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Background: Prediabetes is an alarming condition to control and prevent from developing diabetes mellitus which occurs due to the change in lifestyle and food habits. Timely untreated prediabetes turn into type-2 diabetes mellitus within a year and systemic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy could occur and in later stage multi system damage could take place.

Aims: The ai of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Vamana Karma (therapeutic emesis) with Ikshuvaku Yoga and followed by oral administration of Darvyadi Kwatha (herbal decoction) in the management of prediabetes.

Materials and methods: After approval of IEC and registration under clinical trial registry of India, 20 patients suffering from prediabetes were registered in the trial. Diagnosis criteria were hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS) and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and assessment criteria includes HBA1c, FBS, PPBS, along with improvement in Agnibala (strength of digestion and metabolism), Dehabala (physical strength) and Satvabala (mental strength), relief sign and symptom of prediabetes (Prameha), and improvement in quality of life (SF-36 Score). Classical Vamana Karma followed by oral administration of Darvyadi Kwatha was done. Total duration of treatment was 45 days and last follow-up was done on the 120^th day. Student's t- test was used for the analysis of parametric data.

Results: After the treatment were observed that there is improvement in subjective as well as in objective parameters. Statistically highly significant result was observed in HBA1c (BT [day 0] Mean score 6.25 and AT [day 120] 5.63 [P < 0.001]), FBS (BT [day 0] mean score 120.05 and AT [day 120] 93.31 [P < 0.001]) and PPBS (BT [day 0] mean score 165.26 and AT [day 120] 112.84 [P < 0.001]), sign and symptoms of Prameha, Dehabala, Agnibala, Satvabala, and quality of life (SF-36 Score).

Conclusion: The present clinical study concludes that therapeutic emesis (bio purification) followed by Darvyadi Kwatha as internal medicine shows significant result in treating prediabetes (Prameha) safely and effectively also control and prevent developing diabetes mellitus. None of the patient converted to diabetes mellitus on the day 120.

Introduction: Aragvadhadi Taila (ART) is one of the herbomineral formulations mentioned in Chakradatta indicated in Shwitra (vitiligo). Modification of Taila form into gel form reduces the risk of contamination in view of arsenical contents (Manahshila, Haratala) assures precise dose administration at desired site (by avoiding spreading). The gel is a comparatively acceptable dosage form than that of medicated oil.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Aragvadhadi formulation in Taila (ART: Aragvadhadi Taila) and gel (ARG: Aragvadhadi gel) dosage forms with the internal administration of Rasayana Churna in the management of Shwitra.

Materials and methods: The study was a randomized open labeled, involving 66 patients of Shwitra that were randomly divided into two groups. Patients registered in group A (n = 34) were treated with local applications of ART and group B (n = 32) with ARG for 2 months. Rasayana Churna (3 g), along with the equal quantity of honey and Ghrita was given twice a day after the meal in both groups. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to evaluate the effect of therapy in the individual group for subjective criteria like vitiligo area scoring index score, size and number of patches, Rukshata (dryness), Saparidaha (burning sensation), Bahalatva (thickening), Kandu (itching) while the comparison of results between the groups for the same by applying Coefficient of Variation (CV).

Results: Group B showed better and consistent results in all signs and symptoms except Rukshata, Saparidaha in terms of Coefficient of Variation. In both the groups, statistically highly significant improvement was found in signs and symptoms of Shwitra such as Saparidaha, Kandu, size of patches and number of patches; however, the difference between the groups was statistically insignificant.

Conclusion: Both the forms (ART, ARG) of Aragvadhadi formulation along with Rasayana Churna were found as a safe and effective treatment in vitiligo with significant pigment regeneration capacity as topical use for application over 2 months.

Background: Search for an effective, feasible, and safe male contraceptive has been one of the major public health challenges. The present contraceptive methods are either permanent or impractical. Herbal methods are considered safe, and thus, their acceptability is higher than other prospective methods.

Aims: In the present study, oral administration of methanolic extract of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. flower was investigated for its potential role in the modulation of fertility in male albino rats.

Materials and methods: Healthy male albino rats were randomly distributed into three groups, i.e., a control and two groups administered with 50 and 500 mg/kg body weight/day of methanolic extract of B. monosperma flower for 30, 90, and 180 days, respectively. Fertility records were maintained throughout the experimental period. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and the weight of reproductive organs, sperm characteristics, and histopathology of testicular and epididymal tissues were evaluated. A 45-day withdrawal period was also investigated for parameters as described above for each group.

Results: A 40% decline in fertility rate was evident in rats administered with 500 mg/kg of B. monosperma flower extract for 180 consecutive days. A significant reduction in testicular and epididymal weight was observed in these animals. Sperm count, motility, and viability were also reduced significantly in animals treated for 180 days. Histological evaluation of testicular cells indicated distortions in germ cell arrangements at various stages of spermatogenesis. Following 45 days of withdrawal, the resumption of normal functional and histological characteristics was apparent.

Conclusion: Based on the abnormalities present in the sperm characteristics and damages in testicular histology, it was confirmed that methanolic extract of B. monosperma flower contain antifertility potential.

Background: Hypogalactia is the common condition, especially in preterm deliveries. Some herbs in Indian medicines such as Lepidium sativum L. (L. sativum) have galactogogeus effects. The galactogogeus effect of L. sativum (Chandrashoora) has not been quantified in randomized control trials in humans till date. We intend to study the galactogogeus effects of L. sativum in hypogalactic mothers through an open-label noncross-over trial.

Materials and methods: The target population were women who had delivered infants <32 weeks gestation with no lower limit to gestational age and their babies admitted in neonatal intensive care unit for prematurity. Participants who were taking specific drugs as a result of their primary illnesses, such as chemotherapy, sedatives, or antiseziure medications, were excluded. The randomization was achieved with computer-generated random number table. The experimental group (n = 23) received 2.5 g of L. sativum (Chandrashoora) seeds each day, soaked in luke warm water for half an hour in the morning, along with instructions about how to take the seeds. The control group did not receive any medication (n = 23). According to the institutional procedure, participants were trained to express breast milk six times using a breast pump. The amount of milk extracted was measured every day for 28 days. The difference in milk production between the two groups at 28 days was the primary endpoint. The secondary endpoint was to asses if any of the trial medicines had any adverse drug effects.

Results: A total of 46 participants completed the study till 28 days. In both groups, demographic factors were comparable. The study group surpassed the control group in terms of breast milk volume slowly and reached statistical significance (P = 0.00002) after 28 days of therapy. No adverse drug effects were reported by the participants.

Conclusion: There was statistically significant improvement in breast milk production at 28 days in hypogalactic mothers in the experimental group. L. sativum can be used as cheap alternatives to costly medicines to improve lactation with minimal costs and no adverse drug reactions.

Background: Gokshura Moola (root of Tribulus terrestris Linn.) is one among the ingredients of Dashamoola, a group of ten medicinal plants principally comprising roots as the useful part. In practice instead of root, fruit of Gokshura is widely used in most of the preparations of Dashamoola in Kerala. Dashamoola occupies a significant role in a wide range of Ayurvedic formulations and holds a major share in the drug manufacturing industry. This high demand of Dashamoola, leads the use of fruit instead of its root and implies the need to compare the efficacy of root and fruit of Gokshura.

Aim: This study is planned to assess whether fruit of Gokshura can be substituted for its root using the parameter of diuretic activity in Wistar albino rats.

Materials and methods: Wistar albino rats were divided in to four groups. The group I control group and group II standard group was orally administered with carboxymethyl cellulose 2% in normal saline and furosemide (20 mg/kg) respectively. Group III was administered orally with decoction of Gokshura root and groups IV with Gokshura fruit decoction, with a dose of 8.64 ml/kg. The diuretic effect was evaluated by measuring urine volume, Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- ion content in urine. The results were analyzed by applying one-way ANOVA and LSD Post hoc pairwise comparison test.

Results: Both test drugs in group III and group IV provided significant increase in urine output when compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Decoction of Gokshura root provided a significant increase in comparison to decoction of Gokshura fruit in regards of sodium (P < 0.01), potassium (P < 0.001), and chloride ion (P < 0.05) excretion.

Conclusion: Diuretic action of both root and fruit of Gokshura is similar in terms of urine volume, but root is more effective in the basis of ionic excretion. Hence, while treating patients suffering from ionic imbalance, it is better to use fruit of Gokshura for protecting the ionic balance during diuresis. In all other conditions, root can be used for a better diuretic activity.

Background: An ancient text on plant life Vrikshayurveda mentions the use of horticulture treatments, Kunapa Jala (KJ) and Panchagavya (PG) (cow milk, cow ghee, cow curd, cow dung, and cow urine) to enhance the efficiency of plants.

Aim: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of KJ and PG application on total leaf area, leaf area index (LAI) leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR); production of andrographolide (A1), neoandrographolide (A2), and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (A3) of the Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees.

Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with six treatments, namely control, KJ, PG, farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizer, and humic acid. Simultaneous detection of contents was carried out using reversed-phase-ultra-flow liquid chromatography (RP-UFLC). The parameters were studied at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing (DAS).

Results: KJ produced higher leaf area and LAI at 90 DAS, LAD between 90 and 120 DAS. PG produced higher CGR, RGR, and NAR between 60 and 90 DAS. RP-UFLC analysis revealed the maximum amount of ingredients at 120 DAS. At this stage, PG treatment recorded the maximum amount of A1, A2, and A3.

Conclusion: Kunapa Jala and Panchagavya treatments were better or at par on physiological parameters and production of diterpenoids of A. paniculata.

Background: Anemia is a public health problem worldwide, and its prevalence in India is higher than any other south asian countries. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is having larger share out of all types of anaemia's. Symptomatology of IDA resembles with Kapha dominant variety of Pandu. Pandughni Vati (PV) and Punarnavadi Mandura (PM) Vati mentioned in Ayurveda are being used in clinical practice since long.

Aim: To assess the efficacy of Pandughni Vati and compare its clinical efficacy with Punarnavadi Mandura Vati in the management of Pandu ws.r. iron deficiency anemia in children.

Materials and methods: Present clinical study was a randomized trial for management of iron deficiency anemia aged 2-16 years. Out of total 91 patients enrolled, 60 completed the study and divided into two groups. In group A, Pandughni Vati (trial drug) and in group B, Punarnavadi Mandura Vati in the management of Pandu ws.r. iron deficiency anemia in children. (standard drug) were given to 30-30 patients respectively for a duration of 90 days in age specific doses. Patients were assessed by clinical signs and symptoms of Pandu and investigation parameters like complete blood count, serum iron, serum ferritin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) on baseline and after 90 days of treatment. Statistical analysis was carried out by Sigma Stat software.

Results: On comparison, highly significant difference was found between two groups in subjective parameters such as Panduta (pallor), Daurbalya (weakness), Hriddrava (palpitation), Akshikuta Shotha (periorbital oedema), Pindikodweshtana (leg cramps) and Shwasa (breathlessness) whereas objective and saturation percentage except serum ferritin.

Conclusion: The study revealed that, both the drugs; Pandughni Vati and Punarnavadi Mandura Vati were equally effective in the management of IDA so, it could be concluded that Pandughni Vati, can be used as mineral-free, safe, easily obtainable, palatable, cost-effective alternative drug of choice in alternative of Punarnavadi Mandura in iron deficiency anemia in children.

Background: Trinakantamani Pishti (TMP) is a cardio-tonic (Hridya), styptic (Rakta Stambhaka), astringent (Kashaya) formulation frequently used in varieties of bleeding disorders such as bloody diarrhea (Raktatisaara), Raktarsha (bleeding piles), and disorders of excessive menstruation (Atyartava). Still, no published data is available regarding its characterization.

Aim: To generate a fingerprint for raw and processed TMP using sophisticated instrumental techniques to assess antimicrobial activity of TMP.

Materials and methods: Three samples of TMP were prepared using the standard reference method. Characterization of TMP was carried out by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDEX) with scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial activity was carried out by the well-diffusion method.

Results: Analysis by scanning electron microscope revealed maximum particle size <5 μm and <3 μm in the raw sample and TMP, respectively. Minimum particle size in TMP ranges from 1 to 2 μm and 701 nm. EDEX analysis shows carbon and oxygen as major constituents while Na, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, and S were present in traces. XRD pattern indicates the amorphous nature of the drug, while FTIR analysis reveals the presence of functional groups such as O-H, CO2, C = O, C-N, N-H. Heavy metals, total microbial count, and microbial limit test were found to be under permissible limits. Anti-microbial study against tested pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium did not show any effect of TMP.

Conclusion: The results of EDEX study showed that Pishti samples have the small particle size i.e., 701nm than the raw i.e., 1-2 μm, which may facillitate absobtion of drug into the body. All heavy metals in the samples were within the permissible limit. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the chief elements of drug which confirms similarity to the Amber, Since the present work is the first published literature on characterization and anti-microbial study on TMP, the outcome can be considered as fingerprint for the drug prepared using the mentioned reference method.

Background: Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora/Agastya) is an edible Indian traditional medicinal plant widely used as dietary supplements and possesses various pharmacological activities.

Aims: The aim is to evaluate aqueous ethanol extract of S. grandiflora leaves and flowers for its anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic effects using activated rat hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-T6.

Material and methods: The antioxidant activities of these plant extracts were assessed as per the standard methods and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were examined by folin ciocalteu reagent and colorimetric methods respectively. The anti-proliferation assay was conducted by using a cyto X cell viability assay kit. The anti-fibrotic effect was investigated by measuring the hydroxyproline content and gene expression analysis of the two main fibrogenic cytokines in activated HSC-T6 cells: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA).

Results: The aqueous ethanol extract of S. grandiflora leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings were well correlated with the total phenols and flavonoids contents. The aqueous ethanol extract of S. grandiflora leaf and flower significantly reduced the proliferation of activated HSC-T6 cells. Regarding the anti-fibrotic effect, the hydroxyproline content was significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner during the extract treatment. In gene expression analysis, the treatment without extracts drastically up-regulated the fibrogenic cytokines (TGF-β and α-SMA), whereas the treatment with extracts significantly reduced these alterations.

Conclusion: Results of present study revealed the significant antioxidant potential of the aqueous ethanol extract of S. grandiflora leaves and flowers. Among two extracts, S. grandiflora leaves demonstrated greater antioxidant, anti-fibrotic capacity with lower inhibiting concentrations corresponding to 50% values than S. grandiflora flowers.