Basic and Applied Ecology最新文献

Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity because of invasive alien species’ high population growth rates and spread in new ranges. The inherent superiority hypothesis states that particular characteristics of alien species cause them to perform better than native species. Using a meta-analysis of 127 studies and more than 900 experimental observations comparing alien and native plant performance, we investigated, whether: (1) studies comparing alien and native performance generally support the inherent superiority hypothesis; (2) the direction and magnitude of superiority depend on the choice of performance measure; and (3) it depends on other aspects of the study design or species. We found that the inherent superiority hypothesis was overall supported, although the strength of this result depended on the chosen measure of effect size (a significant effect for the standardized mean difference SMD (Hedge's g) but not for the log response ratio LRR). Alien plant species were more likely to be found superior compared to natives if performance was measured in terms of growth, reproduction or response to natural enemies. Measuring survival or abundance was less likely to result in alien superiority, while for measurements of physiology and response to mutualists results were mixed. Furthermore, aspects of experimental design, selection and number of study species played an important role. We thus quantitatively showed across a broad range of conditions how choice of performance measure and experimental design affect the direction and magnitude of alien superiority found in small-scale studies. Furthermore, our review pointed out a lack of studies that assessed population growth as a direct determinant of true superiority. Conducting studies using performance measures relevant for superiority, while also considering other potentially important factors such as residence time, will shed more light on how common true alien superiority is and in which contexts it is to be expected.

As important terrestrial ecosystems on the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau with important ecological and economic value, alpine meadows in some regions are in a degraded state due to climate change and unsustainable grazing. Due to the fragile ecological environment, exploring sustainable restoration models of degraded alpine meadows using close-to-nature restoration measures is the direction of ongoing efforts. Thus, in this study, three close-to-nature restoration measures, namely, manure application (M), Poa annua, Elymus dahuricus, and Puccinellia distans mixed with non-tillage reseeding (R), and the combined treatments (MR), were used to restore degraded alpine meadows from 2019 to 2021. The results showed that the M and MR treatments significantly enhanced plant biomass and reduced forbs dominance, thus improving community structure. Moreover, the M and MR treatments significantly affected plant and bacterial alpha diversity. However, the three restoration measures did not alter the correlation between the plant and bacterial communities. Furthermore, these three measures resulted in a significant increase in the plant carbon:nitrogen ratio and a significant decrease in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio, while neither the plant carbon:phosphorus ratio nor the soil stoichiometric ratio changed significantly, indicating that nitrogen limitation was an important factor that limited the recovery process of the alpine meadows. The structural equation model indicated that the plant nitrogen:phosphorus ratio may regulate the response of plant and bacterial diversity to different restoration measures in alpine meadows. Our findings emphasize that the management of degraded alpine meadows using close-to-nature restoration measures should be a long-term effort, with more attention given to changes in the nitrogen content of meadow ecosystems.

Over the last decades, the use of irrigation in vineyards has grown exponentially in response to climate change. In the Mediterranean region, irrigation is the most widely used method of preventing water stress and high sugar content in grapes. However, little is known about potential irrigation effects on biodiversity. This study aims to understand the effect of irrigation on inter-row vegetation, on the abundance of beneficial arthropods and on the predation of pest insects. In the Luberon region of South-Eastern France, nine irrigated and nine non-irrigated vineyards were analysed. Drip irrigation was applied only during the two driest months of the growing season. We found lower flower cover in irrigated vineyards but no difference in species richness and total vegetation cover. Similarly, abundances of several beneficial arthropods were directly affected by irrigation, such as crab spiders, ladybirds, ladybird larvae and parasitic wasps. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that negative irrigation effects on these arthropods were mediated by negative effects on flower cover. Predation rates were also lower in irrigated vineyards but only during daytime. Grapevine yield was not affected by irrigation. Experiments manipulating water availability under controlled conditions may help to understand this surprisingly strong effect of irrigation on flower cover and beneficial arthropod abundance.

Scavengers benefit from carrion and simultaneously provide essential ecosystem services. To assess benefits and risks that carrion might bring, it is crucial to understand ecosystem-specific scavenger communities. Carrion research has mostly focussed on ungulate carcasses and has rarely explored the effects of carnivore carcasses, which can be critical to understanding disease transmission pathways. Therefore, using red fox, roe deer and red deer carcasses, we investigated factors that affect facultative vertebrate scavenger assemblages visiting carnivore and herbivore carcasses in a temperate forest ecosystem. Due to potentially increased disease transmission risk associated with carnivore carrion, we predicted that carnivore carcasses would be visited less and have a reduced visiting species composition compared to herbivore carcasses. Further, we expected red foxes to exhibit less consumption behavior of conspecific carcasses. We placed 22 red fox and 22 herbivore carcasses in a temperate montane protected area in Central Europe, the Bavarian Forest National Park, and analyzed the visits of all species and the consumption behavior of red fox at carcasses to understand whether these depended on carcass type. We found no significant effects of carcass type on visitation rates, visiting species composition, or red fox behavior. Cannibalism of foxes was common and, when controlling for confounding factors, e.g., elevation, temperature, and scavenging seasonality, the predicted consumption rate of red fox at conspecifics was higher than at herbivore carrion. Foxes appeared to consume conspecifics earlier than herbivore carrion, but the difference was not significant. At the very least, our results show that carnivore carcasses and fox behavior, including cannibalism, could provide a pathway for disease transmission. We thereby provide a first impression of the patterns of vertebrate scavenger assemblages at different carcass types in a temperate ecosystem and show that red fox behavior might precipitate a disease transmission pathway.

Oil tree peony is a unique woody oil crop found exclusively in China. Its seed oil is a highly nutritious edible vegetable oil. However, its seed production varies greatly and is often low. Oil tree peony is a plant that relies on insects for pollination, but inadequate pollination is a common occurrence. In this study, we focused on the Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ species and conducted a five-year study (from 2017 to 2022) in Luoyang, China. Our objective was to assess the extent of pollination deficiency and dependence, as well as quantify the contribution of supplemented bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) to the yield of oil tree peony. We also examined the effect of supplemented bumblebees on the temporal variation in yield through various pollinator survey designs, including supplemented bumblebees (BP), open pollination (OP), pollinator exclusion (EP), self-pollination treatments (SP), and artificial cross-pollination (CP). The results revealed a medium pollination deficit (D = 0.50) at the study sites for three consecutive years from 2020 to 2022, indicating limited pollination for oil tree peony under natural conditions. Importantly, BP significantly compensated for this deficiency (D = 0.22). Over the course of five years, BP increased the yield of oil tree peony by 82.87% on average compared to EP. Furthermore, the yield variation coefficient of EP (CVt=0.20) increased by 100% compared to BP (CVt=0.10). And we also observed significant variability in other yield parameters. Additionally, oil tree peony production was reduced by 44.24% in the absence of flower visitors, and the dependence on BP reached a “high” level. The fatty acid content in the seed oil did not show significant differences across treatments, indicating its stability. Overall, our pollination practices demonstrate that supplementing bee pollination can provide sufficient and stable pollination services, resulting in a higher and more stable yield of oil tree peony seeds.

The security of the Earth system has been extensively discussed through the concept of planetary boundaries, which hypothesizes the Anthropocene as the crisis for pushing environmental variables beyond safe limits. Cities, as burgeoning population centers, warrant heightened attention to issues surrounding planetary boundaries and ecological security. While groundwork has been laid for environmental change detection, the acoustic or soundscape perspective is rarely considered. This paper presents abundant empirical evidence supporting the feasibility of leveraging the soundscape as a valuable lens for exploring ecosystem structures, functions, and their contribution to human well-being. Particularly, it proposes spatialized soundscape maps as practical tools to implement this innovative perspective. We elaborate on two key aspects: (i) soundscape as a reflection of ecosystem evolution, enabling evaluation of ecosystem structures, interactions, and the ecosystem's functions; (ii) soundscape has the attribution of providing cultural services, allowing assessment of its impact on human health. Consequently, we propose two paradigms: (i) “security in soundscape” and (ii) “security of soundscape”, thereby initiated the concept of “soundscape for security”. Furthermore, we outline two generalized pathways: (i) soundscape monitoring, encompassing long-term strategies for real-time tracking of ecosystem evolution, and (ii) soundscape perception, involving detailed surveys to investigate perception and public participatory sensing for large-scale evaluation of ecosystem cultural services. We argue that integrating soundscape considerations holds promise in urban ecological security initiatives and the pursuit of sustainable cities. Moving forward, collective efforts among academics are crucial to establish widely accepted protocols to maximize the value of soundscape for urban ecological security.

Occurrences of introduced and invasive pollinators are increasing worldwide. To predict the potential impacts of exotic bees on native ecosystems we need to understand their ecological interactions. Life history traits are fundamental for understanding ecological interactions and often help to explain the spread of exotic species. We conducted home-and-away comparisons of life history traits of the first invasive bee in Europe, the sculptured resin bee Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853. We compiled information on nest architecture, offspring, natural enemies, body size and phenology using published literature, museum specimen, data from citizen science initiatives, field observations and reared specimen. Megachile sculpturalis uses a broad variety of nesting materials for brood cell construction, including even plastic at the exotic range. Body size at warm temperate climate was similar in the native and exotic ranges, but phenology shifted forward by about one month (28.9 ± 3.3 SE days) in the exotic ranges. The abundance of natural enemies was similar between native and exotic ranges but specialist enemies were missing in the exotic ranges. These trait shifts may be explained by founder effects or ecological filtering. The comparison of life history traits in native and exotic ranges sheds light on the ecological-evolutionary process of this quickly spreading species and provides a better understanding of invasion processes in solitary bees.

Plant diversity is an important driver of many ecosystem processes within and among trophic levels. There is growing evidence that the strength of plant diversity effects depends on the biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. Plant and soil history may be underlying mechanisms of an observed strengthening of biodiversity effects in aging biodiversity experiments. Temporal changes in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships have been observed primarily for plants, while dynamics of higher trophic levels are little studied. However, similar patterns can be expected for higher trophic levels because of the close links between producers and consumers. Here, we compare the effects of plant diversity on consumer communities (richness, abundance, diversity, and community composition) and consumer-mediated functions (herbivory and predation) in plant communities with different plant and soil histories. Across six study years, plant diversity had a positive effect on consumer richness, abundance, diversity, and herbivory, whereas the level of predation was not significantly affected by plant diversity. Furthermore, consumer community composition shifted significantly with increasing diversity of plant communities. In addition, consumer abundance, composition, and consumer functions (herbivory and predation) differed between plant communities of different histories. However, contrary to our expectations, plant and soil history caused no significant change in the effects of plant diversity on consumer communities and functions, indicating that these history effects do not provide a mechanistic explanation for plant diversity effects on aboveground invertebrate communities. Thus, our results suggest that plant diversity is a major driver of aboveground invertebrate communities and functions across grassland ages and should be maximized to protect and restore multitrophic biodiversity.

Global demand for vegetable oil is projected to expand to 28 Mt by 2028. Oilseed rape (OSR) is the predominant oilseed crop in Europe. Its nutritional value is determined by seed oil content and fatty acids (FAs) composition. Insect pollination increases seed oil content, however, its benefit on FAs composition remains unknown. In this study, we address this gap by investigating the variation of OSR seed oil content and FAs composition along a gradient of bee abundance in farmed OSR fields. We used a pollinator exclusion experiment to disentangle the contribution of pollination processes, i.e. wind, self and insect pollination. We show that bees improved OSR nutritional value by increasing amount of poly-unsaturated FAs and decreasing the amount saturated and trans-saturated FAs. In addition, oil content was higher in seeds with than without access to pollinators. Our study provides for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, evidence that insect pollination enhances the quality value of OSR oil by affecting FAs composition. Such effect implies potential negative consequences with any further decline of pollinator abundance. More investigations are also needed to better understand the mechanisms by which insect pollination affects FAs composition, and the way to enhance such mechanisms.

Seeds removed by animals have one of two mutually exclusive fates – they are either predated or dispersed and still alive. The quality of seed dispersal by animals and the number of predated seeds will therefore determine net interaction outcomes for plants. Yet, it is poorly understood what proportion of removed seeds animals can predate before benefits of dispersal no longer outweigh costs of seed loss.

Here, we calculated the mutualism-antagonism continuum for seed removal of the fleshy-fruited tree Frangula alnus by the seed-predating bird Coccothraustes coccothraustes in Białowieża Forest. We integrated effects of the bird during seed dispersal (fruit handling, seed predation, and seed deposition) into microhabitat-structured tree population models.

Results of our models showed that the probability of a seed of F. alnus reaching maturity after seed removal by C. coccothraustes decreased from 0.0028% to 0% as seed predation increased from 0% to 100%. Seed removal was beneficial when less than 63.7% of seeds were predated, and antagonistic when more than 72.0% of seeds were predated. Modifying key model parameters (here, the negative effect of fruit pulp on seedling recruitment and the frequency of forest gaps) decreased and increased rates of seed predation, at which costs of seed loss outweighed benefits of seed dispersal (from 37.9% to 80.7%).

Our findings highlight that benefits of animal seed dispersal can largely outweigh costs of seed predation in a fleshy-fruited tree. Yet, the mutualism-antagonism continuum of seed removal depends on intrinsic factors (e.g. variation in interactions among individuals) and extrinsic factors (e.g. the environment) of seed dispersal and plant demography. Because C. coccothraustes was observed predating at least 80% of removed seeds, it appears to be an antagonist of animal-dispersed plants and exploiter of the seed dispersal mutualism.