的保护努力的核心，它正在欧盟范围内扩大保护区和恢复栖息地的计划。然而，由于Natura 2000站点内的生物多样性评估相对稀缺，我们对这些区域在保护生物多样性方面的有效性以及如何改善它们的理解仍然有限。与此同时，城市绿地和相关的受干扰、未管理的空地，也称为城市荒地，由于其昆虫物种丰富度高，已成为潜在的保护目标。在此，我们评估和比较了Natura 2000保护区和城市荒地中传粉媒介的生物多样性，以评估其在生物多样性保护和授粉服务方面的相对价值。为了实现这一目标，我们在鲜花丰富的Natura 2000站点和配对的无保护、无管理但同样鲜花丰富的城市荒地上使用盆栽实验植物，比较了传粉昆虫群落、它们的访花模式和授粉服务。两种生境类型的昆虫总生物量和总丰度均无显著差异，但城市荒地的野生蜜蜂丰度和丰富度较高，而在Natura 2000生境类型中，传粉昆虫群落的异质性较大。尽管昆虫访花网络指标在两个栖息地相似，但与Natura 2000站点相比，城市荒地的实验植物种子集更高，表明自然保护区的授粉服务较低。我们的研究结果表明，尽管与城市荒地相比，Natura 2000地区具有独特的生物多样性，但德国保护区的现状不足以保护蜜蜂的生物多样性热点，包括濒危物种及其提供的授粉服务。我们强调了城市地区支持生物多样性保护的潜力，以及在Natura 2000地区制定有针对性的蜜蜂保护战略的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Moving north under the eye of the public: The dispersal ecology of the Nosferatu spider, documented by citizen scientists 在公众的注视下向北移动：由公民科学家记录的Nosferatu蜘蛛的扩散生态

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.002

Nadja Pernat , Sascha Buchholz , Jan Ole Kriegs , Jan Steen , Hilke Hollens-Kuhr

Citizen participation in tracking the spread of newly introduced or invasive species is an effective tool in nature conservation. Recently arrived species that pose threats to humans, animals, or plants—especially those widely covered in the media—are particularly suitable for citizen-led monitoring.

In this study, we selected the Nosferatu spider (Zoropsis spinimana), a species spreading from the Mediterranean to northern Europe, to investigate whether its media coverage motivates citizens to report observations. Additionally, we aimed to gather insights into the spider's dispersal ecology through citizen science data. We utilized Google News and Google Videos as indicators of media presence, Google Trends as a proxy for public awareness, and citizen science observation data to assess the spider's distribution and ecology. Our analysis of 3,017 citizen science observations from different sources revealed a north-eastern spread of Z. spinimana. We found a temporal correlation between media presence, Google search activity, and the number of citizen-reported observations. Additionally, there was a strong spatial correlation between federal states with the highest media presence and the highest number of citizen reports. Most observations were recorded between August and October, with the majority occurring inside human dwellings. Hence, the current dispersion dynamics and extensive media coverage of Z. spinimana appear to be significant factors driving increased public awareness, as evidenced by higher search interest and a greater number of citizen observations.

公民参与追踪新引进或入侵物种的传播是自然保护的有效工具。对人类、动物或植物构成威胁的新物种——尤其是那些被媒体广泛报道的物种——特别适合由公民主导的监测。在这项研究中，我们选择了Nosferatu蜘蛛（Zoropsis spinimana），一种从地中海传播到北欧的物种，来调查它的媒体报道是否会激励公民报告观察结果。此外，我们的目标是通过公民科学数据收集蜘蛛传播生态的见解。我们利用谷歌新闻和谷歌视频作为媒体存在的指标，谷歌趋势作为公众意识的代理，以及公民科学观察数据来评估蜘蛛的分布和生态。我们分析了来自不同来源的3017个公民科学观察结果，揭示了Z. spinimana的东北传播。我们发现媒体存在、谷歌搜索活动和公民报告的观察数量之间存在时间相关性。此外，媒体曝光率最高的联邦州与公民报告数量最高的联邦州之间存在很强的空间相关性。大多数观测是在8月至10月期间记录的，大多数发生在人类住宅内。因此，目前Z. spinimana的传播动态和广泛的媒体报道似乎是推动公众意识提高的重要因素，正如更高的搜索兴趣和更多的公民观察所证明的那样。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of plant functional group removal on caterpillars (Gynaephora alpherakii) performance and plant production in an alpine meadow 去除植物官能团对高寒草甸毛虫生产性能和植物产量的影响

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2025.01.009

Rui Cao , Han Chen , Jingran Cai , Chen Hang , Ziyu Zhang , Yingchun Miao , Peng Xie

Loss of plant functional group diversity has significant repercussions for ecosystem productivity globally. However, our understanding of how this loss of specific functional groups, particularly those providing non-food resources, influences herbivores and, consequently, ecosystem productivity remains limited. To elucidate these, we conducted a series of experiments consisting of (1) a two-factor field experiment, where we manipulated the forb abundance and caterpillar presence to assess their interactive effects on plant productivity and caterpillar performance, (2) a field complementary shelter addition experiment, designed to isolate and evaluate the effects of microclimatic changes resulting from forb removal, and (3) a confirmatory microcosm experiment to validate the field findings under controlled by monitoring the herbivory patterns. Our results show that forb removal significantly decreased the aboveground plant biomass (APB) by 41.3 %, but did not affect the APB of sedges. The presence of caterpillars significantly decreased total APB by 16.7 % and APB of sedges by 34.8 %, but these effects disappeared with forbs removed. Specifically, forb removal significantly increased caterpillar mortality rates by 319 % and decreased caterpillar body size by 27.2 %, which in turn diminished the herbivory pressure on sedges. Changes in caterpillar performance were correlated with maximum and average soil surface temperatures influenced by forb removal and the addition of shelters. Further investigation by the confirmatory microcosm experiment indicated that the absence of forbs decreased the feeding time of caterpillars and deprived caterpillars of refuge from the midday heat and intense sunlight, ultimately resulting in lower body size and higher larval mortality. Our findings suggest that forb removal disrupts trophic interactions, with potential cascading effects on herbivore populations, plant community structure, and ecosystem productivity. These results underscore the importance of plant functional diversity in maintaining ecosystem stability, especially under changing environmental conditions.

植物功能群多样性的丧失对全球生态系统生产力产生重大影响。然而，我们对这种特定功能群的丧失，特别是那些提供非食物资源的功能群，如何影响食草动物，从而影响生态系统生产力的理解仍然有限。为了阐明这些，我们进行了一系列的实验，包括：(1)一个双因素的田间实验，在那里我们控制了牧草丰度和毛虫的存在，以评估它们对植物生产力和毛虫性能的相互作用；(2)一个田间补充遮蔽物添加实验，旨在分离和评估由牧草去除引起的小气候变化的影响。(3)通过监测草食模式控制下的验证性微观实验，验证田间调查结果。结果表明：除草可显著降低地上植物生物量（APB） 41.3%，但对莎草的APB没有影响。毛虫的存在使总APB降低16.7%，使莎草的APB降低34.8%，但去除杂草后，这些影响消失。其中，除草可显著提高虫草死亡率319%，降低虫草体型27.2%，从而减轻了对莎草的食草压力。虫草去除和添加遮蔽物对土壤表面最高温度和平均温度的影响与冬虫夏草产量的变化有关。进一步的确证性微观实验表明，草叶的缺失减少了毛虫的取食时间，使毛虫无法躲避正午的高温和强烈的阳光，最终导致幼虫体型变小，死亡率升高。我们的研究结果表明，清除牧草会破坏营养相互作用，对食草动物种群、植物群落结构和生态系统生产力产生潜在的级联效应。这些结果强调了植物功能多样性在维持生态系统稳定中的重要性，特别是在不断变化的环境条件下。

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引用次数: 0

Changes in weed vegetation across transects in maize fields 玉米田样带杂草植被的变化

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.11.006

Franz Essl , Swen Follak , Michael Glaser

Weed vegetation in Central Europe has strongly changed during the last decades in response to changing agricultural practices. In addition, the cultivation of certain crops such as maize has expanded strongly. Fields are characterized by gradients from the edge to the interior, which may have ramifications on the weed vegetation. Here, we analyzed the composition of weed vegetation in maize fields from the edge to the interior documented by 101 transects consisting of three plots (10 m²) from Central Europe. In total, 203 species were recorded, including 107 (52 %) natives, 48 (24 %) archaeophytes, and 48 (24 %) neophytes. While the edge plots had a median species richness of nine species, the central plots (10 m from the field edge) and the interior plots (50 m from the field edge) both had a median of four species. Weed species cover declined more drastically from a median of 28.9 % total cover to 6.2 % to 5.0 %. Community indices (based on Ellenberg Indicator Values) changed along transects. Mean community index for light decreased towards the center, while the community index for moisture increased. The community index for nutrients increased from the edge to the central plot, but not to the interior plot. Species turnover was significant between the edge, central and interior plots. Species richness of the transects was influenced by landscape context and climate. Mean annual temperature, the amount of surrounding forests and maize fields were significant negative predictors of species richness, whereas surrounding water bodies, ruderal vegetation and built-up areas were significant positive predictors. Given that maize cultivation has rapidly expanded during the last decades, making it one of the most important crops in Central Europe, our study provides important insights into the composition of weed vegetation of a major, yet understudied component of modern agricultural landscapes.

在过去的几十年里，中欧的杂草植被发生了巨大的变化，以应对不断变化的农业实践。此外，玉米等某些作物的种植面积也大幅扩大。田的特征是由边缘到内部的梯度，这可能对杂草植被产生影响。本文对中欧地区3个样地（10 m2）的101个样地进行了从边缘到内部的杂草植被组成分析。共记录到203种，其中原生植物107种（52%），古植物48种（24%），新植物48种（24%）。边缘样地的物种丰富度中值为9种，而中心样地（距离边缘10 m）和内部样地（距离边缘50 m）的物种丰富度中值均为4种。杂草覆盖的下降更为剧烈，从28.9%的中位数下降到6.2% ~ 5.0%。群落指数（基于Ellenberg指标值）沿样带变化。平均群落光指数向中心减小，水分指数向中心增大。养分群落指数从边缘向中心样地呈上升趋势，而向内部样地呈下降趋势。边缘、中心和内部样地间物种更替显著。样带物种丰富度受景观文脉和气候的影响。年平均气温、周围森林和玉米地面积是物种丰富度的显著负向预测因子，而周围水体、原始植被和建成区是物种丰富度的显著正向预测因子。鉴于玉米种植在过去几十年中迅速扩大，使其成为中欧最重要的作物之一，我们的研究为现代农业景观中一个主要但尚未得到充分研究的组成部分的杂草植被的组成提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Hoverfly assemblages in urban farms compared to urban parks in the city of Geneva 将城市农场中的食蚜蝇与日内瓦城市公园中的食蚜蝇进行比较

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.11.008

C. Heiniger, G. Pétremand, S. Rochefort

This study aims to assess whether urban farms are good providers of ecosystem services compared to other green infrastructures. To assess two services (pollinating and pest control services), hoverflies were monitored in three urban farms (Budé, Lignon and Tissot) and three urban parks (Franchises, Trembley and Beaulieu) in the canton of Geneva in 2017. The results show a large abundance of hoverflies in the parks and farms, particularly at the end of June. In terms of hoverfly diversity, 81 species were recorded, with 10 species accounting for around 80 % of the captures. The Shannon index shows that hoverfly diversity is significantly higher in the parks than in the farms at three out of 6 sampling dates. Of the five most abundant species in parks and farms taken together, three are aphidiphagous and can therefore play a biocontrol role in crops. The average proportion of aphidiphagous individuals is significantly higher in the farms than in the parks. In conclusion, studying hoverflies in urban environments has permitted to highlight differences in function and community composition between apparently similar habitats. However, we recommend limiting the sampling period to the month of June, which would reduce the work involved in sampling with Malaise traps, while retaining significant discriminatory power and limiting impact on syrphid fly communities. In order to encourage hoverflies in the city, it is crucial to maintain several stepping stone habitats within the urban matrix, to favor structures that will give them access to diversified food resources and to adopt maintenance practices that have the least impact on these communities. The introduction of native hedges and aquatic habitats could also be a source of diversification for the pool of species found in the city.

本研究旨在评估与其他绿色基础设施相比，城市农场是否能很好地提供生态系统服务。为了评估两项服务（授粉和害虫防治服务），2017年在日内瓦州的三个城市农场（bud、利尼翁和天梭）和三个城市公园（franche、Trembley和Beaulieu）对食蚜蝇进行了监测。结果显示，在公园和农场有大量食蚜蝇，特别是在6月底。在食蚜蝇多样性方面，录得81种食蚜蝇，其中10种约占捕获量的80%。香农指数显示，在6个采样日期中，有3个公园的食蚜蝇多样性明显高于农场。在公园和农场中最丰富的五种昆虫中，有三种是蚜虫，因此可以在作物中发挥生物防治作用。养殖场中食蚜个体的平均比例明显高于公园。总之，在城市环境中研究食蚜蝇可以突出在明显相似的栖息地之间功能和群落组成的差异。然而，我们建议将采样期限制在6月份，这将减少使用马氏诱蚊器采样的工作量，同时保留显著的歧视性，并限制对食蚜蝇群落的影响。为了鼓励食蚜蝇在城市中繁殖，在城市基质中保持几个踏脚石栖息地至关重要，有利于它们获得多样化食物资源的结构，并采取对这些社区影响最小的维护措施。引入本地树篱和水生栖息地也可以成为城市物种多样化的来源。

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引用次数: 0

Shrub anti-herbivore defenses exhibit non-linear and varied responses to increased herbivore density 灌木抗草食动物防御对草食动物密度的增加表现出非线性和变化的响应

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.12.006

Justin P. Young , Timothy E. Fulbright , Charles A. DeYoung , David G. Hewitt , David B. Wester , Don A. Draeger

Plants may produce induced defenses such as longer thorns or secondary compounds to cope with higher levels of herbivory. However, it is unclear if physical and chemical plant defenses increase incrementally along a gradient of herbivore densities. We hypothesized that physical and chemical anti-herbivore defenses in selected shrubs increase with increasing herbivore density. We tested our hypothesis using four 0.81 km² paddocks on each of two ranches in southern Texas, USA, that were fenced to exclude ingress and egress by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Target densities of deer on each ranch were 0 (control), 25, 49, and 74 deer/km². Pelleted feed was provided ad libitum in each paddock. In July 2014, we selected ten plants of blackbrush acacia (Vachellia rigidula), twisted acacia (Vachellia schaffneri), and spiny hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana) in each of the four research paddocks on each ranch. We marked stems on each plant and recorded length of the main stem, lateral stems, and thorns during July 2014–2016. We collected leaf and stem samples from 20 plants of each of the three browse species during July and October 2014 and 2015 for analysis of crude protein and tannins. Branch density of blackbrush acacia was 38 % (25 deer/km²) to 123 % (49 deer/km²) greater in deer density treatments and thorn density of blackbrush acacia was 27 % greater in treatments with 74 deer/km² than in control treatments. Spiny hackberry branch density was 2.5 times greater in treatments with 49 deer/km² than in control treatments. Induction of plant antiherbivore defenses with increasing deer density occurred primarily in blackbrush acacia. A key finding is that induced physical and chemical defenses in shrubs can respond to increasing herbivore density in a non-linear fashion and the combination of defense strategies can vary depending on herbivore density.

植物可能产生诱导防御，如长刺或次生化合物，以应对更高水平的草食。然而，目前尚不清楚植物的物理和化学防御是否会随着食草动物密度的梯度而逐渐增加。我们假设所选灌木的物理和化学防御能力随着草食动物密度的增加而增强。我们在美国德克萨斯州南部的两个牧场上分别设置了四个0.81平方公里的围场，以防止白尾鹿（Odocoileus virginianus）进出。各牧场鹿的目标密度分别为0（对照）、25、49和74头/km2。在每个围场中随意提供颗粒饲料。2014年7月，我们在每个牧场的四个研究牧场中，分别选择了10株黑刺金合欢（Vachellia rigidula）、扭刺金合欢（Vachellia schaffneri）和刺杨树（Celtis ehrenbergiana）。2014-2016年7月，我们在每棵植株上标记茎，记录主茎、侧茎和刺的长度。我们分别于2014年7月和2015年10月采集了3种浏览物种各20株的叶片和茎样，分析了粗蛋白质和单宁。与对照相比，鹿群密度处理的刺槐枝密度增加38% ~ 123%(25只鹿/km2)，刺密度增加27%（74只鹿/km2）。49只/km2处理的刺莓枝密度是对照处理的2.5倍。鹿密度增加对植物抗草食动物防御的诱导作用主要发生在黑刺金合欢上。一个关键的发现是，灌木诱导的物理和化学防御可以以非线性的方式响应草食动物密度的增加，并且防御策略的组合可以根据草食动物密度而变化。

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引用次数: 0