Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010015
Mengdi Zhang, Shuoshuo Kong, Bei Chen, Mingbo Wu
By virtue of the high theoretical energy density and low cost, Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries have drawn widespread attention. However, their electrochemical performances are seriously plagued by the shuttling of intermediate polysulfides and the slow reaction kinetics during practical implementation. Herein, we designed a freestanding flexible membrane composed of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers anchoring iron and zinc single atoms (FeZn-PCNF), to serve as the polysulfide barrier and the reaction promotor. The flexible porous networks formed by the interwoven carbon nanofibers not only offer fast channels for the transport of electrons/ions, but also guarantee the structural stability of the all-in-one multifunctional interlayer during cycling. Highly dispersed Fe and Zn atoms in the carbon scaffold synergistically immobilize sulfur species and expedite their reversible conversion. Therefore, employing FeZn-PCNF as the freestanding interlayer between the cathode and separator, the Li-S battery delivers a superior initial reversible discharge capacity of 1140 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.5 C and retains a high capacity of 618 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles at a high current density of 1 C.
锂硫（Li-S）电池具有理论能量密度高、成本低的特点，因此受到广泛关注。然而，在实际应用过程中，中间多硫化物的穿梭和缓慢的反应动力学严重影响了其电化学性能。在此，我们设计了一种由锚定了铁和锌单原子的掺氮多孔碳纳米纤维（FeZn-PCNF）组成的独立柔性膜，作为多硫化物的屏障和反应促进剂。交织的碳纳米纤维所形成的柔性多孔网络不仅为电子/离子的传输提供了快速通道，还保证了一体化多功能中间膜在循环过程中的结构稳定性。碳支架中高度分散的铁原子和锌原子可协同固定硫元素，并加速其可逆转化。因此，采用 FeZn-PCNF 作为阴极和隔膜之间的独立中间层，锂-S 电池在 0.5 C 的电流密度下可提供 1140 mA h g-1 的出色初始可逆放电容量，并在 1 C 的高电流密度下循环 600 次后仍能保持 618 mA h g-1 的高容量。
{"title":"A Freestanding Multifunctional Interlayer Based on Fe/Zn Single Atoms Implanted on a Carbon Nanofiber Membrane for High-Performance Li-S Batteries","authors":"Mengdi Zhang, Shuoshuo Kong, Bei Chen, Mingbo Wu","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010015","url":null,"abstract":"By virtue of the high theoretical energy density and low cost, Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries have drawn widespread attention. However, their electrochemical performances are seriously plagued by the shuttling of intermediate polysulfides and the slow reaction kinetics during practical implementation. Herein, we designed a freestanding flexible membrane composed of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers anchoring iron and zinc single atoms (FeZn-PCNF), to serve as the polysulfide barrier and the reaction promotor. The flexible porous networks formed by the interwoven carbon nanofibers not only offer fast channels for the transport of electrons/ions, but also guarantee the structural stability of the all-in-one multifunctional interlayer during cycling. Highly dispersed Fe and Zn atoms in the carbon scaffold synergistically immobilize sulfur species and expedite their reversible conversion. Therefore, employing FeZn-PCNF as the freestanding interlayer between the cathode and separator, the Li-S battery delivers a superior initial reversible discharge capacity of 1140 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.5 C and retains a high capacity of 618 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles at a high current density of 1 C.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"125 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139134756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors wish to make the following corrections in Section 3 [...]
作者希望对第 3 节作如下更正[......]
{"title":"Correction: Han et al. Research and Application of Information Model of a Lithium Ion Battery Intelligent Manufacturing Workshop Based on OPC UA. Batteries 2020, 6, 52","authors":"Youjun Han, Yueming Hu, Yaqing Wang, Gang Jia, Chengjie Ge, Chunjie Zhang, Xuejie Huang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010014","url":null,"abstract":"The authors wish to make the following corrections in Section 3 [...]","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"115 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010016
Meng Jiang, Muhammad Abdullah, Xin Chen, Yi E, Liyi Tan, Wei Yan, Yang Liu, Wenrui Jiang
Transition metal sulfides have excellent electrochemical performance and show great potential for improving the energy density of asymmetric supercapacitors. This study demonstrates a two-step synthesis technique and highlights the enhanced energy storage efficiency of ZnS-NiS2 composite materials for asymmetric supercapacitors. The composite materials of ZnS nanosheets and NiS2 nanocrystals are characterized by a rough surface and spherical shape. The sample with the optimal ratio (ZnS-NiS2-1:7) exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 1467.9 F g−1 (550.5 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. The specific capacitance of the ZnS-NiS2-1:7 sample is 26.1% higher compared to the pure NiS2 sample. Furthermore, the assembled ZnS-NiS2-1:7//AC device shows a high specific capacitance of 127.8 F g−1 (217.3 C g−1) at 1 A g−1 and an energy density of 51.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 820.8 W kg−1. The ZnS-NiS2-1:7 sample has exceptional energy storage capability on its own, but it can also be composited with graphene to further increase the specific capacitance (1681.0 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), suggesting promising prospects for the ZnS-NiS2-based composite material in the future.
过渡金属硫化物具有优异的电化学性能，在提高不对称超级电容器的能量密度方面显示出巨大的潜力。本研究展示了一种两步合成技术，并强调了用于非对称超级电容器的 ZnS-NiS2 复合材料可提高能量存储效率。ZnS 纳米片和 NiS2 纳米晶体的复合材料具有表面粗糙和球形的特点。最佳比例（ZnS-NiS2-1:7）的样品在 1 A g-1 的条件下显示出 1467.9 F g-1 （550.5 C g-1）的最大比电容。与纯 NiS2 样品相比，ZnS-NiS2-1:7 样品的比电容高出 26.1%。此外，组装后的 ZnS-NiS2-1:7//AC 器件在 1 A g-1 电流条件下显示出 127.8 F g-1 (217.3 C g-1) 的高比电容，在 820.8 W kg-1 功率密度条件下显示出 51.3 Wh kg-1 的能量密度。ZnS-NiS2-1:7 样品本身具有卓越的储能能力，但它还可以与石墨烯复合，进一步提高比电容（1 A g-1 时为 1681.0 F g-1），这表明以 ZnS-NiS2 为基础的复合材料在未来具有广阔的前景。
{"title":"Two-Step Synthesis of ZnS-NiS2 Composite with Rough Nanosphere Morphology for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors","authors":"Meng Jiang, Muhammad Abdullah, Xin Chen, Yi E, Liyi Tan, Wei Yan, Yang Liu, Wenrui Jiang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010016","url":null,"abstract":"Transition metal sulfides have excellent electrochemical performance and show great potential for improving the energy density of asymmetric supercapacitors. This study demonstrates a two-step synthesis technique and highlights the enhanced energy storage efficiency of ZnS-NiS2 composite materials for asymmetric supercapacitors. The composite materials of ZnS nanosheets and NiS2 nanocrystals are characterized by a rough surface and spherical shape. The sample with the optimal ratio (ZnS-NiS2-1:7) exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 1467.9 F g−1 (550.5 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. The specific capacitance of the ZnS-NiS2-1:7 sample is 26.1% higher compared to the pure NiS2 sample. Furthermore, the assembled ZnS-NiS2-1:7//AC device shows a high specific capacitance of 127.8 F g−1 (217.3 C g−1) at 1 A g−1 and an energy density of 51.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 820.8 W kg−1. The ZnS-NiS2-1:7 sample has exceptional energy storage capability on its own, but it can also be composited with graphene to further increase the specific capacitance (1681.0 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), suggesting promising prospects for the ZnS-NiS2-based composite material in the future.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"67 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010011
Asia Patriarchi, Hamideh Darjazi, Luca Minnetti, Leonardo Sbrascini, G. Elia, Vincenzo Castorani, M. A. Muñoz-Márquez, Francesco Nobili
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) represent the most sophisticated electrochemical energy storage technology. Nevertheless, they still suffer from safety issues and practical drawbacks related to the use of toxic and flammable liquid electrolytes. Thus, polymer-based solid electrolytes may be a suitable option to fulfill the safety and energy density requirements, even though the lack of high ionic conductivity at 25 °C (10−8–10−7 S cm−1) hinders their performance. To overcome these drawbacks, herein, we present an all-solid-state Li-metal full cell based on a three-component solid poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide/titanium dioxide composite electrolyte that outclasses the conventional poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid electrolytes. Moreover, the cell features are enhanced by the combination of the solid electrolyte with a self-standing LiFePO4 catholyte fabricated through an innovative, simple and easily scalable approach. The structural, morphological and compositional properties of this system are characterized, and the results show that the electrochemical performance of the solid composite electrolyte can be considerably improved by tuning the concentration and morphology of TiO2. Additionally, tests performed with the self-standing LiFePO4 catholyte underline a good cyclability of the system, thus confirming the beneficial effects provided by the novel manufacturing path used for the preparation of self-standing electrodes.
锂离子电池（LIB）是最先进的电化学储能技术。然而，锂离子电池仍然存在安全问题以及使用有毒和易燃液态电解质的实际缺点。因此，聚合物基固体电解质可能是满足安全和能量密度要求的合适选择，尽管在 25 °C 时缺乏高离子电导率（10-8-10-7 S cm-1）会影响其性能。为了克服这些缺点，我们在本文中提出了一种基于三组分固体聚（环氧乙烷）/双（三氟甲烷磺酰）亚胺锂/二氧化钛复合电解质的全固态锂金属全电池，其性能优于传统的基于聚（环氧乙烷）的固体电解质。此外，通过一种创新、简单和易于扩展的方法，将固体电解质与自立式磷酸铁锂阴极电解质结合在一起，还增强了电池的功能。研究对该体系的结构、形态和组成特性进行了表征，结果表明，通过调整 TiO2 的浓度和形态，固体复合电解质的电化学性能可得到显著改善。此外，使用自立型 LiFePO4 电解质进行的测试表明，该系统具有良好的循环性，从而证实了用于制备自立型电极的新型制造方法所带来的有利影响。
{"title":"All-Solid-State Li-Metal Cell Using Nanocomposite TiO2/Polymer Electrolyte and Self-Standing LiFePO4 Cathode","authors":"Asia Patriarchi, Hamideh Darjazi, Luca Minnetti, Leonardo Sbrascini, G. Elia, Vincenzo Castorani, M. A. Muñoz-Márquez, Francesco Nobili","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010011","url":null,"abstract":"Li-ion batteries (LIBs) represent the most sophisticated electrochemical energy storage technology. Nevertheless, they still suffer from safety issues and practical drawbacks related to the use of toxic and flammable liquid electrolytes. Thus, polymer-based solid electrolytes may be a suitable option to fulfill the safety and energy density requirements, even though the lack of high ionic conductivity at 25 °C (10−8–10−7 S cm−1) hinders their performance. To overcome these drawbacks, herein, we present an all-solid-state Li-metal full cell based on a three-component solid poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide/titanium dioxide composite electrolyte that outclasses the conventional poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid electrolytes. Moreover, the cell features are enhanced by the combination of the solid electrolyte with a self-standing LiFePO4 catholyte fabricated through an innovative, simple and easily scalable approach. The structural, morphological and compositional properties of this system are characterized, and the results show that the electrochemical performance of the solid composite electrolyte can be considerably improved by tuning the concentration and morphology of TiO2. Additionally, tests performed with the self-standing LiFePO4 catholyte underline a good cyclability of the system, thus confirming the beneficial effects provided by the novel manufacturing path used for the preparation of self-standing electrodes.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"27 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010012
Yuanmao Li, Guixiong Liu, Wei Deng
This study presents a novel data-driven method for state-of-charge estimation in lithium-ion batteries. It integrates a temporal convolutional network with multi-verse optimization to enhance the accuracy of predicting the state of charge. The temporal convolutional network possesses advantages such as an extended memory window and efficient parallel computation, exhibiting exceptional performance in time-series tasks for state of charge estimation. Its hyperparameters are optimized by adopting multi-verse optimization to obtain better model performance. The driving model utilizes various measurable data as inputs, including battery terminal voltage, current, and surface temperature. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, extensive datasets from diverse dynamic working conditions at different ambient temperatures are employed for model training, validation, and testing. The numerical outcomes provide evidence of the proposed method’s superior performance compared to the other two methods, providing a more robust and accurate solution for the state of charge estimation in lithium-ion batteries.
{"title":"A Novel Method for State of Charge Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Temporal Convolutional Network and Multi-Verse Optimization","authors":"Yuanmao Li, Guixiong Liu, Wei Deng","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010012","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel data-driven method for state-of-charge estimation in lithium-ion batteries. It integrates a temporal convolutional network with multi-verse optimization to enhance the accuracy of predicting the state of charge. The temporal convolutional network possesses advantages such as an extended memory window and efficient parallel computation, exhibiting exceptional performance in time-series tasks for state of charge estimation. Its hyperparameters are optimized by adopting multi-verse optimization to obtain better model performance. The driving model utilizes various measurable data as inputs, including battery terminal voltage, current, and surface temperature. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, extensive datasets from diverse dynamic working conditions at different ambient temperatures are employed for model training, validation, and testing. The numerical outcomes provide evidence of the proposed method’s superior performance compared to the other two methods, providing a more robust and accurate solution for the state of charge estimation in lithium-ion batteries.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":" 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010005
Weihao Chi, Guanwen Wang, Zhipeng Qiu, Qiqi Li, Zheng Xu, Zhiyuan Li, Bin Qi, Ke Cao, Chu-Te Chi, Tong Wei, Zhuangjun Fan
Supercapacitors are extensively used in urban rail transit, electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, electronic products, and the military industry due to its long cycle life and high power density. Porous carbon materials are regarded as promising anode materials for supercapacitors due to their high specific surface areas and well-developed pore structures. However, the over-developed pore structure often results in poor conductivity and reduced cycle stability due to the destruction of a carbon skeleton. Herein, we introduce an advanced strategy for preparing porous carbon with high specific surface areas (3333 m2 g−1), high electrical conductivity (68.6 S m−1), and fast ion transport channels through secondary high-temperature carbonization treatment. As a result, the fabricated porous carbon anode delivers a high specific capacitance (199.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and outstanding rate performance (136.3 F g−1 at 20 A g−1) in organic electrolyte. Furthermore, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 43.2 Wh kg−1 at 625.0 W kg−1, highlighting the potential of a secondary high-temperature carbonization strategy in practical applications.
超级电容器因其循环寿命长、功率密度高而广泛应用于城市轨道交通、电动汽车、可再生能源储存、电子产品和军事工业。多孔碳材料具有高比表面积和发达的孔隙结构，因此被视为超级电容器的理想阳极材料。然而，由于碳骨架的破坏，过度发达的孔隙结构往往会导致导电性差和循环稳定性降低。在此，我们介绍了一种先进的策略，即通过二次高温碳化处理制备具有高比表面积（3333 m2 g-1）、高导电率（68.6 S m-1）和快速离子传输通道的多孔碳。因此，制造出的多孔碳阳极在有机电解液中具有很高的比电容（199.2 F g-1 at 1 A g-1）和出色的速率性能（136.3 F g-1 at 20 A g-1）。此外，组装好的对称超级电容器在 625.0 W kg-1 的条件下实现了 43.2 Wh kg-1 的能量密度，凸显了二次高温碳化策略在实际应用中的潜力。
{"title":"Secondary High-Temperature Treatment of Porous Carbons for High-Performance Supercapacitors","authors":"Weihao Chi, Guanwen Wang, Zhipeng Qiu, Qiqi Li, Zheng Xu, Zhiyuan Li, Bin Qi, Ke Cao, Chu-Te Chi, Tong Wei, Zhuangjun Fan","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010005","url":null,"abstract":"Supercapacitors are extensively used in urban rail transit, electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, electronic products, and the military industry due to its long cycle life and high power density. Porous carbon materials are regarded as promising anode materials for supercapacitors due to their high specific surface areas and well-developed pore structures. However, the over-developed pore structure often results in poor conductivity and reduced cycle stability due to the destruction of a carbon skeleton. Herein, we introduce an advanced strategy for preparing porous carbon with high specific surface areas (3333 m2 g−1), high electrical conductivity (68.6 S m−1), and fast ion transport channels through secondary high-temperature carbonization treatment. As a result, the fabricated porous carbon anode delivers a high specific capacitance (199.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and outstanding rate performance (136.3 F g−1 at 20 A g−1) in organic electrolyte. Furthermore, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 43.2 Wh kg−1 at 625.0 W kg−1, highlighting the potential of a secondary high-temperature carbonization strategy in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139157451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010006
Wenfei Ding, Lan Xu
As an important element of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the separator plays a critical role in the safety and comprehensive performance of the battery. Electrospun nanofiber separators have a high porosity and good electrolyte affinity, which are favorable to the transference of lithium ions. In this paper, the batch preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofiber separators are obtained via spherical section free surface electrospinning (SSFSE). Introducing an appropriate amount of polyester polyurethane (PU) can effectively enhance the mechanical property of PAN nanofiber separators and help the separators resist the external force extrusion. The results show that when PAN:PU = 8:2, the porosity and electrolyte uptake rate of the composite nanofiber separator (PAN-2) are 62.9% and 643.3%, respectively, exhibiting a high ionic conductivity (1.90 mS/cm). Additionally, the coin battery assembled with PAN-2 as a separator (LiFePO4/PAN-2/lithium metal) shows good cycling performance and good rate performance, with a capacity retention rate of 93.9% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, indicating that the battery with PAN-2 has a good application potential in advanced energy storage.
{"title":"Batch Fabrication of Electrospun PAN/PU Composite Separators for Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Wenfei Ding, Lan Xu","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010006","url":null,"abstract":"As an important element of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the separator plays a critical role in the safety and comprehensive performance of the battery. Electrospun nanofiber separators have a high porosity and good electrolyte affinity, which are favorable to the transference of lithium ions. In this paper, the batch preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofiber separators are obtained via spherical section free surface electrospinning (SSFSE). Introducing an appropriate amount of polyester polyurethane (PU) can effectively enhance the mechanical property of PAN nanofiber separators and help the separators resist the external force extrusion. The results show that when PAN:PU = 8:2, the porosity and electrolyte uptake rate of the composite nanofiber separator (PAN-2) are 62.9% and 643.3%, respectively, exhibiting a high ionic conductivity (1.90 mS/cm). Additionally, the coin battery assembled with PAN-2 as a separator (LiFePO4/PAN-2/lithium metal) shows good cycling performance and good rate performance, with a capacity retention rate of 93.9% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, indicating that the battery with PAN-2 has a good application potential in advanced energy storage.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"17 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010003
Mohamed Azzam, C. Endisch, Meinert Lewerenz
This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of float current analysis in lithium-ion batteries, a promising new testing method to assess calendar aging. Float currents are defined as the steady-state trickle charge current after a transient part. In the literature, a correlation to capacity loss was reported. Assuming the float current compensates for the voltage decay over time and is linked to calendar aging, effects from voltage slippery must be considered. The dU/dQ analysis suggests solely a loss of active lithium. Therefore, we investigate the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth as the general aging mechanism to explain the origin of float currents. Our results show that the voltage slippery theory holds true within the low to middle test voltage ranges. However, the theory’s explanatory power begins to diminish at higher voltage ranges, suggesting the existence of additional, yet unidentified, factors influencing the float current. A shuttle reaction or lithiation of the cathode by electrolyte decomposition are the most promising alternative aging mechanisms at high voltages. The paper proposes a unique voltage slippery model to check for correlations between aging mechanisms, the float current test and the check-up test. For a better understanding, test strategies are proposed to verify/falsify the aging mechanisms beyond SEI.
本文全面探讨了锂离子电池中的浮充电流分析，这是一种很有前途的评估日历老化的新测试方法。浮充电流被定义为瞬态部分后的稳态涓流充电电流。文献报道了浮充电流与容量损失的相关性。假设浮充电流补偿了电压随时间的衰减并与日历老化有关，则必须考虑电压滑动的影响。dU/dQ 分析表明，这仅仅是活性锂的损失。因此，我们研究了固体电解质相间层（SEI）的生长作为一般老化机制，以解释浮充电流的起源。我们的研究结果表明，电压滑动理论在中低测试电压范围内是正确的。然而，在较高的电压范围内，该理论的解释力开始减弱，这表明还存在其他尚未确定的因素影响着浮子电流。穿梭反应或电解质分解导致的阴极锂化是高电压下最有希望的替代老化机制。本文提出了一个独特的电压滑动模型，以检查老化机制、浮子电流测试和检查测试之间的相关性。为了更好地理解，还提出了验证/证伪 SEI 之外的老化机制的测试策略。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010002
Julio Gonzalez-Saenz, Victor Becerra
This paper describes an approach to determine a fast-charging profile for a lithium-ion battery by utilising a simplified single-particle electrochemical model and direct collocation methods for optimal control. An optimal control problem formulation and a direct solution approach were adopted to address the problem effectively. The results shows that, in some cases, the optimal current profile resembles the current profile in the Constant Current–Constant Voltage charging protocol. Several challenges and knowledge gaps were addressed in this work, including a reformulation of the optimal control problem that utilises direct methods as an alternative to overcome the limitations of indirect methods employed in similar studies. The proposed formulation considers the minimum-time optimal control case, trade-offs between the total charging time, the maximisation of the lithium bulk concentration, and energy efficiency, along with inequality constraints and other factors not previously considered in the literature, which can be helpful in practical applications.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010001
Henrik-Christian Graichen, G. Boye, Jörg Sauerhering, Florian Köhler, Frank Beyrau
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile applications because they offer a suitable package of characteristics in terms of specific energy, cost, and life span. Nevertheless, they have the potential to experience thermal runaway (TR), the prevention and containment of which require safety measures and intensive thermal management. This study introduces a novel combined thermal management and safety application designed for large aspect-ratio battery cells such as pouches and thin prismatics. It comprises polymer-based mini-channel cold plates that can indirectly thermally condition the batteries’ faces with liquid. They are lightweight and space-saving, making them suitable for mobile systems. Furthermore, this study experimentally clarifies to which extent the application of polymer mini-channel cold plates between battery cells is suitable to delay TR by heat dissipation and to prevent thermal runaway propagation (TRP) to adjacent cells by simultaneously acting as a thermal barrier. NMC pouch cells of 12.5 Ah capacity were overcharged at 1 C to induce TR. Without cold plates, TR and TRP occurred within one hour. Utilizing the polymer mini-channel cold plates for face cooling, the overcharge did not produce a condition leading to cell fire in the same time frame. When the fluid inlet temperature was varied between 5 and 40 °C, the overcharged cell’s surface temperature peaked between 50 and 60 °C. Indications were found that thermal conditioning with the polymer cold plates significantly slowed down parts of the process chain before cell firing. Their peak performance was measured to be just under 2.2 kW/m2. In addition, thermal management system malfunction was tested, and evidence was found that the polymer cold plates prevented TRP to adjacent cells. In conclusion, a combined thermal management and safety system made of polymer mini-channel cold plates provides necessary TR-related safety aspects in lithium battery systems and should be further investigated.
锂离子电池在比能量、成本和使用寿命等方面都具有合适的特性，因此被广泛应用于移动应用中。然而，锂离子电池有可能发生热失控（TR），因此需要采取安全措施和强化热管理来预防和控制这种失控。本研究介绍了一种新型热管理和安全组合应用，该应用专为大纵横比电池电池（如袋装电池和薄棱柱电池）而设计。它包括基于聚合物的微型通道冷板，可间接对电池表面进行液体热调节。它们重量轻、节省空间，适用于移动系统。此外，本研究还通过实验阐明了在电池单元之间应用聚合物微型通道冷板在多大程度上适合通过散热延迟 TR，以及通过同时充当热屏障防止热失控传播（TRP）到相邻电池单元。将容量为 12.5 Ah 的 NMC 袋装电池在 1 C 下过量充电，以诱发 TR。在没有冷板的情况下，TR 和 TRP 在一小时内发生。使用聚合物微型通道冷板进行表面冷却时，过充电不会在相同的时间内导致电池起火。当流体入口温度在 5 至 40 °C 之间变化时，过充电池的表面温度在 50 至 60 °C 之间达到峰值。有迹象表明，使用聚合物冷板进行热调节大大减缓了电池点火前的部分工艺链。据测量，其峰值性能略低于 2.2 kW/m2。此外，还对热管理系统故障进行了测试，结果表明聚合物冷板防止了相邻电池的 TRP。总之，由聚合物微型通道冷板组成的热管理和安全组合系统为锂电池系统提供了必要的与 TR 相关的安全方面，值得进一步研究。
{"title":"The Impact of a Combined Battery Thermal Management and Safety System Utilizing Polymer Mini-Channel Cold Plates on the Thermal Runaway and Its Propagation","authors":"Henrik-Christian Graichen, G. Boye, Jörg Sauerhering, Florian Köhler, Frank Beyrau","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010001","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile applications because they offer a suitable package of characteristics in terms of specific energy, cost, and life span. Nevertheless, they have the potential to experience thermal runaway (TR), the prevention and containment of which require safety measures and intensive thermal management. This study introduces a novel combined thermal management and safety application designed for large aspect-ratio battery cells such as pouches and thin prismatics. It comprises polymer-based mini-channel cold plates that can indirectly thermally condition the batteries’ faces with liquid. They are lightweight and space-saving, making them suitable for mobile systems. Furthermore, this study experimentally clarifies to which extent the application of polymer mini-channel cold plates between battery cells is suitable to delay TR by heat dissipation and to prevent thermal runaway propagation (TRP) to adjacent cells by simultaneously acting as a thermal barrier. NMC pouch cells of 12.5 Ah capacity were overcharged at 1 C to induce TR. Without cold plates, TR and TRP occurred within one hour. Utilizing the polymer mini-channel cold plates for face cooling, the overcharge did not produce a condition leading to cell fire in the same time frame. When the fluid inlet temperature was varied between 5 and 40 °C, the overcharged cell’s surface temperature peaked between 50 and 60 °C. Indications were found that thermal conditioning with the polymer cold plates significantly slowed down parts of the process chain before cell firing. Their peak performance was measured to be just under 2.2 kW/m2. In addition, thermal management system malfunction was tested, and evidence was found that the polymer cold plates prevented TRP to adjacent cells. In conclusion, a combined thermal management and safety system made of polymer mini-channel cold plates provides necessary TR-related safety aspects in lithium battery systems and should be further investigated.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"118 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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