The design of a reasonable heterostructure electrode to achieve enhanced areal performance for supercapacitors remains a great challenge. Here, we constructed hierarchical porous NiCoP/NiO nanocomposites anchored on Ni foam with tunable electronic and structural properties, as well as robust interfacial interaction. In NiCoP/NiO, the interconnected NiO nanosheets serve as a carrier with enriched anchoring sites to confine the NiCoP and improve its stability. Meanwhile, the ultrathin NiCoP nanosheets with bimetallic centers are connected with porous NiO nanosheets to form a reliable heterojunction, enhancing the electrochemical reaction kinetics. Taking advantage of the synergistic contribution of bimetallic centers, phosphides and unique structure, the NiCoP/NiO delivers a high areal specific capacitance (1860 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2), good rate performance of 78.5% at six times the increased current density, and remarkable durability (11.0% decrease after 10,000 cycles). Furthermore, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor NiCoP/NiO//porous-activated carbon (PAC) delivers a high areal energy density of 173.7 μWh cm−2 (116.4 μWh cm−2) at 1.6 mW cm−2 (32 mW cm−2). The results indicate that the design of the heterostructure interface with strong chemical interface and tunable electronic structure is an effective and promising approach to boost the electrochemical performance for advanced supercapacitors.
{"title":"Design of Hierarchical Nickel-Cobalt Phosphide/Nickel Oxide with Tunable Electronic Structure and Strong Chemical Interface for Advanced Supercapacitors","authors":"Gaini Zhang, Jingqian Liu, Hui Shan, Zhengdong Ma, Yuhui Xu, Zihao Yang, Jiaxuan Zuo, Jingjing Wang, Shufeng Li, Xifei Li","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120584","url":null,"abstract":"The design of a reasonable heterostructure electrode to achieve enhanced areal performance for supercapacitors remains a great challenge. Here, we constructed hierarchical porous NiCoP/NiO nanocomposites anchored on Ni foam with tunable electronic and structural properties, as well as robust interfacial interaction. In NiCoP/NiO, the interconnected NiO nanosheets serve as a carrier with enriched anchoring sites to confine the NiCoP and improve its stability. Meanwhile, the ultrathin NiCoP nanosheets with bimetallic centers are connected with porous NiO nanosheets to form a reliable heterojunction, enhancing the electrochemical reaction kinetics. Taking advantage of the synergistic contribution of bimetallic centers, phosphides and unique structure, the NiCoP/NiO delivers a high areal specific capacitance (1860 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2), good rate performance of 78.5% at six times the increased current density, and remarkable durability (11.0% decrease after 10,000 cycles). Furthermore, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor NiCoP/NiO//porous-activated carbon (PAC) delivers a high areal energy density of 173.7 μWh cm−2 (116.4 μWh cm−2) at 1.6 mW cm−2 (32 mW cm−2). The results indicate that the design of the heterostructure interface with strong chemical interface and tunable electronic structure is an effective and promising approach to boost the electrochemical performance for advanced supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"47 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120586
Lifen Ding, Qingchao Gao, Changzhou Yuan
Manganese-based materials have received more attention as cathodes for aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors (AZIHCs) due to their advantages such as abundant reserves, low cost, and large theoretical capacity. However, manganese-based materials have the disadvantage of poor electrical conductivity. Herein, a solid-phase method was used to synthesize a hierarchical carbon-coated calcium manganate (CaMn2O4/C) network framework as the cathode for AZIHCs. Thanks to the unique structural/componential merits including conductive carbon coating and hierarchical porous architecture, the achieved CaMn2O4/C cathode shows an exceptionally long life of close to 5000 cycles at 2.0 A g−1, with a reversible specific capacity of 195.6 mAh g−1. The assembled CaMn2O4/C-based AZIHCs also display excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 84.9% after 8000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, and an energy density of 21.3 Wh kg−1 at an output power density of 180.0 W kg−1.
锰基材料具有储量丰富、成本低廉、理论容量大等优点，因此作为锌离子混合水电容器（AZIHC）的阴极受到越来越多的关注。然而，锰基材料存在导电性差的缺点。本文采用固相法合成了分层碳包覆锰酸钙（CaMn2O4/C）网络框架，作为 AZIHC 的阴极。得益于导电碳涂层和分层多孔结构等独特的结构/性能优点，所制备的 CaMn2O4/C 阴极在 2.0 A g-1 的条件下显示出接近 5000 次循环的超长寿命，可逆比容量达到 195.6 mAh g-1。组装好的基于 CaMn2O4/C 的 AZIHC 还显示出卓越的循环稳定性，在 1.0 A g-1 下循环 8000 次后，容量保持率为 84.9%，在输出功率密度为 180.0 W kg-1 时，能量密度为 21.3 Wh kg-1。
{"title":"Hierarchical CaMn2O4/C Network Framework toward Aqueous Zn Ion Hybrid Capacitors as Competitive Cathodes","authors":"Lifen Ding, Qingchao Gao, Changzhou Yuan","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120586","url":null,"abstract":"Manganese-based materials have received more attention as cathodes for aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors (AZIHCs) due to their advantages such as abundant reserves, low cost, and large theoretical capacity. However, manganese-based materials have the disadvantage of poor electrical conductivity. Herein, a solid-phase method was used to synthesize a hierarchical carbon-coated calcium manganate (CaMn2O4/C) network framework as the cathode for AZIHCs. Thanks to the unique structural/componential merits including conductive carbon coating and hierarchical porous architecture, the achieved CaMn2O4/C cathode shows an exceptionally long life of close to 5000 cycles at 2.0 A g−1, with a reversible specific capacity of 195.6 mAh g−1. The assembled CaMn2O4/C-based AZIHCs also display excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 84.9% after 8000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, and an energy density of 21.3 Wh kg−1 at an output power density of 180.0 W kg−1.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"41 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120588
Alexander Mirandona-Olaeta, E. Goikolea, Senen Lanceros-Mendez, A. Fidalgo-Marijuan, Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi
Sodium batteries are receiving increasing interest as an alternative to reduce dependence on lithium-based systems. Furthermore, the development of solid-state electrolytes will lead to higher-performing and safer devices. In this work, a Zn-based metal–organic framework (Zn-MOF-74) is combined as a physical barrier against the growth of dendrites, together with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][TFSI]) ionic liquid, which provides improved mobility to sodium ions. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of the appropriate amount of ionic liquid within the pores of the MOF produces a considerable increase in ionic conductivity, achieving values as high as 5 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, in addition to an acceptable Na+ transference number. Furthermore, the developed Na[EMIm][TFSI]@Zn-MOF-74 hybrid solid electrolyte contributes to stable and dendrite-free sodium plating/stripping for more than 100 h. Finally, a more than notable extension of the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte has been determined, being useful even above 7 V vs. Na+/Na. Overall, this work presents a suitable strategy for the next generation of solid-state sodium batteries.
{"title":"Ionic Liquid-Laden Zn-MOF-74-Based Solid-State Electrolyte for Sodium Batteries","authors":"Alexander Mirandona-Olaeta, E. Goikolea, Senen Lanceros-Mendez, A. Fidalgo-Marijuan, Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120588","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium batteries are receiving increasing interest as an alternative to reduce dependence on lithium-based systems. Furthermore, the development of solid-state electrolytes will lead to higher-performing and safer devices. In this work, a Zn-based metal–organic framework (Zn-MOF-74) is combined as a physical barrier against the growth of dendrites, together with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][TFSI]) ionic liquid, which provides improved mobility to sodium ions. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of the appropriate amount of ionic liquid within the pores of the MOF produces a considerable increase in ionic conductivity, achieving values as high as 5 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, in addition to an acceptable Na+ transference number. Furthermore, the developed Na[EMIm][TFSI]@Zn-MOF-74 hybrid solid electrolyte contributes to stable and dendrite-free sodium plating/stripping for more than 100 h. Finally, a more than notable extension of the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte has been determined, being useful even above 7 V vs. Na+/Na. Overall, this work presents a suitable strategy for the next generation of solid-state sodium batteries.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"45 145","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120587
Sabri Baazouzi, J. Grimm, K. Birke
Disassembly is a pivotal technology to enable the circularity of electric vehicle batteries through the application of circular economy strategies to extend the life cycle of battery components through solutions such as remanufacturng, repurposing, and efficient recycling, ultimately reintegrating gained materials into the production of new battery systems. This paper aims to develop a multi-method self-configuring simulation model to investigate disassembly scenarios, taking into account battery design as well as the configuration and layout of the disassembly station. We demonstrate the developed model in a case study using a Mercedes–Benz battery and the automated disassembly station of the DeMoBat project at Fraunhofer IPA. Furthermore, we introduce two disassembly scenarios: component-oriented and accessibility-oriented disassembly. These scenarios are compared using the simulation model to determine several indicators, including the frequency of tool change, the number and distribution of robot routes, tool utilization, and disassembly time.
{"title":"Multi-Method Model for the Investigation of Disassembly Scenarios for Electric Vehicle Batteries","authors":"Sabri Baazouzi, J. Grimm, K. Birke","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120587","url":null,"abstract":"Disassembly is a pivotal technology to enable the circularity of electric vehicle batteries through the application of circular economy strategies to extend the life cycle of battery components through solutions such as remanufacturng, repurposing, and efficient recycling, ultimately reintegrating gained materials into the production of new battery systems. This paper aims to develop a multi-method self-configuring simulation model to investigate disassembly scenarios, taking into account battery design as well as the configuration and layout of the disassembly station. We demonstrate the developed model in a case study using a Mercedes–Benz battery and the automated disassembly station of the DeMoBat project at Fraunhofer IPA. Furthermore, we introduce two disassembly scenarios: component-oriented and accessibility-oriented disassembly. These scenarios are compared using the simulation model to determine several indicators, including the frequency of tool change, the number and distribution of robot routes, tool utilization, and disassembly time.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120585
Zhong Ren, Changqing Du, Yifang Zhao
Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion batteries is critical for maintaining reliable and safe working conditions for electric vehicles (EVs). The machine learning-based method with health features (HFs) is encouraging for health prognostics. However, the machine learning method assumes that the training and testing data have the same distribution, which restricts its application for different types of batteries. Thus, in this paper, a deep learning neural network and fine-tuning-based transfer learning strategy are proposed for accurate and robust SOH estimation toward different types of batteries. First, a universal HF extraction strategy is proposed to obtain four highly related HFs. Second, a deep learning neural network consisting of long short-term memory (LSTM) and fully connected layers is established to model the relationship between the HFs and SOH. Third, the fine-tuning-based transfer learning strategy is exploited for SOH estimation of various types of batteries. The proposed methods are comprehensively verified using three open-source datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed deep learning neural network with the HFs can estimate the SOH accurately in a single dataset without using the transfer learning strategy where the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are constrained to 1.21% and 1.83%. For the transfer learning between different aging datasets, the overall MAE and RMSE are limited to 1.09% and 1.41%, demonstrating the reliability of the fine-tuning strategy.
{"title":"A Novel Method for State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Deep Learning Neural Network and Transfer Learning","authors":"Zhong Ren, Changqing Du, Yifang Zhao","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120585","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion batteries is critical for maintaining reliable and safe working conditions for electric vehicles (EVs). The machine learning-based method with health features (HFs) is encouraging for health prognostics. However, the machine learning method assumes that the training and testing data have the same distribution, which restricts its application for different types of batteries. Thus, in this paper, a deep learning neural network and fine-tuning-based transfer learning strategy are proposed for accurate and robust SOH estimation toward different types of batteries. First, a universal HF extraction strategy is proposed to obtain four highly related HFs. Second, a deep learning neural network consisting of long short-term memory (LSTM) and fully connected layers is established to model the relationship between the HFs and SOH. Third, the fine-tuning-based transfer learning strategy is exploited for SOH estimation of various types of batteries. The proposed methods are comprehensively verified using three open-source datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed deep learning neural network with the HFs can estimate the SOH accurately in a single dataset without using the transfer learning strategy where the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are constrained to 1.21% and 1.83%. For the transfer learning between different aging datasets, the overall MAE and RMSE are limited to 1.09% and 1.41%, demonstrating the reliability of the fine-tuning strategy.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"61 9‐10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120583
Ziheng Zhou, Chaolong Zhang
State of charge (SOC) is a very important variable for using batteries safely and reliably. To improve the accuracy of SOC estimation, a novel variational extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique based on least square error method is herein provided by establishing a second-order equivalent circuit model for the battery. It was found that when SOC decreased, resistance polarization occurred in the electrochemical model, and the parameters in the equivalent RC model varied. To decrease the modeling error in the equivalent circuit model, the system parameters were identified online depending on the SOC’s estimated result. Through the SOC-estimation process, the variation theorem was introduced, which enabled the system parameters to track the real situations based on the output measured. The experiment results reveal the comparison of the SOC-estimation results of the variational EKF algorithm, the traditional EKF algorithm, the recursive least square (RLS) EKF algorithm, and the forgotten factor recursive least square (FFRLS) EKF algorithm based on different indices, including the mean square error (MSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). The variational EKF algorithm provided in this paper has higher estimation accuracy and robustness than the traditional EKF, which verifies the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"An Extended Kalman Filter Design for State-of-Charge Estimation Based on Variational Approach","authors":"Ziheng Zhou, Chaolong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120583","url":null,"abstract":"State of charge (SOC) is a very important variable for using batteries safely and reliably. To improve the accuracy of SOC estimation, a novel variational extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique based on least square error method is herein provided by establishing a second-order equivalent circuit model for the battery. It was found that when SOC decreased, resistance polarization occurred in the electrochemical model, and the parameters in the equivalent RC model varied. To decrease the modeling error in the equivalent circuit model, the system parameters were identified online depending on the SOC’s estimated result. Through the SOC-estimation process, the variation theorem was introduced, which enabled the system parameters to track the real situations based on the output measured. The experiment results reveal the comparison of the SOC-estimation results of the variational EKF algorithm, the traditional EKF algorithm, the recursive least square (RLS) EKF algorithm, and the forgotten factor recursive least square (FFRLS) EKF algorithm based on different indices, including the mean square error (MSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). The variational EKF algorithm provided in this paper has higher estimation accuracy and robustness than the traditional EKF, which verifies the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120582
Shahbaz Ahmed, Jochen Zausch, H. Grimm‐Strele, Matthias Kabel
Silicon-based, high-energy-density electrodes show severe microstructural degradation due to continuous expansion and contraction upon charging and discharging. This mechanical degradation behaviour affects the cell’s lifetime by changing the microstructure morphology, altering transport parameters, and active volume losses. Since direct experimental observations of mechanical degradation are challenging, we develop a computer simulation approach that is based on real three-dimensional electrode microstructures. By assuming quasi-static cycling and taking into account the mechanical properties of the electrode’s constituents we calculate the heterogeneous deformation and resulting morphological changes. Additionally, we implement an ageing model that allows us to compute a heterogeneously evolving damage field over multiple cycles. From the damage field, we infer the remaining electrode capacity. Using this technique, an anode blend of graphite particles and silicon carbon composite particles (SiC-C) as well as a cathode consisting of Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide with molar ratio of 8:1:1 (NMC811) are studied. In a two-level homogenization approach, we compute, firstly, the effective mechanical properties of silicon composite particles and, secondly, the whole electrode microstructure. By introducing the damage strain ratio, the degradation evolution of the graphite SiC-C anode blend is studied for up to 95 charge-discharge cycles. With this work, we demonstrate an approach to how mechanical damage of battery electrodes can be treated efficiently. This is the basis for a full coupling to electrochemical simulations.
{"title":"Aging and Homogenized Mechanical Character of Quasi-Statically Charged Gr-Si and NMC Based Electrodes Using Damage Material Modeling","authors":"Shahbaz Ahmed, Jochen Zausch, H. Grimm‐Strele, Matthias Kabel","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120582","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon-based, high-energy-density electrodes show severe microstructural degradation due to continuous expansion and contraction upon charging and discharging. This mechanical degradation behaviour affects the cell’s lifetime by changing the microstructure morphology, altering transport parameters, and active volume losses. Since direct experimental observations of mechanical degradation are challenging, we develop a computer simulation approach that is based on real three-dimensional electrode microstructures. By assuming quasi-static cycling and taking into account the mechanical properties of the electrode’s constituents we calculate the heterogeneous deformation and resulting morphological changes. Additionally, we implement an ageing model that allows us to compute a heterogeneously evolving damage field over multiple cycles. From the damage field, we infer the remaining electrode capacity. Using this technique, an anode blend of graphite particles and silicon carbon composite particles (SiC-C) as well as a cathode consisting of Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide with molar ratio of 8:1:1 (NMC811) are studied. In a two-level homogenization approach, we compute, firstly, the effective mechanical properties of silicon composite particles and, secondly, the whole electrode microstructure. By introducing the damage strain ratio, the degradation evolution of the graphite SiC-C anode blend is studied for up to 95 charge-discharge cycles. With this work, we demonstrate an approach to how mechanical damage of battery electrodes can be treated efficiently. This is the basis for a full coupling to electrochemical simulations.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"63 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120581
Peter Haberzettl, Nicholas Filipovic, D. Vranković, Norbert Willenbacher
The mixing process is the basis of the electrode microstructure, which defines key cell performance indicators. This work investigated the effects of varying the energy input within the mixing procedure on slurry rheology, coating behavior, mechanical and electrical properties of dry electrodes and electrochemical performance of cells fabricated from these negative electrodes. Energy input differences were achieved by varying the solids content within the mixing procedure; however, the final total solids content of the slurries was always the same. The slurries, produced with graphite and silicon oxide as active materials and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber as binders, showed large differences in flow behavior which were explained by changes in CMC adsorption and mechanical degradation because of increasing energy input. Low shear viscosity and the degree of shear thinning decreased with increasing energy input, resulting in a narrower stability window for slot-die coating. The resistance between the electrode and current collector decreased as more CMC was adsorbed on the active material. Electrode adhesion drastically dropped at the highest energy input, presumably due to a change in SBR distribution. Despite these variations, all fabricated pouch cells demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance and a slight trend of increased charge capability was observed in cells prepared with higher energy input.
{"title":"Processing of Aqueous Graphite–Silicon Oxide Slurries and Its Impact on Rheology, Coating Behavior, Microstructure, and Cell Performance","authors":"Peter Haberzettl, Nicholas Filipovic, D. Vranković, Norbert Willenbacher","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120581","url":null,"abstract":"The mixing process is the basis of the electrode microstructure, which defines key cell performance indicators. This work investigated the effects of varying the energy input within the mixing procedure on slurry rheology, coating behavior, mechanical and electrical properties of dry electrodes and electrochemical performance of cells fabricated from these negative electrodes. Energy input differences were achieved by varying the solids content within the mixing procedure; however, the final total solids content of the slurries was always the same. The slurries, produced with graphite and silicon oxide as active materials and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber as binders, showed large differences in flow behavior which were explained by changes in CMC adsorption and mechanical degradation because of increasing energy input. Low shear viscosity and the degree of shear thinning decreased with increasing energy input, resulting in a narrower stability window for slot-die coating. The resistance between the electrode and current collector decreased as more CMC was adsorbed on the active material. Electrode adhesion drastically dropped at the highest energy input, presumably due to a change in SBR distribution. Despite these variations, all fabricated pouch cells demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance and a slight trend of increased charge capability was observed in cells prepared with higher energy input.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138600327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-02DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120580
Kareeb Hasan, Neil Tom, Mehmet Rasit Yuce
In recent years, there has been significant progress in IoT solutions for a variety of fields. The real-time functionality and remote deployment of IoT solutions are two crucial aspects that are necessary for their successful implementation. To achieve this, external batteries play a major role. While lithium–ion batteries are often the go-to choice for IoT devices, it is essential to recognise that different IoT applications have unique needs. Therefore, it is important to conduct a thorough examination of existing battery solutions and their suitability for various IoT applications. This paper presents an extensive survey of different battery technologies, accompanied by an assessment of their applicability in different IoT applications. The aim is to offer a clear and practical guide for researchers and professionals seeking the best battery solutions for their IoT applications.
{"title":"Navigating Battery Choices in IoT: An Extensive Survey of Technologies and Their Applications","authors":"Kareeb Hasan, Neil Tom, Mehmet Rasit Yuce","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120580","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been significant progress in IoT solutions for a variety of fields. The real-time functionality and remote deployment of IoT solutions are two crucial aspects that are necessary for their successful implementation. To achieve this, external batteries play a major role. While lithium–ion batteries are often the go-to choice for IoT devices, it is essential to recognise that different IoT applications have unique needs. Therefore, it is important to conduct a thorough examination of existing battery solutions and their suitability for various IoT applications. This paper presents an extensive survey of different battery technologies, accompanied by an assessment of their applicability in different IoT applications. The aim is to offer a clear and practical guide for researchers and professionals seeking the best battery solutions for their IoT applications.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120579
Alexandra Kosenko, K. Pushnitsa, Alexander A. Pavlovskii, P. Novikov, A. Popovich
While past recycling efforts have primarily concentrated on extracting valuable metals from discarded cathode materials, the focus is now shifting towards anode materials, particularly graphite, which makes up 10–20% of LIB mass. Escalating prices of battery-grade graphite and environmental considerations surrounding its production highlight the significance of graphite recycling. This review categorizes methods for graphite recovery into three approaches: recovery, recycle, and reuse. Moreover, it explores their potential applications and comparative electrochemical performance analysis, shedding light on the promising prospects of utilizing spent graphite-based functional materials. The review underscores the importance of sustainable recycling practices to address the environmental and economic challenges posed by the proliferation of LIBs and the growing demand for graphite.
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