Basic and Applied Ecology最新文献_第6页

Effects of sown and spontaneous inter-row vegetation on weeds and beneficial arthropods in vineyards 播种和自发行间植被对葡萄园杂草和有益节肢动物的影响

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.001

Léo Rocher, Emile Melloul, Olivier Blight, Armin Bischoff

The intensification of crop management has resulted in a decline of biodiversity in the last decades, in particular through habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. Semi-natural habitats within agricultural landscapes such as hedges, grasslands or herbaceous field margins, provide resources and refuge to beneficial arthropods. In vineyards, extensively used inter-row vegetation may be functionally equivalent to such semi-natural habitats, and sowing of plant species rich in floral resources may improve habitat functions. In this study, three types of vineyard inter-row vegetation treatments were compared in 15 vineyards of South-eastern France: (1) sowing a high-diversity seed mixture (HD) with a high number of nectariferous plant species, (2) spontaneous vegetation, and (3) tilled inter-rows. We monitored the inter-row vegetation including problematic weeds, the abundance of beneficial arthropods, and the predation of sentinel prey. The invasive weedy grass species Cynodon dactylon showed a lower cover in HD inter-rows than in spontaneous vegetation, whereas no differences were found for the invasive herb Erigeron sumatrensis. Both weed species were still best controlled in tilled inter-rows. Beneficial arthropods were less abundant in tilled than in spontaneously vegetated and sown inter-rows. Day predation was higher in HD inter-rows than in spontaneous vegetation although no significant differences were found for observed predators. Over all treatments, plant species richness, flower and grass cover had a positive influence on several beneficial arthropod groups. Our results highlight the positive effects of species-rich inter-row vegetation on weed control, beneficial arthropod abundance and predation but also showed that further research is needed to improve the efficiency beyond services already provided by spontaneous vegetation.

过去几十年来，作物管理的强化导致生物多样性下降，尤其是栖息地的丧失、破碎化和退化。农业景观中的半自然栖息地，如树篱、草地或田边草本植物，为有益节肢动物提供了资源和庇护所。在葡萄园中，广泛使用的行间植被可能在功能上等同于这种半自然栖息地，播种富含花卉资源的植物物种可能会改善栖息地的功能。本研究比较了法国东南部 15 个葡萄园的三种葡萄园行间植被处理方式：（1）播种含有大量蜜源植物物种的高多样性种子混合物（HD）；（2）自发植被；（3）翻耕行间。我们监测了行间植被（包括问题杂草）、有益节肢动物的数量以及哨兵猎物的捕食情况。入侵杂草物种 Cynodon dactylon 在 HD 行间的覆盖率低于自生植被，而入侵草本植物 Erigeron sumatrensis 的覆盖率则没有差异。这两种杂草在翻耕过的行间仍然控制得最好。有益节肢动物在翻耕过的行间比自发植被和播种过的行间少。尽管在观察到的捕食者方面没有发现显著差异，但日捕食量在 HD 行间比在自发植被中高。在所有处理中，植物物种丰富度、花草覆盖率对几种有益节肢动物群有积极影响。我们的研究结果凸显了物种丰富的行间植被对杂草控制、有益节肢动物数量和捕食的积极影响，但同时也表明，除了自发植被已经提供的服务外，还需要进一步的研究来提高其效率。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of spatial and temporal crop changes on bird diversity in peri‑urban agricultural lands 作物时空变化对城郊农田鸟类多样性的影响

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.007

Myung-Bok Lee, Daojian Chen, Fangyuan Liu, Fasheng Zou

Numerous studies have investigated bird diversity-environment relationships in agricultural landscapes. While many studies have emphasized the importance of natural/semi-natural elements and their diversity within or surrounding farmlands, it remains unclear how crop diversity impacts birds. There is also a significant gap in our knowledge regarding the effects of temporal changes in crop composition on bird diversity. Using small farmlands in a sub-tropical city of China, we examined how spatial and temporal variation of crops and other local farmland features was linked to species diversity of birds and their traits. In small peri‑urban agricultural areas of Guangzhou, we collected bird and crop/non-crop data approximately bimonthly from December 2021 to October 2022. Overall crop diversity and seasonal crop changes were indexed by alpha diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) and beta diversity, respectively. Both alpha and beta crop diversities were positively associated with Shannon-Wiener diversity of birds. Alpha crop diversity also tended to have a positive impact on species richness. Percent cover of woody vegetation showed a positive effect on all three bird diversity indices, i.e., species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness. Percent cover of rice affected species richness positively and evenness negatively, whereas the effects of percent cover of corn were the opposite. In a fourth-corner analysis, the abundance of plant/seed-eating birds was negatively associated with alpha crop diversity, whereas the abundance of ground-foraging birds was positively associated with beta crop diversity. These patterns indicate that seasonally dynamic crop changes as well as local crop diversity can influence bird diversity and traits in small farmlands. They also suggest that natural/semi-natural woody vegetation, such as trees and shrubs, play a critical role in enhancing species diversity of birds in farmlands dominated by herbaceous edible crops.

许多研究调查了农业景观中鸟类多样性与环境的关系。虽然许多研究都强调了农田内或农田周围的自然/半自然要素及其多样性的重要性，但目前仍不清楚作物多样性如何影响鸟类。在作物组成的时间变化对鸟类多样性的影响方面，我们的知识也存在很大差距。我们利用中国一个亚热带城市的小型农田，研究了农作物和其他当地农田特征的时空变化与鸟类物种多样性及其特征之间的关系。从 2021 年 12 月到 2022 年 10 月，我们大约每两个月在广州的小型近郊农业区收集一次鸟类和农作物/非农作物数据。作物总体多样性和季节性作物变化分别以α多样性（香农-维纳指数）和β多样性为指标。作物的α和β多样性与鸟类的香农-维纳多样性呈正相关。α-作物多样性对物种丰富度也有积极影响。木本植被的覆盖率对鸟类的三个多样性指数，即物种丰富度、香农-维纳多样性和均匀度都有积极影响。水稻覆盖率对物种丰富度的影响是正面的，对均匀度的影响是负面的，而玉米覆盖率的影响正好相反。在第四角分析中，植物/种子食性鸟类的数量与α作物多样性呈负相关，而地面觅食鸟类的数量与β作物多样性呈正相关。这些模式表明，作物的季节性动态变化以及当地的作物多样性会影响小型农田中鸟类的多样性和特征。研究还表明，在以草本食用作物为主的农田中，天然/半天然木本植被（如乔木和灌木）在提高鸟类物种多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Survival patterns and population stability of cliff plants suggest high resistance to climatic variability 悬崖植物的生存模式和种群稳定性表明它们对气候变异具有很强的抵抗力

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.009

A Múgica , H Miranda, MB García

Cliffs are marginal and poorly studied habitats that are home to a high proportion of endemic or threatened species. Here, we reviewed the survival patterns and population dynamics of plants growing on vertical cliffs and compared them to other plants with similar life forms that grow on the ground. To this end, we have compiled studies of cliff and ground-level plants from two main sources: MONITO and COMPADRE. The resulting dataset after applying some filters included a total of 243 populations of 134 plant species monitored for several years in the northern hemisphere. We tested whether survival rates of seedlings and older stages, population growth rates, and their temporal variability showed similar patterns between cliff and ground plants, and the relationship between those demographic parameters. Cliff plants showed higher survival rates for both seedlings and older life stages, as well as lower distance to population equilibrium and more stable population trends over time, compared to plants growing in the ground. Population equilibrium and temporal stability was highly correlated with the survival of post-seedling stages in both groups. These results suggest that cliff plants may be better adapted to withstand climatic variability than the more common ground-level plants occurring in less stressful environments.

悬崖是一种边缘栖息地，对其研究较少，但却是大量特有或濒危物种的栖息地。在这里，我们回顾了生长在垂直悬崖上的植物的生存模式和种群动态，并将它们与生长在地面上的其他具有类似生命形式的植物进行了比较。为此，我们汇编了来自两个主要来源的悬崖植物和地面植物研究报告：MONITO 和 COMPADRE。经过筛选后得到的数据集包括在北半球监测多年的 134 种植物的 243 个种群。我们测试了悬崖植物和地面植物的幼苗和幼苗阶段的存活率、种群增长率及其时间变化是否呈现出相似的模式，以及这些人口统计参数之间的关系。与生长在地面上的植物相比，悬崖植物的幼苗和老龄生命阶段的存活率更高，距离种群平衡的距离更短，随着时间的推移，种群趋势更稳定。种群平衡和时间稳定性与两组中幼苗后阶段的存活率高度相关。这些结果表明，与更常见的生长在压力较小环境中的地面植物相比，悬崖植物可能更能适应气候的多变性。

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引用次数: 0

Dwarf shrubs may mitigate the negative effects of climate change on spiders by moderating microclimate 矮灌木可通过调节小气候减轻气候变化对蜘蛛的负面影响

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.006

Róbert Gallé , Nikolett Gallé-Szpisjak , Péter Batáry

Climate change negatively affects arthropod biodiversity worldwide. Mitigating the resulting arthropod decline is a great challenge. Dwarf shrubs in open areas might buffer microclimatic extremities by reducing the solar radiation reaching the ground and weakening air circulation near the soil surface. Forest steppes are mosaics of forests and grasslands covering a vast area in Eurasia. This heterogeneous ecosystem offers the opportunity to study the effect of small habitat features, i.e. dwarf shrubs, in dry grasslands and compare the fauna of rosemary-leaved willow (Salix rosmarinifolia) shrubs with forest patch interiors, open grasslands and their edges. We hypothesized that the dwarf shrub microhabitat has a wetter and cooler microclimate than open grassland and a different spider community composition than other forest-steppe microhabitats. We recorded microclimatic parameters with data loggers, measured soil moisture with TDR and collected ground-dwelling spiders with pitfall traps. We detected the highest soil moisture (6.26 ± 1.21%, mean ± 95% confidence interval) and air humidity (80.19 ± 3.19%) in forests and the lowest in grasslands (4.36 ± 0.65%; 66.59 ± 2.53%, respectively). The warmest microhabitats were grasslands (23.23 ± 0.51°C), whereas the coolest microhabitats were forests (18.92 ± 0.41°C). The distinct microclimate of dwarf shrubs was cooler (21.46 ± 0.41°C) and moister (5.43 ± 0.53%) than the surrounding semi-desert like grassland. Furthermore, we found a different spider community composition and trait state composition of spiders in forests, edges, grasslands and dwarf shrub microhabitats. Forests (9.90 ± 0.95) and edges (11.44 ± 1.27) hosted a higher species richness than grasslands (7.08 ± 4.27) and dwarf shrubs (5.09 ± 1.33). We collected larger spiders on the edges than in dwarf shrub microhabitats. The dwarf shrubs hosted a different microclimate and spider community composition from the grassland. Climate change in the forest-steppe region is assumed to be driven by a combination of warming and drying. In the coming decades, drought frequency and severity are predicted to increase. Woody vegetation, even dwarf shrubs, creates a thermal and moisture heterogeneity that might aid arthropods in buffering macroclimatic warming through behavioural thermoregulation. Therefore, their presence on grasslands can benefit the conservation of specialised grassland arthropods.

气候变化对全世界节肢动物的生物多样性产生了负面影响。缓解由此造成的节肢动物减少是一项巨大挑战。开阔地区的矮灌木可以通过减少到达地面的太阳辐射和减弱土壤表面附近的空气流通来缓冲微气候的极端影响。森林草原是森林和草原的混合体，覆盖了欧亚大陆的广大地区。这种异质性生态系统为我们提供了研究干旱草原上小型栖息地特征（即矮小灌木）的影响以及比较迷迭香叶柳（Salix rosmarinifolia）灌木与森林斑块内部、开阔草原及其边缘动物群的机会。我们假设矮灌木小生境的小气候比开阔草地湿润凉爽，蜘蛛群落组成也与其他森林草原小生境不同。我们用数据记录仪记录了小气候参数，用 TDR 测量了土壤湿度，并用坑式陷阱收集了地栖蜘蛛。我们发现森林的土壤湿度（6.26 ± 1.21%，平均值 ± 95% 置信区间）和空气湿度（80.19 ± 3.19%）最高，草原最低（分别为 4.36 ± 0.65%；66.59 ± 2.53%）。最温暖的小生境是草原（23.23 ± 0.51°C），而最凉爽的小生境是森林（18.92 ± 0.41°C）。与周围的半荒漠草原相比，矮灌木丛的独特小气候更凉爽（21.46 ± 0.41°C）、更湿润（5.43 ± 0.53%）。此外，我们还发现森林、边缘地带、草地和矮灌木微生境中的蜘蛛群落组成和性状状态组成各不相同。森林（9.90 ± 0.95）和边缘（11.44 ± 1.27）的物种丰富度高于草原（7.08 ± 4.27）和矮灌木（5.09 ± 1.33）。与矮灌木微生境相比，我们在边缘地带采集到的蜘蛛体型更大。矮灌木的小气候和蜘蛛群落组成与草地不同。森林草原地区的气候变化被认为是由变暖和干燥共同驱动的。据预测，未来几十年干旱的频率和严重程度都将增加。木本植被，甚至是矮灌木，会产生热量和湿度异质性，这可能有助于节肢动物通过行为体温调节来缓冲宏观气候变暖。因此，它们在草原上的存在有利于保护专门的草原节肢动物。

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引用次数: 0

High nitrate and sulfate leaching in response to wetter winters in temperate beech forests 温带山毛榉林冬季较湿时的高硝酸盐和硫酸盐沥滤反应

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.004

Aron Garthen , Jan Philip Berg , Eva Ehrnsten , Marcin Klisz , Robert Weigel , Lisa Wilke , Jürgen Kreyling

Climate models project moderate to large increases in air temperature for most temperate ecosystems with an overall increase in winter precipitation and a shift from snow towards rain. We investigated the effects of increased winter rainfall on the ecosystem functioning of European beech forests at their north-eastern distribution range. In a large-scale field experiment we manipulated winter climate at nine forest sites by increasing the amount of rainfall and excluding snow. Nutrient availability in the topsoil and leaching in 50 cm depth as well as litter decomposition and radial growth of mature European beech trees were analysed. It was hypothesized that (1) wetter winters lead to increased nutrient deposition as well as leaching, with an overall increase in net nutrient availability, (2) decomposition decreases in response to water addition containing also additional nutrients and (3) primary production during the subsequent growing season increases as presumably not all additionally available nutrients would be leached. We found an increase in topsoil nitrate and sulfate availability during winter in response to rain addition, likely as a consequence of collecting more atmospheric deposition, and surprisingly high leaching rates of the additionally available nutrients. During the subsequent early growing season, no difference in nutrient availability could be observed anymore. Enhanced nutrient availability in the topsoil and leaching do not seem to have a strong short-term influence on forest ecosystem processes in ecosystems which are close to their critical load of N deposition. Decomposition rates during winter and early growing season as well as stem diameter growth during the following growing season were not influenced. This indicates that additional nutrients in the topsoil in response to wetter winters are not available for plant growth but pollute ground- and surface waters.

气候模型预测，大多数温带生态系统的气温将出现中度到大幅上升，冬季降水量将全面增加，并从降雪转向降雨。我们研究了冬季降雨量增加对欧洲山毛榉林东北分布区生态系统功能的影响。在一项大规模野外实验中，我们通过增加降雨量和排除积雪来控制九个森林地点的冬季气候。实验分析了表土中养分的可用性和 50 厘米深度的沥滤情况，以及欧洲山毛榉成熟树木的枯落物分解和径向生长情况。我们的假设是：(1) 冬天更潮湿会导致养分沉积和沥滤的增加，从而使净养分供应量总体增加；(2) 分解量会随着含有额外养分的水量的增加而减少；(3) 随后生长季节的初级生产量会增加，因为据推测，并非所有额外的可用养分都会被沥滤。我们发现，随着雨水的增加，冬季表层土壤中硝酸盐和硫酸盐的供应量有所增加，这可能是由于收集了更多的大气沉积物，而额外可用养分的沥滤率却出奇地高。在随后的早期生长季节，再也观察不到养分供应方面的差异。在接近氮沉积临界负荷的生态系统中，表层土壤养分供应的增加和沥滤似乎不会对森林生态系统过程产生强烈的短期影响。冬季和生长季初期的分解率以及下一个生长季的茎干直径增长均未受到影响。这表明，由于冬季较湿，表土中的额外养分不能用于植物生长，而是污染了地下水和地表水。

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引用次数: 0

Soil depth drives community assembly and functional traits of karst shrubland 土壤深度驱动岩溶灌木林的群落组合和功能特征

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.005

Yuan Liu , Jianping Tao , Yuejun He , Lifei Yu , Lingbin Yan , Yu Du , Jinchun Liu

Unraveling the mechanisms of community assembly in different ecosystems is a central ecological issue. Soil depth, which is the predominant characteristic of karst regions, possibly affects community assembly from the regional species pool into local communities. However, the influence of karst soil depth on plant community assembly mechanisms remains unclear. We investigated the community functional traits of karst shrublands by calculating community-weighted mean (CWM) traits for leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf carbon content (LCC), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), leaf phosphorus content (LPC), and leaf potassium content (LKC). To explore the assembly pattern of karst shrublands, we assessed the extent of trait divergence or convergence using trait-based null model analyses. Additionally, we examined how community functional traits and assembly patterns changed with varying local soil depths. Karst shrublands were found to exhibit CWM trait combinations characterized by high LDMC and LCC, as well as low SLA, LNC, LPC, and LKC to adapting to harsh environments. Furthermore, the CWM of LDMC, LCC, LCC/LNC ratio, and LCC/LPC ratio significantly decreased, while SLA and LNC in karst shrublands significantly increased along soil depth gradients. This indicates that, as soil conditions improved, the karst shrubland community shifted from a conservative survival strategy to a resource-acquisition strategy. Overall, the convergence pattern prevailed in the karst shrubland communities for most leaf traits. As the karst soil depth increased, the traits of the shrubland communities shifted from a convergence pattern toward a neutral assembly. These results demonstrate for the first time that species were primarily assembled into karst shrubland communities through environmental filtering, while the importance of environmental filtering in the assembly process gradually weakened with increasing soil depth. Our study underlines the necessity of increasing soil quantity to allow more species from the regional species pool to enter local shrublands, thereby promoting karst community succession.

揭示不同生态系统中群落组合的机制是生态学的一个核心问题。土壤深度是喀斯特地区的主要特征，可能会影响从区域物种库到地方群落的群落组合。然而，喀斯特土壤深度对植物群落组装机制的影响仍不清楚。我们通过计算叶片干物质含量（LDMC）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶片碳含量（LCC）、叶片氮含量（LNC）、叶片磷含量（LPC）和叶片钾含量（LKC）的群落加权平均值（CWM）性状，研究了喀斯特灌木地的群落功能性状。为了探索喀斯特灌木地的组合模式，我们使用基于性状的空模型分析评估了性状的分化或趋同程度。此外，我们还研究了群落功能特征和组装模式如何随当地土壤深度的变化而变化。研究发现，岩溶灌木林表现出以高LDMC和LCC以及低SLA、LNC、LPC和LKC为特征的CWM性状组合，以适应恶劣的环境。此外，沿土壤深度梯度，喀斯特灌木林地的LDMC、LCC、LCC/LNC比值和LCC/LPC比值的CWM显著降低，而SLA和LNC显著增加。这表明，随着土壤条件的改善，岩溶灌木林群落从保守的生存策略转向资源获取策略。总体而言，在喀斯特灌木林群落中，大多数叶片特征的趋同模式占主导地位。随着喀斯特土壤深度的增加，灌木林群落的性状从趋同模式转向中性组合。这些结果首次证明，物种主要是通过环境过滤集结成喀斯特灌木林群落的，而随着土壤深度的增加，环境过滤在集结过程中的重要性逐渐减弱。我们的研究强调了增加土壤数量的必要性，以便让更多来自区域物种库的物种进入当地灌木地，从而促进岩溶群落演替。

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引用次数: 0

The German insect monitoring scheme: Establishment of a nationwide long-term recording of arthropods 德国昆虫监测计划：建立全国范围的节肢动物长期记录系统

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.08.004

Merle Streitberger , Gregor Stuhldreher , Thomas Fartmann , Werner Ackermann , Hella Ludwig , Sandro Pütz , Wiebke Züghart

A standardised monitoring is indispensable to identify trends of insect populations. However, until recently, a systematic monitoring of insects in Germany was missing. Therefore, the German federal ministry for the environment funded the conceptualisation of an insect monitoring scheme.

Here, we inform about the general concept and structure of the German insect monitoring scheme (GIMS) and the steps taken and still to be taken for the implementation of the scheme. A first step was the development of the objectives, general concept und structure of the GIMS in close collaboration with the nature conservation authorities at the national and federal state levels, as the latter are responsible for the implementation of nature conservation-related monitoring schemes. The GIMS is structured into two sections: section 1 ‘Monitoring of common insects’ and section 2 ‘Monitoring of rare insects’. Both sections contain modules that focus on selected aspects of insect diversity. In section 1, insect communities of the wider countryside will be monitored. Section 2 focuses on insect communities in rare habitats and species of high conservation value (e.g. threatened species). The next step was to develop standardised sampling methods for the modules in collaboration with experts and the nature conservation authorities. Wherever appropriate, synergies with other monitoring schemes were created, e.g. for combined analyses with environmental variables.

Parallel to the development of the concept, several federal states have already implemented selected modules of the GIMS. Furthermore, the module ‘Grasshoppers in grasslands’ was tested during a pilot phase. By using the data from the pilot phase and the High Nature Value Farmland Monitoring scheme the relationship between high nature value farmland and grasshopper diversity was evaluated. This indicated the great potential of using synergies among monitoring schemes for joint data analyses and showed that it is worth exploring such approaches in greater depth.

要确定昆虫种群的趋势，标准化监测是必不可少的。然而，直到最近，德国还没有对昆虫进行系统的监测。在此，我们将介绍德国昆虫监测计划（GIMS）的总体概念和结构，以及为实施该计划已经采取和将要采取的步骤。第一步是与国家和联邦州一级的自然保护机构密切合作，制定德国昆虫监测系统的目标、总体概念和结构，因为后者负责实施与自然保护相关的监测计划。全球昆虫监测系统分为两个部分：第一部分 "常见昆虫监测 "和第二部分 "珍稀昆虫监测"。这两个部分都包含侧重于昆虫多样性某些方面的模块。在第 1 部分中，将对广大乡村的昆虫群落进行监测。第 2 部分的重点是稀有栖息地和高保护价值物种（如受威胁物种）中的昆虫群落。下一步是与专家和自然保护机构合作，为各模块制定标准化取样方法。在适当的情况下，与其他监测计划建立协同关系，例如与环境变量进行综合分析。此外，"草原上的蚱蜢 "模块也在试点阶段进行了测试。通过使用试点阶段的数据和高自然价值农田监测计划，对高自然价值农田与蚱蜢多样性之间的关系进行了评估。这表明，利用监测计划之间的协同作用进行联合数据分析具有巨大潜力，值得对此类方法进行更深入的探索。

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引用次数: 0

Simply the green: Urban refuges 简单的绿色城市避难所

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.002

Johanna L. Berger , Sonja N.K. Daum , Margarita Hartlieb

Large refugia and small refuges have always been crucial for species survival, particularly during periods like the Ice Age. When their original habitats became uninhabitable, they provided important shelters in space and time. Drawing from a biological and philosophical perspective, we propose creating and preserving refuges as socio-ecological solutions in an epoch primarily shaped by human activity, the Anthropocene. Our focus lies on green refuges within urban settings, given that urbanization is one of the large drivers of insect decline and has adverse effects on humans, such as increased heat. Refuges can be beneficial for both biodiversity and human well-being.

After clarifying the relevant terminology on four levels of abstraction, we conducted a systematic biological literature review - as a case study. Here, we summarize the current state of research on the effects of unmown refuges on insects and spiders. The mere existence of refuges proved beneficial for arthropods, with over 70 % of studies reporting positive responses among these species.

While insects and spiders have specific habitat requirements, humans are able to create a habitable environment for themselves. However, ecological crises for humans and arthropods are increasing, as are human populations. Therefore, refuges offer a way to address both ecological and social challenges simultaneously, enhancing biodiversity and human well-being.

大型避难所和小型避难所一直是物种生存的关键，尤其是在冰河时期。当它们原来的栖息地变得无法居住时，它们在空间和时间上提供了重要的庇护所。我们从生物学和哲学的角度出发，提出在人类活动塑造的时代，即 "人类世"，创建和保护避难所，作为社会生态解决方案。鉴于城市化是导致昆虫数量减少的主要原因之一，并对人类产生不利影响（如热量增加），我们将重点放在城市环境中的绿色庇护所上。在澄清了四个抽象层面的相关术语后，我们进行了系统的生物文献综述--作为一项案例研究。在此，我们总结了未播种保护区对昆虫和蜘蛛影响的研究现状。事实证明，庇护所的存在本身就对节肢动物有益，超过 70% 的研究报告称这些物种对庇护所有积极反应。然而，人类和节肢动物面临的生态危机与日俱增，人类的数量也在不断增加。因此，庇护所提供了一种同时应对生态和社会挑战的方法，既能提高生物多样性，又能增进人类福祉。

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引用次数: 0

On the edge: Conservation genomics of the critically endangered dwarf mountain pine Pherosphaera fitzgeraldii 濒临灭绝：极度濒危矮山松 Pherosphaera fitzgeraldii 的保护基因组学

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.003

Eilish S. McMaster , Jia-Yee S. Yap , Stephanie H. Chen , Ahamad Sherieff , Marianne Bate , Ian Brown , Michaela Jones , Maurizio Rossetto

Pherosphaera fitzgeraldii, the Dwarf Mountain Pine, is a critically endangered conifer restricted to cliff ledges within waterfall spray zones in the Greater Blue Mountains Area of New South Wales, Australia. This species is under threat from pollution, invasive weeds, and limited recruitment, which are contributing to its declining population. Using a comprehensive conservation genomic approach, we assessed the population health of P. fitzgeraldii and developed strategic recommendations for its management.

Genomic analysis of P. fitzgeraldii revealed the presence of two distinct genetic groups despite the limited distribution of the species. This genetic structure aligns with prevailing wind currents, indicating potential restrictions to pollen or seed exchange between subpopulations. Furthermore, limited gene flow was observed even among nearby subpopulations, emphasizing the risk of increased genetic differentiation due to ongoing isolation. Clonality is widespread in some subpopulations, and all subpopulations displayed signs of inbreeding and genetic depletion despite subdioecy, indicative of historical constraints on gene flow and small population sizes.

We offer genomic-based recommendations for prioritizing conservation sites, enhancing genetic diversity in ex situ collections, and guiding future management. Further studies to uncover the sex determination mechanism of P. fitzgeraldii could help maintain balanced sex ratios in ex situ collections and support future genetic rescue efforts. This study underscores the value of genomics in informing protection and recovery of unique threatened species.

矮山松（Pherosphaera fitzgeraldii）是一种极度濒危的针叶树，只生长在澳大利亚新南威尔士州大蓝山地区瀑布喷水区的悬崖峭壁上。该物种正面临着污染、杂草入侵和有限繁殖的威胁，这些因素导致其数量不断减少。我们采用全面的保护基因组学方法，评估了P. fitzgeraldii的种群健康状况，并为其管理制定了战略建议。尽管P. fitzgeraldii的分布范围有限，但对其进行的基因组学分析表明，该物种存在两个不同的基因组。这种遗传结构与盛行风流一致，表明亚种群之间的花粉或种子交换可能受到限制。此外，即使在附近的亚种群之间也观察到了有限的基因流动，强调了由于持续隔离而导致基因分化加剧的风险。我们提出了基于基因组学的建议，以确定保护地点的优先顺序、提高异地采集的遗传多样性并指导未来的管理。进一步研究揭示P. fitzgeraldii的性别决定机制有助于保持异地采集中的性别比例平衡，并支持未来的基因拯救工作。这项研究强调了基因组学在为独特濒危物种的保护和恢复提供信息方面的价值。

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引用次数: 0

High soil moisture promotes the emergence of ground beetles and spiders from soils in wheat fields 土壤水分过高会促使小麦田土壤中出现地甲虫和蜘蛛

IF 3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Basic and Applied Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2024.09.001

Klarissa Kober , Klaus Birkhofer , Michael Glemnitz

Promoting arthropods in agricultural landscapes can contribute substantially to stop their decline and enhance pest control. Higher soil moisture and the presence of field margins can increase the abundance of arthropods in agricultural landscapes and influence their distribution within crop fields. However, little is known about the influence of soil moisture and distance from field margins on the overwintering of arthropods in arable fields. We investigated the influence of soil moisture and distance from a field margin on the numbers of arthropods, ground beetles and spiders emerging from soil in winter wheat fields. We established transects in winter wheat fields away from two different types of field margins: (i) around small standing water bodies (kettle holes) to capture a wide range of soil moisture values and (ii) other semi-natural landscape elements. At three distances (1 m, 20 m, 50 m), we sampled arthropods with emergence traps and measured soil moisture between March and June. We found that soil moisture had a positive effect on the emergence numbers of arthropods in general and ground beetles and spiders in particular. Distance from field margins generally had negative effects on the emergence numbers of ground beetles, but positive effects on the emergence numbers of spiders. Emergence numbers and soil moisture content did not differ significantly between the two types of field margins. The high emergence numbers inside the fields indicate that arable fields are important overwintering habitats for beneficial arthropods. Proper management of arable soils to promote soil water holding capacity and soil moisture content may have the added benefit of promoting the production of beneficial natural enemies from local soils.

在农业景观中促进节肢动物的发展可大大有助于阻止节肢动物的减少并加强害虫控制。较高的土壤湿度和田边的存在可以增加节肢动物在农业景观中的数量，并影响它们在作物田中的分布。然而，人们对土壤湿度和田边距离对节肢动物在耕地中越冬的影响知之甚少。我们研究了土壤湿度和田边距离对冬小麦田中节肢动物、地甲虫和蜘蛛出土数量的影响。我们在冬小麦田中建立了横断面，这些横断面远离两种不同类型的田边：(i) 小型积水体（水壶洞）周围，以捕捉各种土壤湿度值；(ii) 其他半自然景观元素。在三个距离（1 米、20 米、50 米）处，我们用萌发诱捕器采集节肢动物样本，并在 3 月至 6 月间测量土壤湿度。我们发现，土壤湿度对节肢动物的出土数量有积极影响，尤其是地甲虫和蜘蛛。与田边的距离通常对地甲虫的出土数量有负面影响，但对蜘蛛的出土数量有正面影响。两种田边的出土数量和土壤含水量没有明显差异。田间的高出苗率表明，耕地是有益节肢动物的重要越冬栖息地。对耕地土壤进行适当管理，提高土壤持水量和土壤含水量，还能促进当地土壤中有益天敌的产生。

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引用次数: 0