Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060199
Chris Roberts, Simon Petrovich, Kambiz Ebrahimi
This paper investigates modeling techniques for the mathematical representation of HV (high-voltage) Li-ion batteries to be used in conjunction with battery emulators for the test cell environment. To enable the impact of the battery response to be assessed in conjunction with other electrified systems, battery emulators are used with advanced mathematical models describing the expected voltage output with respect to current load. This paper conducted research into different modeling types: electrochemical, thermal, and electronic equivalent circuit models (EECMs). EECMs were identified as the most suitable to be used in conjunction with emulation techniques. A foundation EECM was created in conjunction with a thermal part to simulate thermal dependency. Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) tests were conducted on an NMC Li-ion cell across a range of temperatures from −20 °C to 25 °C. Using parameter optimization techniques, the HPPC test data were used to identify the resistance, capacitance, and the open-circuit voltage of the cell across a range of state of charge bounds and across a temperature range of 0 °C to 25 °C. The foundation model was assessed using identified parameters on two current profiles derived from drive cycles across a temperature range of 0 °C to 10 °C. The FMU (Functional Mockup Unit) model format was determined as the required interface for an AVL battery emulator.
本文研究了 HV（高压）锂离子电池的数学表示建模技术，该技术将与电池仿真器一起用于测试电池环境。为了能够结合其他电气化系统评估电池响应的影响，电池仿真器采用了先进的数学模型，描述了与电流负载相关的预期电压输出。本文对不同的建模类型进行了研究：电化学模型、热模型和电子等效电路模型（EECM）。EECM 被认为是最适合与仿真技术结合使用的模型。我们创建了一个基础等效电路模型，并结合一个热部件来模拟热依赖性。在 NMC 锂离子电池上进行了混合脉冲功率特性（HPPC）测试，温度范围从 -20 °C 到 25 °C。利用参数优化技术，HPPC 测试数据被用来确定电池在一系列充电状态界限和 0 °C 至 25 °C 温度范围内的电阻、电容和开路电压。在 0 °C 至 10 °C 的温度范围内，使用从驱动循环中获得的两个电流曲线上的已识别参数对基础模型进行了评估。FMU （功能模拟单元）模型格式被确定为 AVL 电池模拟器所需的接口。
{"title":"Battery Modeling for Emulators in Vehicle Test Cell","authors":"Chris Roberts, Simon Petrovich, Kambiz Ebrahimi","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060199","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates modeling techniques for the mathematical representation of HV (high-voltage) Li-ion batteries to be used in conjunction with battery emulators for the test cell environment. To enable the impact of the battery response to be assessed in conjunction with other electrified systems, battery emulators are used with advanced mathematical models describing the expected voltage output with respect to current load. This paper conducted research into different modeling types: electrochemical, thermal, and electronic equivalent circuit models (EECMs). EECMs were identified as the most suitable to be used in conjunction with emulation techniques. A foundation EECM was created in conjunction with a thermal part to simulate thermal dependency. Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) tests were conducted on an NMC Li-ion cell across a range of temperatures from −20 °C to 25 °C. Using parameter optimization techniques, the HPPC test data were used to identify the resistance, capacitance, and the open-circuit voltage of the cell across a range of state of charge bounds and across a temperature range of 0 °C to 25 °C. The foundation model was assessed using identified parameters on two current profiles derived from drive cycles across a temperature range of 0 °C to 10 °C. The FMU (Functional Mockup Unit) model format was determined as the required interface for an AVL battery emulator.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141379405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The release of flammable gases during battery thermal runaway poses a risk of combustion and explosion, endangering personnel safety. The convective and diffusive properties of the gas make it challenging to accurately measure gas state, complicating the assessment of the battery pack exhaust design. In this paper, a thermal resistance network model is established, which is used to calculate the battery thermal runaway propagation. Gas accumulation after thermal runaway venting of a LiFeO4 module is studied using ANSYS Fluent under different venting schemes. The results show that the scheme of battery inversion and simultaneous exhaust from the side and bottom of the module is optimal. The methods and results presented can guide the design of LiFeO4 cell pack runners.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of a Gas-Exhaust Design for Battery Thermal Runaway Propagation in a LiFePO4 Module","authors":"Songtong Zhang, Xiayu Zhu, Jingyi Qiu, Chengshan Xu, Yan Wang, Xuning Feng","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060176","url":null,"abstract":"The release of flammable gases during battery thermal runaway poses a risk of combustion and explosion, endangering personnel safety. The convective and diffusive properties of the gas make it challenging to accurately measure gas state, complicating the assessment of the battery pack exhaust design. In this paper, a thermal resistance network model is established, which is used to calculate the battery thermal runaway propagation. Gas accumulation after thermal runaway venting of a LiFeO4 module is studied using ANSYS Fluent under different venting schemes. The results show that the scheme of battery inversion and simultaneous exhaust from the side and bottom of the module is optimal. The methods and results presented can guide the design of LiFeO4 cell pack runners.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060175
Ilia Rashitov, Aleksandr Voropay, Grigoriy Tsepilov, Ivan Kuzmin, Alexey Loskutov, Evgeny Osetrov, A. Kurkin, I. Lipuzhin
Vanadium redox flow batteries are promising energy storage devices and are already ahead of lead–acid batteries in terms of installed capacity in energy systems due to their long service life and possibility of recycling. One of the crucial tasks today is the development of models for assessing battery performance and its residual resource based on the battery’s present state. A promising method for estimating battery capacity is based on analyzing present voltage and current values under various load conditions. This paper analyzes the discharge characteristics of a 10 kW all-vanadium redox flow battery at fixed load powers from 6 to 12 kW. A linear dependence of operating voltage and initial discharge voltage on load power is established. It is also determined that the slope of the discharge curve linear section does not increase linearly in absolute value, and the Box–Lucas model can be used to describe it. Models for predicting current VRFB capacity based on different curve fitting functions are proposed. These models can be used to roughly estimate battery capacity at different load powers.
{"title":"Study of 10 kW Vanadium Flow Battery Discharge Characteristics at Different Load Powers","authors":"Ilia Rashitov, Aleksandr Voropay, Grigoriy Tsepilov, Ivan Kuzmin, Alexey Loskutov, Evgeny Osetrov, A. Kurkin, I. Lipuzhin","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060175","url":null,"abstract":"Vanadium redox flow batteries are promising energy storage devices and are already ahead of lead–acid batteries in terms of installed capacity in energy systems due to their long service life and possibility of recycling. One of the crucial tasks today is the development of models for assessing battery performance and its residual resource based on the battery’s present state. A promising method for estimating battery capacity is based on analyzing present voltage and current values under various load conditions. This paper analyzes the discharge characteristics of a 10 kW all-vanadium redox flow battery at fixed load powers from 6 to 12 kW. A linear dependence of operating voltage and initial discharge voltage on load power is established. It is also determined that the slope of the discharge curve linear section does not increase linearly in absolute value, and the Box–Lucas model can be used to describe it. Models for predicting current VRFB capacity based on different curve fitting functions are proposed. These models can be used to roughly estimate battery capacity at different load powers.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060177
P. Kurzweil, W. Scheuerpflug, Christian Schell, J. Schottenbauer
The concept of pseudocapacitance is explored as a rapid and universal method for the state of health (SOH) determination of batteries and supercapacitors. In contrast to this, the state of the art considers the degradation of a series of full charge/discharge cycles. Lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries and supercapacitors of different cell chemistries are studied by impedance spectroscopy during lifetime testing. Faradaic and capacitive charge storage are distinguished by the relationship between the stored electric charge and capacitance. Batteries with a flat voltage–charge curve are best suited for impedance spectroscopy. There is a slight loss in the linear correlation between the pseudocapacitance and Ah capacity in regions of overcharge and deep discharge. The correct calculation of quantities related to complex impedance and differential capacitance is outlined, which may also be useful as an introductory text and tutorial for newcomers to the field. Novel diagram types are proposed for the purpose of the instant performance and failure diagnosis of batteries and supercapacitors.
{"title":"Useful Quantities and Diagram Types for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Electrochemical Energy Converters Using Impedance Spectroscopy: State of the Art, Review and Outlook","authors":"P. Kurzweil, W. Scheuerpflug, Christian Schell, J. Schottenbauer","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060177","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of pseudocapacitance is explored as a rapid and universal method for the state of health (SOH) determination of batteries and supercapacitors. In contrast to this, the state of the art considers the degradation of a series of full charge/discharge cycles. Lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries and supercapacitors of different cell chemistries are studied by impedance spectroscopy during lifetime testing. Faradaic and capacitive charge storage are distinguished by the relationship between the stored electric charge and capacitance. Batteries with a flat voltage–charge curve are best suited for impedance spectroscopy. There is a slight loss in the linear correlation between the pseudocapacitance and Ah capacity in regions of overcharge and deep discharge. The correct calculation of quantities related to complex impedance and differential capacitance is outlined, which may also be useful as an introductory text and tutorial for newcomers to the field. Novel diagram types are proposed for the purpose of the instant performance and failure diagnosis of batteries and supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141101697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and energy storage industries, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has surged, and the number of spent LIBs has also increased. Therefore, a new method for lithium selective extraction from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials is proposed, aiming at more efficient recovery of valuable metals. The acid + oxidant leaching system was proposed for spent ternary positive electrode materials, which can achieve the selective and efficient extraction of lithium. In this study, 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4 and 0.2 mol L−1 (NH4)2S2O8 were used as leaching acid and oxidant. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn were 98.7, 30, 3.5, and 0.1%, respectively. The lithium solution was obtained by adjusting the pH of the solution. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the lithium leaching process revealed that the apparent activation energy of the lithium leaching process is 46 kJ mol−1 and the rate step is the chemical reaction process. The leaching residue can be used as a ternary precursor to prepare regenerated positive electrode materials by solid-phase sintering. Electrochemical tests of the regenerated material proved that the material has good electrochemical properties. The highest discharge capacity exceeds 150 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles exceeds 90%. The proposed new method can extract lithium from the ternary material with high selectivity and high efficiency, reducing its loss in the lengthy process. Lithium replenishment of the delithiation material can also restore its activity and realize the comprehensive utilization of elements such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The method combines the lithium recovery process and the material preparation process, simplifying the process and saving costs, thus providing new ideas for future method development.
{"title":"“Acid + Oxidant” Treatment Enables Selective Extraction of Lithium from Spent NCM523 Positive Electrode","authors":"Hui Wang, Zejia Wu, Mengmeng Wang, Ya-Jun Cheng, Jie Gao, Yonggao Xia","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060179","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and energy storage industries, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has surged, and the number of spent LIBs has also increased. Therefore, a new method for lithium selective extraction from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials is proposed, aiming at more efficient recovery of valuable metals. The acid + oxidant leaching system was proposed for spent ternary positive electrode materials, which can achieve the selective and efficient extraction of lithium. In this study, 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4 and 0.2 mol L−1 (NH4)2S2O8 were used as leaching acid and oxidant. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn were 98.7, 30, 3.5, and 0.1%, respectively. The lithium solution was obtained by adjusting the pH of the solution. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the lithium leaching process revealed that the apparent activation energy of the lithium leaching process is 46 kJ mol−1 and the rate step is the chemical reaction process. The leaching residue can be used as a ternary precursor to prepare regenerated positive electrode materials by solid-phase sintering. Electrochemical tests of the regenerated material proved that the material has good electrochemical properties. The highest discharge capacity exceeds 150 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles exceeds 90%. The proposed new method can extract lithium from the ternary material with high selectivity and high efficiency, reducing its loss in the lengthy process. Lithium replenishment of the delithiation material can also restore its activity and realize the comprehensive utilization of elements such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The method combines the lithium recovery process and the material preparation process, simplifying the process and saving costs, thus providing new ideas for future method development.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141098643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060180
Shuang Feng, Tianxiu Yin, Letao Bian, Yue Liu, Tao Cheng
Asymmetric lithium salts, such as lithium (difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiDFTFSI), have been demonstrated to surpass traditional symmetric lithium salts with improved Li+ conductivity and the capacity to generate a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) while maintaining compatibility with an aluminum (Al0) current collector. However, the intrinsic reductive mechanism through which LiDFTFSI influences battery performance remains unclear and under debate. Herein, detailed SEI reactions of LiDFTFSI–based electrolytes were investigated by combining density functional theory and molecular dynamics, aiming to clarify the formation process and atomic structure of the SEI. Our results show that asymmetric DFTFSI− weakens the interaction between carbonate solvents and Li+, and substantially alters the solvation structure, exhibiting a well-balanced coordination capacity compared to bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−). Nanosecond hybrid molecular dynamics simulation further reveals that preferential decomposition of LiDFTFSI produces sufficient LiF and Li2O to facilitate a robust SEI. Moreover, abundant F− generated from LiDFTFSI decomposition accumulates on the Al surface and subsequently combines with Al3+ from the current collector to form AlF3, potentially inhibiting corrosion of the current collector. Overall, these findings elucidate how LiDFTFSI regulates the solvation sheath and SEI structure, advancing the development of high-performance electrolytes compatible with current collectors.
不对称锂盐，如（二氟甲烷磺酰基）（三氟甲烷磺酰基）亚胺锂（LiDFTFSI），已被证明超越了传统的对称锂盐，具有更好的锂+传导性和生成稳定的固体电解质间相（SEI）的能力，同时与铝（Al0）集流体保持兼容。然而，LiDFTFSI 影响电池性能的内在还原机制仍不清楚，还存在争议。在此，我们结合密度泛函理论和分子动力学，详细研究了基于 LiDFTFSI 的电解质的 SEI 反应，旨在阐明 SEI 的形成过程和原子结构。结果表明，与双（三氟甲烷磺酰）亚胺（TFSI-）相比，不对称 DFTFSI- 弱化了碳酸盐溶剂与 Li+ 之间的相互作用，并极大地改变了溶解结构，表现出良好的配位能力。纳秒混合分子动力学模拟进一步表明，LiDFTFSI 的优先分解产生了足够的 LiF 和 Li2O，从而促进了稳健的 SEI。此外，LiDFTFSI 分解产生的大量 F- 聚集在铝表面，随后与集流器中的 Al3+ 结合形成 AlF3，从而可能抑制集流器的腐蚀。总之，这些发现阐明了 LiDFTFSI 如何调节溶解鞘和 SEI 结构，从而推动了与电流收集器兼容的高性能电解质的开发。
{"title":"Optimization of Lithium Metal Anode Performance: Investigating the Interfacial Dynamics and Reductive Mechanism of Asymmetric Sulfonylimide Salts","authors":"Shuang Feng, Tianxiu Yin, Letao Bian, Yue Liu, Tao Cheng","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060180","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetric lithium salts, such as lithium (difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiDFTFSI), have been demonstrated to surpass traditional symmetric lithium salts with improved Li+ conductivity and the capacity to generate a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) while maintaining compatibility with an aluminum (Al0) current collector. However, the intrinsic reductive mechanism through which LiDFTFSI influences battery performance remains unclear and under debate. Herein, detailed SEI reactions of LiDFTFSI–based electrolytes were investigated by combining density functional theory and molecular dynamics, aiming to clarify the formation process and atomic structure of the SEI. Our results show that asymmetric DFTFSI− weakens the interaction between carbonate solvents and Li+, and substantially alters the solvation structure, exhibiting a well-balanced coordination capacity compared to bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−). Nanosecond hybrid molecular dynamics simulation further reveals that preferential decomposition of LiDFTFSI produces sufficient LiF and Li2O to facilitate a robust SEI. Moreover, abundant F− generated from LiDFTFSI decomposition accumulates on the Al surface and subsequently combines with Al3+ from the current collector to form AlF3, potentially inhibiting corrosion of the current collector. Overall, these findings elucidate how LiDFTFSI regulates the solvation sheath and SEI structure, advancing the development of high-performance electrolytes compatible with current collectors.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141101248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060178
Hongfei Zhang, Fujie Li, Zijin Li, Liu Gao, Binghui Xu, Chao Wang
Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are considered a promising candidate for grid-scale energy storage systems owing to their high capacity, high safety and low cost. However, Zn anodes suffer from notorious dendrite growth and undesirable surface corrosion, severely hindering the commercialization of AZMBs. Herein, a strategy for engineering a dense ZnO coating layer on Zn anodes using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is developed, aiming to improve its long-term cycling stability with fewer Zn dendrites. The surface-modified Zn anode (ZnO@Zn) exhibits an excellent long-cycling life (680 h) and stable coulombic efficiency when being used in a symmetric cell. Moreover, the ZnO@Zn electrode shows a high stability with almost no capacity decay after 1100 cycles at 2C in a full cell using MnO2 as the cathode. The ZnO coating is conducive to reducing corrosion and the generation of by-products, thus increasing the reversibility of Zn2+/Zn stripping/plating. Particularly, density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that the ZnO coating layer could effectively lower the adsorption energy of the Zn(002) plane in ZnO@Zn, inducing the preferential deposition of Zn2+ towards the (002) crystal plane with fewer Zn dendrites. The surface ZnO coating protocol provides a promising approach to achieve a dendrite-free Zn anode for stable AZMBs.
{"title":"Surface Modification Induces Oriented Zn(002) Deposition for Highly Stable Zinc Anode","authors":"Hongfei Zhang, Fujie Li, Zijin Li, Liu Gao, Binghui Xu, Chao Wang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060178","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are considered a promising candidate for grid-scale energy storage systems owing to their high capacity, high safety and low cost. However, Zn anodes suffer from notorious dendrite growth and undesirable surface corrosion, severely hindering the commercialization of AZMBs. Herein, a strategy for engineering a dense ZnO coating layer on Zn anodes using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is developed, aiming to improve its long-term cycling stability with fewer Zn dendrites. The surface-modified Zn anode (ZnO@Zn) exhibits an excellent long-cycling life (680 h) and stable coulombic efficiency when being used in a symmetric cell. Moreover, the ZnO@Zn electrode shows a high stability with almost no capacity decay after 1100 cycles at 2C in a full cell using MnO2 as the cathode. The ZnO coating is conducive to reducing corrosion and the generation of by-products, thus increasing the reversibility of Zn2+/Zn stripping/plating. Particularly, density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that the ZnO coating layer could effectively lower the adsorption energy of the Zn(002) plane in ZnO@Zn, inducing the preferential deposition of Zn2+ towards the (002) crystal plane with fewer Zn dendrites. The surface ZnO coating protocol provides a promising approach to achieve a dendrite-free Zn anode for stable AZMBs.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141100989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060173
Sebastian Hoelle, Hyojeong Kim, Sascha Zimmermann, Olaf Hinrichsen
In this paper, a novel experimental setup to quantify the particle deposition during a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (TR) is proposed. The setup integrates a single prismatic battery cell into an environment representing similar conditions as found for battery modules in battery packs of electric vehicles. In total, 86 weighing plates, positioned within the flow path of the vented gas and particles, can be individually removed from the setup in order to determine the spatial mass distribution of the deposited particles. Two proof-of-concept experiments with different distances between cell vent and module cover are performed. The particle deposition on the weighing plates as well as the particle size distribution of the deposited particles are found to be dependent on the distance between cell vent and cover. In addition, the specific heat capacity of the deposited particles as well as the jelly roll remains are analyzed. Its temperature dependency is found to be comparable for both ejected particles and jelly roll remains. The results of this study help researches and engineers to gain further insights into the particle ejection process during TR. By implementing certain suggested improvements, the proposed experimental setup may be used in the future to provide necessary data for simulation model validation. Therefore, this study contributes to the improvement of battery pack design and safety.
{"title":"Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway: Experimental Analysis of Particle Deposition in Battery Module Environment","authors":"Sebastian Hoelle, Hyojeong Kim, Sascha Zimmermann, Olaf Hinrichsen","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060173","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel experimental setup to quantify the particle deposition during a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (TR) is proposed. The setup integrates a single prismatic battery cell into an environment representing similar conditions as found for battery modules in battery packs of electric vehicles. In total, 86 weighing plates, positioned within the flow path of the vented gas and particles, can be individually removed from the setup in order to determine the spatial mass distribution of the deposited particles. Two proof-of-concept experiments with different distances between cell vent and module cover are performed. The particle deposition on the weighing plates as well as the particle size distribution of the deposited particles are found to be dependent on the distance between cell vent and cover. In addition, the specific heat capacity of the deposited particles as well as the jelly roll remains are analyzed. Its temperature dependency is found to be comparable for both ejected particles and jelly roll remains. The results of this study help researches and engineers to gain further insights into the particle ejection process during TR. By implementing certain suggested improvements, the proposed experimental setup may be used in the future to provide necessary data for simulation model validation. Therefore, this study contributes to the improvement of battery pack design and safety.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060174
Prodip K. Das
Rechargeable batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), have emerged as the cornerstone of modern energy storage technology, revolutionizing industries ranging from consumer electronics to transportation [...]
{"title":"Battery Management in Electric Vehicles—Current Status and Future Trends","authors":"Prodip K. Das","doi":"10.3390/batteries10060174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060174","url":null,"abstract":"Rechargeable batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), have emerged as the cornerstone of modern energy storage technology, revolutionizing industries ranging from consumer electronics to transportation [...]","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10060172
Johanna Naranjo-Balseca, Cynthia Martínez-Cisneros, A. Várez
Given the relevance of lithium and post-lithium batteries as electrochemical energy storage systems, the peculiar crystalline structure of V2O5 and its doping capacity play key roles in lithium-ion battery technology. To integrate them in high-efficiency modules, systematic methodologies are required to estimate the state of charge in a reliable way and predict the Li-V2O5 battery’s performance according to their electrochemical phenomena, including two plateaus in the galvanostatic cycling curves and the dynamic behavior governed by the energy demand. Most state of charge estimation and battery modeling procedures are focused on conventional Li-batteries that show a unique plateau. In this work, we propose a systematic methodology based on the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study battery performance in the time and frequency domains, respectively. The proposed methodology, with a time–frequency correlation, promotes a deeper understanding of the electrochemical phenomena and general behavior of Li-V2O5 batteries, allowing for its subsequent extrapolation to more complex and higher-capacity lithium and post-lithium batteries used in high-power applications with a minimum error.
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