Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120577
Gabriele Cicioni, A. De Angelis, F. Janeiro, Pedro M. Ramos, P. Carbone
The evolution of rechargeable battery characteristics have led to their use in almost every device in our everyday life. This importance has also increased the relevance of estimating the remaining battery charge (state of charge, SOC) and their health (state of health, SOH). One of the methods for the estimation of these parameters is based on the impedance spectroscopy obtained from the battery output impedance measured at multiple frequencies. This paper proposes an embedded measurement system capable of measuring the battery output impedance while in operation (either charging or supplying power to the intended device). The developed system generates a small amplitude stimulus that is added to the battery current. The system then measures the battery voltage and current to estimate the impedance at the stimulus frequencies. Three batteries were measured at different SOC levels, demonstrating the system principle of operation. Complementarily, a battery impedance equivalent circuit was used, together with genetic algorithms, to estimate the circuit parameters and assess their dependence on the battery SOC.
{"title":"Battery Impedance Spectroscopy Embedded Measurement System","authors":"Gabriele Cicioni, A. De Angelis, F. Janeiro, Pedro M. Ramos, P. Carbone","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120577","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of rechargeable battery characteristics have led to their use in almost every device in our everyday life. This importance has also increased the relevance of estimating the remaining battery charge (state of charge, SOC) and their health (state of health, SOH). One of the methods for the estimation of these parameters is based on the impedance spectroscopy obtained from the battery output impedance measured at multiple frequencies. This paper proposes an embedded measurement system capable of measuring the battery output impedance while in operation (either charging or supplying power to the intended device). The developed system generates a small amplitude stimulus that is added to the battery current. The system then measures the battery voltage and current to estimate the impedance at the stimulus frequencies. Three batteries were measured at different SOC levels, demonstrating the system principle of operation. Complementarily, a battery impedance equivalent circuit was used, together with genetic algorithms, to estimate the circuit parameters and assess their dependence on the battery SOC.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120575
Priyank Gupta, Moritz Streb, Aamer Siddiqui, M. Klett, Göran Lindbergh, Peter Gudmundson
The effects of electrochemical aging on the mechanical properties of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries are challenging to measure and are largely unknown. Mechanochemical degradation processes occur at different scales within an electrode and understanding the correlation between the degradation of mechanical properties, electrochemical aging, and morphological changes is crucial for mitigating battery performance degradation. This paper explores the evolution of mechanical and electrochemical properties at the layer level in a Ni-rich positive electrode during the initial stages of electrochemical cycling. The investigation involves complementary cross-section analyses aimed at unraveling the connection between observed changes on both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The macroscopic constitutive properties were assessed using a U-shaped bending test method that had been previously developed. The compressive modulus exhibited substantial dependency on both the porous structure and binder properties. It experienced a notable reduction with electrolyte wetting but demonstrated an increase with cycling and aging. During the initial stages of aging, electrochemical impedance spectra revealed increased local resistance near the particle–electrolyte interface. This is likely attributable to factors such as secondary particle grain separation and the redistribution of carbon black. The swelling of particles, compression of the binder phase, and enhanced particle contact were identified as probable factors adding to the elevation of the elastic modulus within the porous layer as a result of cycling.
测量电化学老化对锂离子电池电极机械性能的影响具有挑战性，并且在很大程度上是未知的。机械化学降解过程发生在电极内部的不同尺度上，了解机械性能退化、电化学老化和形态变化之间的相关性对于缓解电池性能退化至关重要。本文探讨了富镍正极在电化学循环初始阶段层级机械和电化学特性的演变。研究涉及互补的横截面分析，旨在揭示在宏观和微观尺度上观察到的变化之间的联系。我们使用之前开发的 U 形弯曲测试方法对宏观构成特性进行了评估。压缩模量与多孔结构和粘合剂特性都有很大关系。它在电解质润湿时显著降低，但在循环和老化时又有所增加。在老化的初始阶段，电化学阻抗谱显示颗粒-电解质界面附近的局部电阻增加。这可能是由于二次颗粒晶粒分离和炭黑重新分布等因素造成的。颗粒的膨胀、粘合剂相的压缩和颗粒接触的增强被认为是循环导致多孔层内弹性模量增加的可能因素。
{"title":"Layer-Resolved Mechanical Degradation of a Ni-Rich Positive Electrode","authors":"Priyank Gupta, Moritz Streb, Aamer Siddiqui, M. Klett, Göran Lindbergh, Peter Gudmundson","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120575","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of electrochemical aging on the mechanical properties of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries are challenging to measure and are largely unknown. Mechanochemical degradation processes occur at different scales within an electrode and understanding the correlation between the degradation of mechanical properties, electrochemical aging, and morphological changes is crucial for mitigating battery performance degradation. This paper explores the evolution of mechanical and electrochemical properties at the layer level in a Ni-rich positive electrode during the initial stages of electrochemical cycling. The investigation involves complementary cross-section analyses aimed at unraveling the connection between observed changes on both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The macroscopic constitutive properties were assessed using a U-shaped bending test method that had been previously developed. The compressive modulus exhibited substantial dependency on both the porous structure and binder properties. It experienced a notable reduction with electrolyte wetting but demonstrated an increase with cycling and aging. During the initial stages of aging, electrochemical impedance spectra revealed increased local resistance near the particle–electrolyte interface. This is likely attributable to factors such as secondary particle grain separation and the redistribution of carbon black. The swelling of particles, compression of the binder phase, and enhanced particle contact were identified as probable factors adding to the elevation of the elastic modulus within the porous layer as a result of cycling.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120576
William Yourey
Historically, lithium cobalt oxide and graphite have been the positive and negative electrode active materials of choice for commercial lithium-ion cells. It has only been over the past ~15 years in which alternate positive electrode materials have been used. As new positive and negative active materials, such as NMC811 and silicon-based electrodes, are being developed, it is crucial to evaluate the potential of these materials at a stack or cell level to fully understand the possible increases in energy density which can be achieved. Comparisons were made between electrode stack volumetric energy densities for designs containing either LCO or NMC811 positive electrode and silicon-graphite negative electrodes, where the weight percentages of silicon were evaluated between zero and ninety percent. Positive electrode areal loadings were evaluated between 2.00 and 5.00 mAh cm−2. NMC811 at 200 mAh g−1 has the ability to increase stack energy density between 11% and 20% over LCO depending on percentage silicon and areal loading. At a stack level, the percentage of silicon added results in large increases in energy density but delivers a diminishing return, with the greatest increase observed as the percentage of silicon is increased from zero percent to approximately 25–30%.
{"title":"Silicon Negative Electrodes—What Can Be Achieved for Commercial Cell Energy Densities","authors":"William Yourey","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120576","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, lithium cobalt oxide and graphite have been the positive and negative electrode active materials of choice for commercial lithium-ion cells. It has only been over the past ~15 years in which alternate positive electrode materials have been used. As new positive and negative active materials, such as NMC811 and silicon-based electrodes, are being developed, it is crucial to evaluate the potential of these materials at a stack or cell level to fully understand the possible increases in energy density which can be achieved. Comparisons were made between electrode stack volumetric energy densities for designs containing either LCO or NMC811 positive electrode and silicon-graphite negative electrodes, where the weight percentages of silicon were evaluated between zero and ninety percent. Positive electrode areal loadings were evaluated between 2.00 and 5.00 mAh cm−2. NMC811 at 200 mAh g−1 has the ability to increase stack energy density between 11% and 20% over LCO depending on percentage silicon and areal loading. At a stack level, the percentage of silicon added results in large increases in energy density but delivers a diminishing return, with the greatest increase observed as the percentage of silicon is increased from zero percent to approximately 25–30%.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120578
Miquel Martí-Florences, Andreu Cecilia Piñol, A. Clemente, Ramon Costa-Castelló
Accurate State-of-Charge estimation is crucial for applications that utilise lithium-ion batteries. In real-time scenarios, battery models tend to present significant uncertainty, making it desirable to jointly estimate both the State of Charge and relevant unknown model parameters. However, parameter estimation typically necessitates that the battery input signals induce a persistence of excitation property, a need which is often not met in practical operations. This document introduces a joint state of charge/parameter estimator that relaxes this stringent requirement. This estimator is based on the Generalized Parameter Estimation-Based Observer framework. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time it has been applied in the context of lithium-ion batteries. Its advantages are demonstrated through simulations.
{"title":"SoC Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Noisy Measurements and Absence of Excitation","authors":"Miquel Martí-Florences, Andreu Cecilia Piñol, A. Clemente, Ramon Costa-Castelló","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120578","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate State-of-Charge estimation is crucial for applications that utilise lithium-ion batteries. In real-time scenarios, battery models tend to present significant uncertainty, making it desirable to jointly estimate both the State of Charge and relevant unknown model parameters. However, parameter estimation typically necessitates that the battery input signals induce a persistence of excitation property, a need which is often not met in practical operations. This document introduces a joint state of charge/parameter estimator that relaxes this stringent requirement. This estimator is based on the Generalized Parameter Estimation-Based Observer framework. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time it has been applied in the context of lithium-ion batteries. Its advantages are demonstrated through simulations.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"256 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139223302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120574
Boris Guzhov, Laurent Cassayre, Antoine Barnabé, Nicolas Coppey, Béatrice Biscans
This work focuses on the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs = La, Ce, Nd, Pr) from spent nickel–metal hydride batteries by hydrometallurgical processing. The REEs were precipitated in the form of sodium-lanthanide double sulfate salts by adding Na2SO4 to a leach liquor prepared from industrially processed spent batteries. The objectives were to better understand the parameters driving the purity of the product and to identify the phases involved, as well as their crystallographic structure. The methodology included experiments performed in a 2 L reactor, thermodynamic calculations and product characterization. We confirmed that high REE precipitation yields (>95%) can be achieved under a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated and quantified how appropriately washing the product allows for a significant reduction in nickel losses while maintaining control over REE product purity. Finally, using X-ray Diffraction analyses, it was established that REEs form a solid solution with a chemical formula (Na0.9K0.1)(La0.65Ce0.24Pr0.04Nd0.07)(SO4)2·H2O, which has not been reported so far.
这项工作的重点是通过湿法冶金处理从废镍氢电池中回收稀土元素（REEs = La、Ce、Nd、Pr）。将 Na2SO4 加入从工业废旧电池中制备的浸出液中，稀土元素以硫酸钠-镧系双硫酸盐的形式沉淀。其目的是更好地了解影响产品纯度的参数，并确定所涉及的相及其晶体结构。研究方法包括在 2 L 反应器中进行实验、热力学计算和产品表征。我们证实，在广泛的流体动力学条件下，都能获得较高的 REE 沉淀产率（>95%）。此外，我们还演示并量化了如何通过适当清洗产品来显著减少镍损失，同时保持对 REE 产品纯度的控制。最后，通过 X 射线衍射分析，我们确定 REEs 形成了一种固溶体，其化学式为 (Na0.9K0.1)(La0.65Ce0.24Pr0.04Nd0.07)(SO4)2-H2O，这是迄今为止尚未报道过的。
{"title":"Selective Precipitation of Rare Earth Double Sulfate Salts from Industrial Ni–MH Battery Leachates: Impact of Downstream Processing on Product Quality","authors":"Boris Guzhov, Laurent Cassayre, Antoine Barnabé, Nicolas Coppey, Béatrice Biscans","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120574","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs = La, Ce, Nd, Pr) from spent nickel–metal hydride batteries by hydrometallurgical processing. The REEs were precipitated in the form of sodium-lanthanide double sulfate salts by adding Na2SO4 to a leach liquor prepared from industrially processed spent batteries. The objectives were to better understand the parameters driving the purity of the product and to identify the phases involved, as well as their crystallographic structure. The methodology included experiments performed in a 2 L reactor, thermodynamic calculations and product characterization. We confirmed that high REE precipitation yields (>95%) can be achieved under a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated and quantified how appropriately washing the product allows for a significant reduction in nickel losses while maintaining control over REE product purity. Finally, using X-ray Diffraction analyses, it was established that REEs form a solid solution with a chemical formula (Na0.9K0.1)(La0.65Ce0.24Pr0.04Nd0.07)(SO4)2·H2O, which has not been reported so far.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139224796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120572
Yan Jiang, Jun Lu, Ao Xiang, Xiangguang Zhang, Dahui Liu, Ze Yang, Pei Hu
Copper metal is a promising anode in aqueous batteries due to its low price, noble reaction potential (0.34 V), high theoretical specific capacity, abundance and chemical stability. However, only a few copper ion storage materials have been reported. Herein, layered vanadium pentoxide is chosen to store copper ions for the first time. Ex situ XRD reveals a unique two phase transition process during cycling. The V2O5 electrode shows stable copper ion storage performance. It delivers 91.9 mAh g−1 for the first cycle with a cycle life of as high as 4000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. This work provides an intriguing copper ion storage material and expands the available options of electrode materials for copper ion storage.
金属铜价格低廉、反应电位高（0.34 V）、理论比容量高、储量丰富且化学性质稳定，因此在水性电池中是一种前景广阔的阳极。然而，目前仅有少数几种铜离子存储材料被报道。本文首次选择了层状五氧化二钒来储存铜离子。原位 XRD 显示了循环过程中独特的两相转变过程。V2O5 电极显示出稳定的铜离子存储性能。在 1.0 A g-1 的条件下，它的第一个循环可提供 91.9 mAh g-1，循环寿命高达 4000 个循环。这项研究提供了一种令人感兴趣的铜离子存储材料，扩大了铜离子存储电极材料的可选范围。
{"title":"Achieving Stable Copper Ion Storage in Layered Vanadium Pentoxide","authors":"Yan Jiang, Jun Lu, Ao Xiang, Xiangguang Zhang, Dahui Liu, Ze Yang, Pei Hu","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120572","url":null,"abstract":"Copper metal is a promising anode in aqueous batteries due to its low price, noble reaction potential (0.34 V), high theoretical specific capacity, abundance and chemical stability. However, only a few copper ion storage materials have been reported. Herein, layered vanadium pentoxide is chosen to store copper ions for the first time. Ex situ XRD reveals a unique two phase transition process during cycling. The V2O5 electrode shows stable copper ion storage performance. It delivers 91.9 mAh g−1 for the first cycle with a cycle life of as high as 4000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. This work provides an intriguing copper ion storage material and expands the available options of electrode materials for copper ion storage.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139233837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120573
Casey M. Davis, Scott E. Waters, Brian H. Robb, Jonathan R. Thurston, David Reber, Michael P. Marshak
Electrolytes containing multiple redox couples are promising for improving the energy density of flow batteries. Here, two chelated chromium complexes that are structural isomers are characterized and combined to generate electrolytes containing up to 2 M of active species, corresponding to 53.6 Ah L−1. The mixed isomer approach enables a significantly higher active material content than the individual materials would allow, affording energy dense cells with Coulombic efficiencies of ≥99.6% at 100 mA cm−2 and an open circuit voltage of 1.65 V at 50% state-of-charge. This high concentration, however, comes with a caveat; at a given concentration, an equimolar mixed electrolyte leads to lower voltage efficiency compared to using the individual isomers, while Coulombic efficiency remains constant. Our work demonstrates that exploiting structural isomerism is an efficient approach to improve capacity, but active materials must be selected carefully in mixed systems as differences in operating potentials negatively affect energy efficiency.
含有多种氧化还原偶的电解质有望提高液流电池的能量密度。本文对结构异构体的两种螯合铬络合物进行了表征，并将其组合在一起生成了含有高达 2 M 活性物质的电解质，相当于 53.6 Ah L-1。这种混合异构体方法使活性物质的含量大大高于单个材料，在 100 mA cm-2 时可产生库仑效率≥99.6% 的高能量密度电池，在 50% 电量状态下可产生 1.65 V 的开路电压。不过，这种高浓度也有一个注意事项：在给定浓度下，等摩尔混合电解质的电压效率比使用单个异构体低，而库仑效率保持不变。我们的工作表明，利用结构异构是提高容量的有效方法，但在混合体系中必须谨慎选择活性材料，因为工作电位的差异会对能量效率产生负面影响。
{"title":"Disparate Redox Potentials in Mixed Isomer Electrolytes Reduce Voltage Efficiency of Energy Dense Flow Batteries","authors":"Casey M. Davis, Scott E. Waters, Brian H. Robb, Jonathan R. Thurston, David Reber, Michael P. Marshak","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120573","url":null,"abstract":"Electrolytes containing multiple redox couples are promising for improving the energy density of flow batteries. Here, two chelated chromium complexes that are structural isomers are characterized and combined to generate electrolytes containing up to 2 M of active species, corresponding to 53.6 Ah L−1. The mixed isomer approach enables a significantly higher active material content than the individual materials would allow, affording energy dense cells with Coulombic efficiencies of ≥99.6% at 100 mA cm−2 and an open circuit voltage of 1.65 V at 50% state-of-charge. This high concentration, however, comes with a caveat; at a given concentration, an equimolar mixed electrolyte leads to lower voltage efficiency compared to using the individual isomers, while Coulombic efficiency remains constant. Our work demonstrates that exploiting structural isomerism is an efficient approach to improve capacity, but active materials must be selected carefully in mixed systems as differences in operating potentials negatively affect energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139228168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120571
Ali Hassan, Shahid Khan, Rongheng Li, Wencong Su, Xuan Zhou, Mengqi Wang, Bin Wang
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to governmental policies focused on curbing climate change. EV batteries are retired when they are no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations. A large number of EV batteries are expected to be retired in the next 5–10 years. These retired batteries have 70–80% average capacity left. Second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to address the increasing energy storage system (ESS) demand for the grid and also to create a circular economy for EV batteries. The needs of modern grids for frequency regulation, power smoothing, and peak shaving can be met using retired batteries. Moreover, these batteries can also be employed for revenue generation for energy arbitrage (EA). While there are articles reviewing the general applications of retired batteries, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the research work on applications of the second-life batteries (SLBs) specific to the power grid and SLB degradation. The power electronics interface and battery management systems for the SLB are also thoroughly reviewed.
{"title":"Second-Life Batteries: A Review on Power Grid Applications, Degradation Mechanisms, and Power Electronics Interface Architectures","authors":"Ali Hassan, Shahid Khan, Rongheng Li, Wencong Su, Xuan Zhou, Mengqi Wang, Bin Wang","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120571","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to governmental policies focused on curbing climate change. EV batteries are retired when they are no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations. A large number of EV batteries are expected to be retired in the next 5–10 years. These retired batteries have 70–80% average capacity left. Second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to address the increasing energy storage system (ESS) demand for the grid and also to create a circular economy for EV batteries. The needs of modern grids for frequency regulation, power smoothing, and peak shaving can be met using retired batteries. Moreover, these batteries can also be employed for revenue generation for energy arbitrage (EA). While there are articles reviewing the general applications of retired batteries, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the research work on applications of the second-life batteries (SLBs) specific to the power grid and SLB degradation. The power electronics interface and battery management systems for the SLB are also thoroughly reviewed.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-26DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120569
Abhishek N. Mondal, R. Wycisk, John Waugh, P. Pintauro
Due to structural changes in silicon during lithiation/delithiation, most Li-ion battery anodes containing silicon show rapid gravimetric capacity fade upon charge/discharge cycling. Herein, we report on a new Si powder anode in the form of electrospun fibers with only poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) binder and no electrically conductive carbon. The performance of this anode was contrasted to a fiber mat composed of Si powder, PAA binder, and a small amount of carbon powder. Fiber mat electrodes were evaluated in half-cells with a Li metal counter/reference electrode. Without the addition of conductive carbon, a stable capacity of about 1500 mAh/g (normalized to the total weight of the anode) was obtained at 1C for 50 charge/discharge cycles when the areal loading of silicon was 0.30 mgSi/cm2, whereas a capacity of 800 mAh/g was obtained when the Si loading was increased to ~1.0 mgSi/cm2. On a Si weight basis, these capacities correspond to >3500 mAh/gSi. The capacities were significantly higher than those found with a slurry-cast powdered Si anode with PAA binder. There was no change in fiber anode performance (gravimetric capacity and constant capacity with cycling) when a small amount of electrically conductive carbon was added to the electrospun fiber anodes when the Si loading was ≤1.0 mgSi/cm2.
{"title":"Electrospun Si and Si/C Fiber Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries","authors":"Abhishek N. Mondal, R. Wycisk, John Waugh, P. Pintauro","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120569","url":null,"abstract":"Due to structural changes in silicon during lithiation/delithiation, most Li-ion battery anodes containing silicon show rapid gravimetric capacity fade upon charge/discharge cycling. Herein, we report on a new Si powder anode in the form of electrospun fibers with only poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) binder and no electrically conductive carbon. The performance of this anode was contrasted to a fiber mat composed of Si powder, PAA binder, and a small amount of carbon powder. Fiber mat electrodes were evaluated in half-cells with a Li metal counter/reference electrode. Without the addition of conductive carbon, a stable capacity of about 1500 mAh/g (normalized to the total weight of the anode) was obtained at 1C for 50 charge/discharge cycles when the areal loading of silicon was 0.30 mgSi/cm2, whereas a capacity of 800 mAh/g was obtained when the Si loading was increased to ~1.0 mgSi/cm2. On a Si weight basis, these capacities correspond to >3500 mAh/gSi. The capacities were significantly higher than those found with a slurry-cast powdered Si anode with PAA binder. There was no change in fiber anode performance (gravimetric capacity and constant capacity with cycling) when a small amount of electrically conductive carbon was added to the electrospun fiber anodes when the Si loading was ≤1.0 mgSi/cm2.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139235770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-25DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120568
Alejandro Gismero, M. Dubarry, Jia Guo, D. Stroe, E. Schaltz
The increasing growth of the second-hand electric vehicle market demands reliable methods for evaluating the state of health of deployed electric vehicle batteries. Among these methods, incremental capacity analysis is a commonly used technique for state of health evaluation via the quantification of degradation modes. While the optimal conditions for its application typically involve low currents and a controlled temperature, this cannot be easily applied to deployed batteries. It is therefore essential to understand the impact of varying charging rates and temperatures on the accuracy of the analysis. In this study, the characteristics and behavior of incremental capacity features for seven electric vehicle batteries tested under different calendar aging conditions were investigated. The results show that accurate state of health estimations under different test conditions could be obtained using specific electrochemical features.
{"title":"The Influence of Testing Conditions on State of Health Estimations of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an Incremental Capacity Analysis","authors":"Alejandro Gismero, M. Dubarry, Jia Guo, D. Stroe, E. Schaltz","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120568","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing growth of the second-hand electric vehicle market demands reliable methods for evaluating the state of health of deployed electric vehicle batteries. Among these methods, incremental capacity analysis is a commonly used technique for state of health evaluation via the quantification of degradation modes. While the optimal conditions for its application typically involve low currents and a controlled temperature, this cannot be easily applied to deployed batteries. It is therefore essential to understand the impact of varying charging rates and temperatures on the accuracy of the analysis. In this study, the characteristics and behavior of incremental capacity features for seven electric vehicle batteries tested under different calendar aging conditions were investigated. The results show that accurate state of health estimations under different test conditions could be obtained using specific electrochemical features.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"111 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139237955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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