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Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an expanding health problem, which varies in prevalence among ethnic groups, occurring with an estimated global prevalence of 25%. In high-risk populations, the prevalence of NAFLD may be as high as 70%-90%. No established pharmacological treatment is available for NAFLD in modern medicine and hence, there is a search for alternative treatment modalities in other systems of medicine, which is safe and cost-effective.

Aim: The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of Sharapunkhadi powder and lifestyle modification in the management of NAFLD.

Materials and methods: Patients suffering from any of the components of metabolic syndrome, i.e. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated body mass index (>25 kg/m²), truncal obesity, or presenting with the symptoms of indigestion, abdominal discomfort, flatulence. were screened with liver function tests and ultrasonography (USG) of the abdomen. A total of 93 patients confirmed with fatty liver Grade 1-3 were selected for the present trial and were randomly divided into two groups. After Mridu Virechana (mild purgation) with Haritaki powder (6-8 g) according to Koshtha, in group A (n = 46), 2 capsules (500 mg each) filled with Sharapunkhadi powder thrice a day before food with warm water along with lifestyle modification were administered for 8 weeks. In group B (n = 47), capsules filled with roasted Sooji powder in the same dose as mentioned for group A was given along with lifestyle modification and were maintained as a placebo. Relief in subjective parameters such as indigestion, abdominal discomfort, and flatulence and improvement in the grades of fatty liver evident from USG was considered for the overall assessment of the therapy in both the groups. SigmaStat 3.1 software was used for statistical calculation. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for subjective criteria and Student's paired t-test for objective criteria were applied to check the level of significance in a single group before and after treatment, while Student's unpaired t-test for objective criteria was applied to assess the level of significance of difference observed between two groups.

Results: After 8 weeks of treatment, it was found from USG findings that there was a statistically significant improvement by about 39.25% in group A and 31.82% in group B, in the grade of fatty liver. The combination of Sharapunkhadi powder along with lifestyle modification provided comparatively better relief in subjective and objective parameters over the placebo control group.

Conclusion: Sharapunkhadi powder is a promising herbal preparation for the management of NAFLD and the combination of Sharapunkhadi powder along with lifestyle modification can yield more significant results in the management of NAFLD

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of deaths despite several advancements in the current medical interventions. Among them, myocardial infarction (MI) is the most alarming disease as about 17.1 million peoples die every year due to MI.

Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the potential cardioprotective effect of combination of standardized extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (SETC) (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and Ocimum sanctum (SEOS) (50 mg/kg) in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI.

Materials and methods: MI was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of ISO for 2 consecutive days at an interval of 24 h. Rats were pretreated with test drugs for the period of 21 days, and ISO was administered on the 20^th and 21^st days. At the end of experiment, i.e., on 22^nd-day electrocardiograph, a hemodynamic, biochemical, and histopathological study of heart tissues was evaluated from control and experimental groups and statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test.

Results: ISO-administered rats showed significant changes in electrocardiograph, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, biochemical markers, antioxidant parameters, and histopathology of heart. The activities of cardiac biomarkers were reduced in serum, and there was an increase in antioxidants in heart tissue of test drug-treated animals. Similarly, electrocardiograph, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were restored to normalcy in all test and standard drug-treated animals.

Conclusion: The SETC 500 mg/kg in combination with SEOS 50 mg/kg was found to be effective in prevention of myocardial injury induced by ISO.

Background: Cataract is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Researchers received much attention from the traditional systems such as Ayurveda for the solutions of cataract through antioxidant activities apart from the surgical extraction.

Aims: A To study, the anti-cataract activity of Vasanjana (VK) prepared with Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhyza glabra Linn) Kalka (paste) in Vasa (fat) of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) on glucose-induced cataract in ovine (sheep) lenses.

Materials and methods: Artificial aqueous humor with 55 mM glucose was used to induce cataract in sheep eye lenses. Treatment was given with cow ghee (CG), plain fat, Vasanjana, and Vitamin E to the same media and lenses were incubated at the room temperature for 72 h. Biochemical parameters studied in the lens were total proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase activity and electrolytes (Na⁺ and K⁺). Photographic evaluation was also done.

Results: The complete opacification induced by the glucose in ovine lens was observed in 72 h. Cataractous lenses showed significant increase in Na⁺, MDA level and significant decrease in Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase activity and total protein content. Lenses treated with Vasanjana showed non-significant increase of total protein content and decreased MDA level and prevented formation and progress of cataract by glucose, as evidenced by photographic evaluation. Glucose-induced biochemical changes were found to be reversed in statistically significant manner in CG and Vitamin E treated lenses.

Conclusion: The anti-cataract activity of Vasanjana and CG may be because of the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Further in vitro and in vivo studies in various experimental models are required to validate their anti-cataract activity.

Background: In a developing country like India, which has 10.11% population of >60 years age and a projection of rise of the same by 300% in 2050, health care of elderly is an enormous challenge. The developed world has evolved many models for elderly care, for example, nursing home care, health insurance, etc. Indian Government has also taken multiple measures in this direction by initiating National Policy on Older Persons, 1999, the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, the Old Age Pension Scheme, Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana 2017, etc. However, there is a necessity that, India must rapidly adapt to the complex health related, social and economic challenges caused by these demographic changes. This may be an opportunity for innovation in the health system by developing a perspective for healthy and active aging, though it is a major challenge. Health care of the older people cannot be achieved unless total health, i.e., physical, social, economic, psychological, and spiritual aspects are addressed.

Objective: The objective is to study current policies regarding geriatric health care in India and to propose the possibility to develop a model to provide comprehensive and dedicated health-care services to the older population by integrating conventional and indigenous systems of medicine dwelling in the country.

Materials and methods: Electronic search in various scientific journals for research and review articles; electronic along with hand searching of conference proceedings, brochures, government policy documents, press releases, Ayurveda classical texts, etc., regarding geriatric health care in India and model health-care facilities in other countries and regarding of AYUSH systems in geriatric health care in India.

Results: There is an urgent need of adaptation and modification in the National Health System to cater the actual requirements of the elderly with plans and strategies dedicated to face their health-related challenges. Adoption of inclusive health-care interventions, can improve health outcomes by making it more acceptable, accessible, and affordable.

Conclusion: Integration of AYUSH at various levels of health-care delivery system can potentially contribute to provide unique newer dimensions to the field of geriatric care in India.

Background: Latex of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. (Euphorbiaceae), botanical source of Rakta Snuhi, a caustic irritant, is being used in different Ayurvedic therapeutics, after proper processing (Shodhana) in some specific media. Shodhana of Snuhi latex with Chincha-Patra Swarasa (juice of tamarind leaves) using Raudra Yantra (instrument/pot kept under sunlight for drying) has been recommended in Ayurveda texts. Snuhi is one of the Upavisha (sub toxic group of herbal drugs) and a well-known plant in the Indian system of medicine. It is used in pharmaceutical procedures like preparation and processing of drugs.

Aim: The aim of the study was to carry out Shodhana of E. caducifolia latex with Chincha-Patra Swarasa.

Material and methods: Fresh latex of Snuhi was collected from the Sapada area of Jamnagar, Gujarat and fresh leaves of Tamarindus indica L. were collected from the herbal garden of the university and Swarasa was extracted by traditional expression technique. Shodhana of Snuhi Kshira was done under sunlight dried and shade dried method by mixing it with leaf juice of Tamarindus indica L. in a glass bowl in different ratio i.e. Kshira: leaf juice was 8:4, 8:2, 8:1 respectively.

Results: This study reveals certain changes in physico-chemical parameters (pH) and organoleptic characters of processed E. caducifolia latex by Tamarind leaf juice both in shade-dried and sunlight-dried samples. Under HPTLC, Shodhana of E. caducifolia latex with Tamarind leaf juice alters the number of spots both sunlight-dried and shade-dried samples. In sun-dried sample, the number of spots increased when the concentration of Tamarind leaf juice is decreased in HPTLC study. The study reveals that in case of shade-dried Shodhita (processed) Snuhi latex sample, the concentration of lupeol increases with the increasing quantity of Tamarind leaf juice.

Conclusion: Shodhana with Tamarind leaf juice changes both qualitative and quantitative property of Snuhi latex.

Background: The etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of cancer has intrigued modern oncology researchers for decades, and it is still a rapidly growing area in medicine. Cancer is not a single disease, but rather a collection of related diseases which is diagnosed on the basis of aberrant cellular changes. Since this is established by the modern medical science, it becomes important to understand it from the perspective of Ayurveda. Despite the fact that there are a few endeavors in this area, there is no common agreement among the experts. The current article is an effort to fulfill this knowledge gap.

Aims and objectives: To understand the cancer systematically in the frame work of Ayurveda and propose its probable Samprapti (pathogenic process) based on clinical observations.

Materials and methods: It is based on the clinical observation and detailed examination of 400 cancer patients, following modern and Ayurvedic methods in an institution dedicated to oncology.

Results: After careful study of each type of cases of cancer at its all stages to understand the natural history and clinical behavior, Ayurvedic pathogenesis, diagnosis with possible etiologic association has been arrived at. Three main conditions, namely Udara (enlargement of abdomen), Gulma (lump in abdomen) and Vidradhi (abscess) can be equated with cancer.

Conclusion: Modern diagnosis of cancer cannot be equated with any single disease entity mentioned in the Ayurvedic literature. Udara-Gulma-Vidradhi is the abdominal tumors present as benign and possess cancerous potential.

Introduction: Sameera Pannaga Rasa (SPR) is a Kupi Pakwa Rasayana (a mercurial-arsenical formulation of Ayurveda prepared by specific pharmaceutical-controlled, indirect heat treatment [sand bath] in glass bottle) that contains Shodhita Parada (processed mercury), Shodhita Gandhaka (processed sulfur), Shodhita Haratala (processed arsenic trisulfide), Shodhita Somala (processed arsenic oxide) and Shodhita Manahshila (process arsenic disulfide) in equal quantity as ingredients. Parada, Haratala, Manahshila and Somala are highly potent minerals which are included in the Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940 under Schedule E1 because of their toxic nature in crude form.

Materials and methods: In the present study, SPR was evaluated for safety profile through its chronic toxicity study in Charle's foster albino rats. The test drug was made into suspension in vehicle (4 ml honey and 7 ml distilled water). The test drug was administered orally once a day for 90 consecutive days in the dose of 11.25 (therapeutic dose [TED]), 56.25 (5 times TED) and 112.25 mg/kg (10 times TED). Animals were sacrificed on 91^st day and animals of recovery group were sacrificed on 121^st day. Parameters such as hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathology of various organs were studied.

Results: Test drug at a higher dose level and recovery study showed no toxic effect in albino rats during chronic toxicity study.

Conclusion: SPR is found to have no toxic effect in albino rats during the repeated dose, oral, chronic toxicity study of 90 days, even at 10 times therapeutic equivalent dose (112.25 mg/kg) and even during recovery period of 1 month. It may be safety used at TED level.

Introduction: Avaleha (confection) is an unique dosage form of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics, which is frequently prescribed in various disorders and especially in respiratory disorders. Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha (CHA) is one such formulation being used extensively by Ayurveda physicians for bronchial asthma, despite its classical use in various other disorders too. CHA was first time described by Vrindamadhava in the 9^th century and had been amended for many times till today. Because of its demand, many pharmaceutical companies are also manufacturing it, and is freely available in the market.

Aim: The aim is to screen and compile references pertaining to composition, method of preparation, therapeutic uses, organoleptic, and physico-chemical parameters of CHA from different classics and original research articles.

Materials and methods: Description of CHA was extensively reviewed from Vrindamadhava, Chakradatta, Vangasena, Gadanigraha, Yogatarangini, Bhaishjya Ratnavali and Yogaratnakara. Synonyms, Rasapanchaka (Ayurveda principles of drug action), and Dosha Karma (therapeutic attributes) of ingredients were compiled from Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. Organoleptic and physicochemical parameters were compiled from original research articles, searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate.

Results: Variations in formulation name, ingredients, method of preparation, therapeutic indications and Anupana (adjuvant) was observed in the classical texts. Value of water-soluble extracts and pH of analytical study was found different than Ayurveda Pharmacopeia of India standards.

Conclusion: Screening through various texts revealed that CHA has been mentioned in seven classical treatises and two gazetted texts with amendments which indicate its high demand and clinical efficacy in bronchial asthma along with other diseases. Disparity found in analytical parameters indicates the need of standardization of pharmaceutical process.