Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010026
Zijiang Yang, Xiaofeng Zhao, Hongquan Zhang
The health assessment of lithium-ion batteries holds great research significance in various areas such as battery management systems, battery usage and maintenance, and battery economic evaluation. However, because environmental perturbations are not taken into account during the assessment, the accuracy and reliability of the assessment are limited. Thus, a health assessment model for lithium-ion batteries based on evidence reasoning rules with dynamic reference value (ER-DRV) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, considering that the data are subject to changes, dynamic reference values, real-time weights, and real-time reliability were utilized in the model to ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of the assessment. Moreover, an enhanced optimization method based on the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was developed to improve the accuracy of the assessment model. In addition, the robustness of the ER-DRV model was studied with perturbation analysis methods. Finally, the proposed method was validated on two open lithium-ion battery datasets. The experimental results show that the health assessment method proposed in this article not only has higher accuracy and transparent reasoning process but also has strong robustness and good generalization ability.
{"title":"A Health Assessment Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Evidence Reasoning Rules with Dynamic Reference Values","authors":"Zijiang Yang, Xiaofeng Zhao, Hongquan Zhang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010026","url":null,"abstract":"The health assessment of lithium-ion batteries holds great research significance in various areas such as battery management systems, battery usage and maintenance, and battery economic evaluation. However, because environmental perturbations are not taken into account during the assessment, the accuracy and reliability of the assessment are limited. Thus, a health assessment model for lithium-ion batteries based on evidence reasoning rules with dynamic reference value (ER-DRV) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, considering that the data are subject to changes, dynamic reference values, real-time weights, and real-time reliability were utilized in the model to ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of the assessment. Moreover, an enhanced optimization method based on the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was developed to improve the accuracy of the assessment model. In addition, the robustness of the ER-DRV model was studied with perturbation analysis methods. Finally, the proposed method was validated on two open lithium-ion battery datasets. The experimental results show that the health assessment method proposed in this article not only has higher accuracy and transparent reasoning process but also has strong robustness and good generalization ability.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"4 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010024
Z. Karkar, M. Houache, Chae-Ho Yim, Y. Abu-Lebdeh
This review focuses on the promising technology of solid-state batteries (SSBs) that utilize lithium metal and solid electrolytes. SSBs offer significant advantages in terms of high energy density and enhanced safety. This review categorizes solid electrolytes into four classes: polymer, oxide, hybrid, and sulfide solid electrolytes. Each class has its own unique characteristics and benefits. By exploring these different classes, this review aims to shed light on the diversity of materials and their contributions to the advancement of SSB technology. In order to gain insights into the latest technological developments and identify potential avenues for accelerating the progress of SSBs, this review examines the intellectual property landscape related to solid electrolytes. Thus, this review focuses on the recent SSB technology patent filed by the main companies in this area, chosen based on their contribution and influence in the field of batteries. The analysis of the patent application was performed through the Espacenet database. The number of patents related to SSBs from Toyota, Samsung, and LG is very important; they represent more than 3400 patents, the equivalent of 2/3 of the world’s patent production in the field of SSBs. In addition to focusing on these three famous companies, we also focused on 15 other companies by analyzing a hundred patents. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies employed by various companies in the field of solid-state battery technologies, bridging the gap between applied and academic research. Some of the technologies presented in this review have already been commercialized and, certainly, an acceleration in SSB industrialization will be seen in the years to come.
{"title":"An Industrial Perspective and Intellectual Property Landscape on Solid-State Battery Technology with a Focus on Solid-State Electrolyte Chemistries","authors":"Z. Karkar, M. Houache, Chae-Ho Yim, Y. Abu-Lebdeh","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010024","url":null,"abstract":"This review focuses on the promising technology of solid-state batteries (SSBs) that utilize lithium metal and solid electrolytes. SSBs offer significant advantages in terms of high energy density and enhanced safety. This review categorizes solid electrolytes into four classes: polymer, oxide, hybrid, and sulfide solid electrolytes. Each class has its own unique characteristics and benefits. By exploring these different classes, this review aims to shed light on the diversity of materials and their contributions to the advancement of SSB technology. In order to gain insights into the latest technological developments and identify potential avenues for accelerating the progress of SSBs, this review examines the intellectual property landscape related to solid electrolytes. Thus, this review focuses on the recent SSB technology patent filed by the main companies in this area, chosen based on their contribution and influence in the field of batteries. The analysis of the patent application was performed through the Espacenet database. The number of patents related to SSBs from Toyota, Samsung, and LG is very important; they represent more than 3400 patents, the equivalent of 2/3 of the world’s patent production in the field of SSBs. In addition to focusing on these three famous companies, we also focused on 15 other companies by analyzing a hundred patents. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies employed by various companies in the field of solid-state battery technologies, bridging the gap between applied and academic research. Some of the technologies presented in this review have already been commercialized and, certainly, an acceleration in SSB industrialization will be seen in the years to come.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010025
D. Jo, Seung-Keun Park
Recently, potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant interest due to a number of factors, including the growing demand for energy and limited lithium resources. However, their practical use is hampered by poor cycling stability due to the large size of K+. Therefore, it is critical to develop a structural design that effectively suppresses large volume changes. This study presents a simple method of using a salt template to fabricate porous microspheres (p-MoSe2@C MS) of MoSe2 and a carbon matrix as anode materials in KIBs. These microspheres have a distinct porous design, with uniformly distributed MoSe2 nanocrystals embedded in the carbon matrix to prevent MoSe2 overgrowth due to material diffusion during heat treatment. The manufacturing process combined one-step spray drying with recyclable NaCl as a hard template. Through a two-step thermal process under an inert atmosphere, the initial dextrin, NaCl, and Mo salt microspheres were converted into a p-MoSe2@N MS composite. The carbon structure derived from the dextrin maintained the shape of the microspheres when NaCl was removed, ensuring no overgrowth of MoSe2. This well-designed porous structure improves the interaction with the electrolyte, facilitating the transport of ions and electrons and reducing the K+ diffusion distances. In addition, the porous carbon structure accommodates large volume changes during cycling and maintains its structural strength. As a result, p-MoSe2@C MS composite exhibits superior electrochemical properties, with remarkable capacity, long-term cycling stability (193 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g−1), and rate capability.
最近，钾离子电池（KIBs）引起了人们的极大兴趣，这是由于能源需求不断增长和锂资源有限等多种因素造成的。然而，由于 K+ 的尺寸较大，其循环稳定性较差，影响了其实际应用。因此，开发一种能有效抑制大体积变化的结构设计至关重要。本研究介绍了一种使用盐模板制造多孔微球（p-MoSe2@C MS）的简单方法，该微球由 MoSe2 和碳基质组成，可作为 KIB 的阳极材料。这些微球具有明显的多孔设计，均匀分布的 MoSe2 纳米晶体嵌入碳基质中，以防止 MoSe2 在热处理过程中因材料扩散而过度生长。制造工艺结合了一步喷雾干燥和可回收的氯化钠作为硬模板。通过惰性气氛下的两步热处理，最初的糊精、NaCl 和钼盐微球被转化为 p-MoSe2@N MS 复合材料。去掉 NaCl 后，糊精产生的碳结构保持了微球的形状，确保 MoSe2 不会过度生长。这种精心设计的多孔结构改善了与电解质的相互作用，促进了离子和电子的传输，并缩短了 K+ 的扩散距离。此外，多孔碳结构还能适应循环过程中的大体积变化，并保持其结构强度。因此，p-MoSe2@C MS 复合材料表现出卓越的电化学性能，具有显著的容量、长期循环稳定性（在 2.0 A g-1 条件下循环 500 次后为 193 mA h g-1）和速率能力。
{"title":"Facile Fabrication of Porous MoSe2/Carbon Microspheres via the Aerosol Process as Anode Materials in Potassium-Ion Batteries","authors":"D. Jo, Seung-Keun Park","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010025","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant interest due to a number of factors, including the growing demand for energy and limited lithium resources. However, their practical use is hampered by poor cycling stability due to the large size of K+. Therefore, it is critical to develop a structural design that effectively suppresses large volume changes. This study presents a simple method of using a salt template to fabricate porous microspheres (p-MoSe2@C MS) of MoSe2 and a carbon matrix as anode materials in KIBs. These microspheres have a distinct porous design, with uniformly distributed MoSe2 nanocrystals embedded in the carbon matrix to prevent MoSe2 overgrowth due to material diffusion during heat treatment. The manufacturing process combined one-step spray drying with recyclable NaCl as a hard template. Through a two-step thermal process under an inert atmosphere, the initial dextrin, NaCl, and Mo salt microspheres were converted into a p-MoSe2@N MS composite. The carbon structure derived from the dextrin maintained the shape of the microspheres when NaCl was removed, ensuring no overgrowth of MoSe2. This well-designed porous structure improves the interaction with the electrolyte, facilitating the transport of ions and electrons and reducing the K+ diffusion distances. In addition, the porous carbon structure accommodates large volume changes during cycling and maintains its structural strength. As a result, p-MoSe2@C MS composite exhibits superior electrochemical properties, with remarkable capacity, long-term cycling stability (193 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g−1), and rate capability.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"42 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010023
Joseba Martínez-López, Koldo Portal-Porras, U. Fernández-Gámiz, Eduardo Sánchez-Díez, Javier Olarte, Isak Jonsson
This article explores the novel application of a trained artificial neural network (ANN) in the prediction of vanadium redox flow battery behaviour and compares its performance with that of a two-dimensional numerical model. The aim is to evaluate the capability of two ANNs, one for predicting the cell potential and one for the overpotential under various operating conditions. The two-dimensional model, previously validated with experimental data, was used to generate data to train and test the ANNs. The results show that the first ANN precisely predicts the cell voltage under different states of charge and current density conditions in both the charge and discharge modes. The second ANN, which is responsible for the overpotential calculation, can accurately predict the overpotential across the cell domains, with the lowest confidence near high-gradient areas such as the electrode membrane and domain boundaries. Furthermore, the computational time is substantially reduced, making ANNs a suitable option for the fast understanding and optimisation of VRFBs.
{"title":"Voltage and Overpotential Prediction of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries with Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Joseba Martínez-López, Koldo Portal-Porras, U. Fernández-Gámiz, Eduardo Sánchez-Díez, Javier Olarte, Isak Jonsson","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010023","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the novel application of a trained artificial neural network (ANN) in the prediction of vanadium redox flow battery behaviour and compares its performance with that of a two-dimensional numerical model. The aim is to evaluate the capability of two ANNs, one for predicting the cell potential and one for the overpotential under various operating conditions. The two-dimensional model, previously validated with experimental data, was used to generate data to train and test the ANNs. The results show that the first ANN precisely predicts the cell voltage under different states of charge and current density conditions in both the charge and discharge modes. The second ANN, which is responsible for the overpotential calculation, can accurately predict the overpotential across the cell domains, with the lowest confidence near high-gradient areas such as the electrode membrane and domain boundaries. Furthermore, the computational time is substantially reduced, making ANNs a suitable option for the fast understanding and optimisation of VRFBs.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"37 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010022
Lilin Zhang, Cong Wei, Lin Gao, Meng-Fang Lin, Alice Lee-Sie Eh, Jingwei Chen, Shaohui Li
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are increasingly recognized as highly promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage systems due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and high security. Despite recent advancements in the research of cathode materials, Zn anodes, and electrolytes, several challenges persist and must be addressed, including cathode dissolution, generation of by-products, and zinc dendrite formation, which hinder the future application of ZIBs. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent developments in electrospinning technology within ZIBs. First, the principle technical parameters and subsequent thermal treatment of electrospinning technology are discussed, and then the synthetic preparation, morphologies, and electrochemical performance of electrospun nanostructured electrodes in ZIBs are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, some perspectives on research directions and optimization strategies for electrospinning technology in energy applications are outlined.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanostructured Electrodes in Zinc-Ion Batteries","authors":"Lilin Zhang, Cong Wei, Lin Gao, Meng-Fang Lin, Alice Lee-Sie Eh, Jingwei Chen, Shaohui Li","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010022","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are increasingly recognized as highly promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage systems due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and high security. Despite recent advancements in the research of cathode materials, Zn anodes, and electrolytes, several challenges persist and must be addressed, including cathode dissolution, generation of by-products, and zinc dendrite formation, which hinder the future application of ZIBs. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent developments in electrospinning technology within ZIBs. First, the principle technical parameters and subsequent thermal treatment of electrospinning technology are discussed, and then the synthetic preparation, morphologies, and electrochemical performance of electrospun nanostructured electrodes in ZIBs are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, some perspectives on research directions and optimization strategies for electrospinning technology in energy applications are outlined.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010021
Farzaneh Bahmani, Collin Rodmyre, Karen Ly, Paul Mack, Alevtina White Smirnova
Over the past years, lithium-ion solid-state batteries have demonstrated significant advancements regarding such properties as safety, long-term endurance, and energy density. Solid-state electrolytes based on lithium halides offer new opportunities due to their unique features such as a broad electrochemical stability window, high lithium-ion conductivity, and elasticity at close to melting point temperatures that could enhance lithium-ion transport at interfaces. A comparative study of lithium indium halide (Li3InCl6) electrolytes synthesized through a mechano-thermal method with varying optimization parameters revealed a significant effect of temperature and pressure on lithium-ion transport. An analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data within the temperature range of 25–100 °C revealed that the optimized Li3InCl6 electrolyte reveals high ionic conductivity, reaching 1.0 mS cm−1 at room temperature. Herein, we present the utilization of in situ/operando X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) to investigate the temperature-dependent behavior of the Li3InCl6 electrolyte. Confirmed by these methods, significant changes in the Li3InCl6 ionic conductivity at 70 °C were observed due to phase transformation. The observed behavior provides critical information for practical applications of the Li3InCl6 solid-state electrolyte in a broad temperature range, contributing to the enhancement of lithium-ion solid-state batteries through their improved morphology, chemical interactions, and structural integrity.
在过去几年中，锂离子固态电池在安全性、长期耐久性和能量密度等特性方面取得了显著进步。基于卤化锂的固态电解质提供了新的机遇，因为它们具有独特的特性，如宽广的电化学稳定性窗口、高锂离子电导率以及在接近熔点温度下的弹性，这些特性可以增强锂离子在界面上的传输。对通过机械热法合成的卤化铟锂（Li3InCl6）电解质进行了比较研究，发现温度和压力对锂离子传输有显著影响。对 25-100 °C 温度范围内的电化学阻抗谱（EIS）数据进行分析后发现，优化后的 Li3InCl6 电解质具有很高的离子电导率，在室温下达到 1.0 mS cm-1。在此，我们介绍了利用原位/过场 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 和原位 X 射线粉末衍射 (XRD) 研究 Li3InCl6 电解质随温度变化的行为。这些方法证实，在 70 °C 时，由于相变，Li3InCl6 离子电导率发生了显著变化。观察到的行为为 Li3InCl6 固态电解质在宽温度范围内的实际应用提供了关键信息，通过改善其形态、化学相互作用和结构完整性，有助于提高锂离子固态电池的性能。
{"title":"In Situ/Operando Techniques for Unraveling Mechanisms of Ionic Transport in Solid-State Lithium Indium Halide Electrolyte","authors":"Farzaneh Bahmani, Collin Rodmyre, Karen Ly, Paul Mack, Alevtina White Smirnova","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010021","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past years, lithium-ion solid-state batteries have demonstrated significant advancements regarding such properties as safety, long-term endurance, and energy density. Solid-state electrolytes based on lithium halides offer new opportunities due to their unique features such as a broad electrochemical stability window, high lithium-ion conductivity, and elasticity at close to melting point temperatures that could enhance lithium-ion transport at interfaces. A comparative study of lithium indium halide (Li3InCl6) electrolytes synthesized through a mechano-thermal method with varying optimization parameters revealed a significant effect of temperature and pressure on lithium-ion transport. An analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data within the temperature range of 25–100 °C revealed that the optimized Li3InCl6 electrolyte reveals high ionic conductivity, reaching 1.0 mS cm−1 at room temperature. Herein, we present the utilization of in situ/operando X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) to investigate the temperature-dependent behavior of the Li3InCl6 electrolyte. Confirmed by these methods, significant changes in the Li3InCl6 ionic conductivity at 70 °C were observed due to phase transformation. The observed behavior provides critical information for practical applications of the Li3InCl6 solid-state electrolyte in a broad temperature range, contributing to the enhancement of lithium-ion solid-state batteries through their improved morphology, chemical interactions, and structural integrity.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"18 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010020
E. Darnbrough, David E. J. Armstrong
Macro-scale mechanical testing and finite element analysis of lithium metal in compression have been shown to suggest methods and parameters for producing thin lithium anodes. Consideration of engineering and geometrically corrected stress experiments shows that the increasing contact area dominates the stress increase observed during the compression, not strain hardening, of lithium. Under static loading, the lithium metal stress relaxes, which means there is a speed of deformation (engineering strainrate limit of 6.4×10−5 s−1) where there is no increase in stress during compression. Constant displacement tests show that stress relaxation depends on the initial applied stress and the amount of athermal plastic work within the material. The finite element analysis shows that barrelling during compression and the requirement for high applied stresses to compress lithium with a small height-to-width ratio are friction and geometric effects, respectively. The outcomes of this work are discussed in relation to the diminishing returns of stack pressure, the difficulty in closing voids, and potential methods for designing and producing sub-micron lithium anodes.
{"title":"Lithium Metal under Static and Dynamic Mechanical Loading","authors":"E. Darnbrough, David E. J. Armstrong","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010020","url":null,"abstract":"Macro-scale mechanical testing and finite element analysis of lithium metal in compression have been shown to suggest methods and parameters for producing thin lithium anodes. Consideration of engineering and geometrically corrected stress experiments shows that the increasing contact area dominates the stress increase observed during the compression, not strain hardening, of lithium. Under static loading, the lithium metal stress relaxes, which means there is a speed of deformation (engineering strainrate limit of 6.4×10−5 s−1) where there is no increase in stress during compression. Constant displacement tests show that stress relaxation depends on the initial applied stress and the amount of athermal plastic work within the material. The finite element analysis shows that barrelling during compression and the requirement for high applied stresses to compress lithium with a small height-to-width ratio are friction and geometric effects, respectively. The outcomes of this work are discussed in relation to the diminishing returns of stack pressure, the difficulty in closing voids, and potential methods for designing and producing sub-micron lithium anodes.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"46 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010018
Adrián Criollo, L. I. Minchala-Ávila, D. Benavides, Paul Arévalo, M. Tostado‐Véliz, Daniel Sánchez-Lozano, F. Jurado
The integration of renewable resources in isolated systems can produce instability in the electrical grid due to its intermintency. In today’s microgrids, which lack synchronous generation, physical inertia is substituted for inertia emulation. To date, the most effective approach remains the frequency derivative control technique. Nevertheless, within this method, the ability to provide virtual drooping is often disregarded in its design, potentially leading to inadequate development in systems featuring high renewable penetration and low damping. To address this issue, this paper introduces an innovative design and analysis of virtual inertia control to simultaneously mimic droop and inertia characteristics in microgrids. The dynamic frequency response without and with renewable energy sources penetration is comparatively analyzed by simulation. The proposed virtual inertia control employs a derivative technique to measure the rate of change of frequency slope during inertia emulation. Sensitivity mapping is conducted to scrutinize its impact on dynamic frequency response. Finally, the physical battery storage system of the University of Cuenca microgrid is used as a case study under operating conditions.
{"title":"Enhancing Virtual Inertia Control in Microgrids: A Novel Frequency Response Model Based on Storage Systems","authors":"Adrián Criollo, L. I. Minchala-Ávila, D. Benavides, Paul Arévalo, M. Tostado‐Véliz, Daniel Sánchez-Lozano, F. Jurado","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010018","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable resources in isolated systems can produce instability in the electrical grid due to its intermintency. In today’s microgrids, which lack synchronous generation, physical inertia is substituted for inertia emulation. To date, the most effective approach remains the frequency derivative control technique. Nevertheless, within this method, the ability to provide virtual drooping is often disregarded in its design, potentially leading to inadequate development in systems featuring high renewable penetration and low damping. To address this issue, this paper introduces an innovative design and analysis of virtual inertia control to simultaneously mimic droop and inertia characteristics in microgrids. The dynamic frequency response without and with renewable energy sources penetration is comparatively analyzed by simulation. The proposed virtual inertia control employs a derivative technique to measure the rate of change of frequency slope during inertia emulation. Sensitivity mapping is conducted to scrutinize its impact on dynamic frequency response. Finally, the physical battery storage system of the University of Cuenca microgrid is used as a case study under operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"24 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010019
Weifeng Li, Yiqiang Xie, Wei Li, Yueqi Wang, Dana Dan, Yuping Qian, Yangjun Zhang
Predicting the core temperature of a Li-ion battery is crucial for precise state estimation, but it is difficult to directly measure. Existing quick temperature-predicting approaches can hardly consider the thermal mass of complex structure that may cause time delays, particularly under high C-rate dynamic conditions. In this paper, we developed a quick temperature prediction algorithm based on a thermal convolution method (TCM) to calculate the core temperature of a flat heat pipe-based battery thermal management system (FHP-BTMS) under dynamic conditions. The model could predict the core temperature rapidly through convolution of the thermal response map which contains full physical information. Firstly, in order to obtain a high fidelity spatio-temporal temperature distribution, the thermal capacitance-resistance network (TCRN) of the FHP-BTMS is established and validated by constant and dynamic discharging experiments. Then, the response map of the core temperature motivated by various impulse heat sources and heat sinks is obtained. Specifically, the dynamic thermal characteristics of an FHP are discussed to correct the boundary conditions of the TCM. Afterwards, the temperature prediction performances of the TCM and a lumped model under different step operating conditions are compared. The TCM results show a 70–80% accuracy improvement and better dynamic adaptivity than the lumped model. Lastly, a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) profile is employed. The temperature prediction accuracy results show that the TCM can maintain a relative error below 5% throughout the entire prediction period.
{"title":"A Novel Quick Temperature Prediction Algorithm for Battery Thermal Management Systems Based on a Flat Heat Pipe","authors":"Weifeng Li, Yiqiang Xie, Wei Li, Yueqi Wang, Dana Dan, Yuping Qian, Yangjun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010019","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting the core temperature of a Li-ion battery is crucial for precise state estimation, but it is difficult to directly measure. Existing quick temperature-predicting approaches can hardly consider the thermal mass of complex structure that may cause time delays, particularly under high C-rate dynamic conditions. In this paper, we developed a quick temperature prediction algorithm based on a thermal convolution method (TCM) to calculate the core temperature of a flat heat pipe-based battery thermal management system (FHP-BTMS) under dynamic conditions. The model could predict the core temperature rapidly through convolution of the thermal response map which contains full physical information. Firstly, in order to obtain a high fidelity spatio-temporal temperature distribution, the thermal capacitance-resistance network (TCRN) of the FHP-BTMS is established and validated by constant and dynamic discharging experiments. Then, the response map of the core temperature motivated by various impulse heat sources and heat sinks is obtained. Specifically, the dynamic thermal characteristics of an FHP are discussed to correct the boundary conditions of the TCM. Afterwards, the temperature prediction performances of the TCM and a lumped model under different step operating conditions are compared. The TCM results show a 70–80% accuracy improvement and better dynamic adaptivity than the lumped model. Lastly, a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) profile is employed. The temperature prediction accuracy results show that the TCM can maintain a relative error below 5% throughout the entire prediction period.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"18 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010017
Fatemeh Nasr Esfahani, Ahmed Darwish, Xiandong Ma
This paper presents operation and control systems for a new modular on-board charger (OBC) based on a SEPIC converter (MSOBC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The MSOBC aims to modularise the battery units in the energy storage system of the EV to provide better safety and improved operation. This is mainly achieved by reducing the voltage of the battery packs without sacrificing the performance required by the HV system. The proposed MSOBC is an integrated OBC which can operate the EV during traction and braking, as well as charge the battery units. The MSOBC is composed of several submodules consisting of a full-bridge voltage source converter connected on the ac side and SEPIC converter installed on the battery side. The SEPIC converter controls the battery segments with a continuous current because it has an input inductor which can smooth the battery’s currents without the need for large electrolytic capacitors. The isolated version of the SEPIC converter is employed to enhance the system’s safety by providing galvanic isolation between the batteries and the ac output side. This paper presents the necessary control loops to ensure the optimal operation of the EV with the MSOBC in terms of charge and temperature balance without disturbing the required modes of operation. The mathematical analyses in this paper are validated using a full-scale EV controlled by TMS320F28335 DSP.
{"title":"Design and Control of a Modular Integrated On-Board Battery Charger for EV Applications with Cell Balancing","authors":"Fatemeh Nasr Esfahani, Ahmed Darwish, Xiandong Ma","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents operation and control systems for a new modular on-board charger (OBC) based on a SEPIC converter (MSOBC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The MSOBC aims to modularise the battery units in the energy storage system of the EV to provide better safety and improved operation. This is mainly achieved by reducing the voltage of the battery packs without sacrificing the performance required by the HV system. The proposed MSOBC is an integrated OBC which can operate the EV during traction and braking, as well as charge the battery units. The MSOBC is composed of several submodules consisting of a full-bridge voltage source converter connected on the ac side and SEPIC converter installed on the battery side. The SEPIC converter controls the battery segments with a continuous current because it has an input inductor which can smooth the battery’s currents without the need for large electrolytic capacitors. The isolated version of the SEPIC converter is employed to enhance the system’s safety by providing galvanic isolation between the batteries and the ac output side. This paper presents the necessary control loops to ensure the optimal operation of the EV with the MSOBC in terms of charge and temperature balance without disturbing the required modes of operation. The mathematical analyses in this paper are validated using a full-scale EV controlled by TMS320F28335 DSP.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"104 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139391318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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