Pub Date : 2023-12-17DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120598
Dean Yost, Jonathan Laurer, Kevin Childrey, Chen Cai, Gary M. Koenig
Two strategies to increase battery energy density at the cell level are to increase electrode thickness and to reduce the amount of inactive electrode constituents. All active material (AAM) electrodes provide a route to achieve both of those aims toward high areal capacity electrodes. AAM electrodes are often fabricated using hydraulic compression processes followed by thermal treatment; however, additive manufacturing routes could provide opportunities for more time-efficient and geometry-flexible electrode fabrication. One possible route for additive manufacturing of AAM electrodes would be to employ plasma spray as a direct additive manufacturing technology, and AAM electrode fabrication using plasma spray will be the focus of the work herein. TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) powders were deposited onto stainless steel substrates via plasma spray processing to produce AAM battery electrodes, and evaluated with regards to material and electrochemical properties. The TiO2 electrodes delivered low electrochemical capacity, <12 mAh g−1, which was attributed to limitations of the initial feed powder. LTO plasma sprayed AAM electrodes had much higher capacity and were comparable in total capacity at a low rate of discharge to composite electrodes fabricated using the same raw powder feed material. LTO material and electrochemical properties were sensitive to the plasma spray conditions, suggesting that tuning the material microstructure and electrochemical properties is possible by controlling the plasma spray deposition parameters.
{"title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Plasma Sprayed TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 Materials as All Active Material Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes","authors":"Dean Yost, Jonathan Laurer, Kevin Childrey, Chen Cai, Gary M. Koenig","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120598","url":null,"abstract":"Two strategies to increase battery energy density at the cell level are to increase electrode thickness and to reduce the amount of inactive electrode constituents. All active material (AAM) electrodes provide a route to achieve both of those aims toward high areal capacity electrodes. AAM electrodes are often fabricated using hydraulic compression processes followed by thermal treatment; however, additive manufacturing routes could provide opportunities for more time-efficient and geometry-flexible electrode fabrication. One possible route for additive manufacturing of AAM electrodes would be to employ plasma spray as a direct additive manufacturing technology, and AAM electrode fabrication using plasma spray will be the focus of the work herein. TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) powders were deposited onto stainless steel substrates via plasma spray processing to produce AAM battery electrodes, and evaluated with regards to material and electrochemical properties. The TiO2 electrodes delivered low electrochemical capacity, <12 mAh g−1, which was attributed to limitations of the initial feed powder. LTO plasma sprayed AAM electrodes had much higher capacity and were comparable in total capacity at a low rate of discharge to composite electrodes fabricated using the same raw powder feed material. LTO material and electrochemical properties were sensitive to the plasma spray conditions, suggesting that tuning the material microstructure and electrochemical properties is possible by controlling the plasma spray deposition parameters.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120597
M. Al-Saadi, Michael Short
The influence of the DC infrastructure on the control of power-storage flow in micro- and smart grids has gained attention recently, particularly in dynamic vehicle-to-grid charging applications. Principal effects include the potential loss of the charge–discharge synchronization and the subsequent impact on the control stabilization, the increased degradation in batteries’ health/life, and resultant power- and energy-efficiency losses. This paper proposes and tests a candidate solution to compensate for the infrastructure effects in a DC microgrid with a varying number of heterogeneous battery storage systems in the context of a multiagent neighbor-to-neighbor control scheme. Specifically, the scheme regulates the balance of the batteries’ load-demand participation, with adaptive compensation for unknown and/or time-varying DC infrastructure influences. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop studies in realistic conditions demonstrate the improved precision of the charge–discharge synchronization and the enhanced balance of the output voltage under 24 h excessively continuous variations in the load demand. In addition, immediate real-time compensation for the DC infrastructure influence can be attained with no need for initial estimates of key unknown parameters. The results provide both the validation and verification of the proposals under real operational conditions and expectations, including the dynamic switching of the heterogeneous batteries’ connection (plug-and-play) and the variable infrastructure influences of different dynamically switched branches. Key observed metrics include an average reduced convergence time (0.66–13.366%), enhanced output-voltage balance (2.637–3.24%), power-consumption reduction (3.569–4.93%), and power-flow-balance enhancement (2.755–6.468%), which can be achieved for the proposed scheme over a baseline for the experiments in question.
{"title":"Multiagent-Based Control for Plug-and-Play Batteries in DC Microgrids with Infrastructure Compensation","authors":"M. Al-Saadi, Michael Short","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120597","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of the DC infrastructure on the control of power-storage flow in micro- and smart grids has gained attention recently, particularly in dynamic vehicle-to-grid charging applications. Principal effects include the potential loss of the charge–discharge synchronization and the subsequent impact on the control stabilization, the increased degradation in batteries’ health/life, and resultant power- and energy-efficiency losses. This paper proposes and tests a candidate solution to compensate for the infrastructure effects in a DC microgrid with a varying number of heterogeneous battery storage systems in the context of a multiagent neighbor-to-neighbor control scheme. Specifically, the scheme regulates the balance of the batteries’ load-demand participation, with adaptive compensation for unknown and/or time-varying DC infrastructure influences. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop studies in realistic conditions demonstrate the improved precision of the charge–discharge synchronization and the enhanced balance of the output voltage under 24 h excessively continuous variations in the load demand. In addition, immediate real-time compensation for the DC infrastructure influence can be attained with no need for initial estimates of key unknown parameters. The results provide both the validation and verification of the proposals under real operational conditions and expectations, including the dynamic switching of the heterogeneous batteries’ connection (plug-and-play) and the variable infrastructure influences of different dynamically switched branches. Key observed metrics include an average reduced convergence time (0.66–13.366%), enhanced output-voltage balance (2.637–3.24%), power-consumption reduction (3.569–4.93%), and power-flow-balance enhancement (2.755–6.468%), which can be achieved for the proposed scheme over a baseline for the experiments in question.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120595
Elias Reisacher, Pinar Kaya, Volker Knoblauch
To achieve high energy densities with sufficient cycling performance in all-solid-state batteries, the fraction of active material has to be maximized while maintaining ionic and electronic conduction throughout the composite cathode. It is well known that low-surface-area carbon additives added to the composite cathode enhance the rate capability; however, at the same time, they can lead to rapid decomposition of the solid electrolyte in thiophosphate-based cells. Thus, the fraction of such conductive additives has to be well balanced. Within this study we determined the electronic percolation threshold of a conducting matrix consisting of Li6PS5Cl and C65. Furthermore, we systematically investigated the microstructure and effective conductivity (σeff) of the conducting matrix. The percolation threshold pc was determined as ~4 wt.-% C65, and it is suggested that below pc, the ionic contribution is dominant, which can be seen in temperature-dependent σeff and blocked charge transport at low frequencies. Above pc, the impedance of the conducting matrix becomes frequency-independent, and the ohmic law applies. Thus, the conducting matrix in ASSB can be regarded as an electronic and ionic conducting phase between active material particles. Additionally, guidelines are provided to enable electronic conduction in the conducting matrix with minimal C65 content.
为了在全固态电池中实现高能量密度和足够的循环性能，必须最大限度地提高活性材料的比例，同时保持整个复合阴极的离子和电子传导。众所周知，添加到复合阴极中的低表面积碳添加剂可提高速率能力，但同时也会导致硫代磷酸电池中的固态电解质迅速分解。因此，必须很好地平衡此类导电添加剂的比例。在这项研究中，我们确定了由 Li6PS5Cl 和 C65 组成的导电基质的电子渗流阈值。此外，我们还系统地研究了导电基质的微观结构和有效电导率（σeff）。渗流阈值 pc 被确定为 ~4 wt.-% C65，并认为在 pc 以下，离子贡献占主导地位，这可以从随温度变化的 σeff 和低频下受阻的电荷传输中看出。在 pc 以上，导电矩阵的阻抗变得与频率无关，欧姆定律适用。因此，ASSB 中的导电基质可视为活性材料颗粒之间的电子和离子导电相。此外，我们还提供了在导电基质中实现电子传导的指导原则，以尽量减少 C65 的含量。
{"title":"Percolation Behavior of a Sulfide Electrolyte–Carbon Additive Matrix for Composite Cathodes in All-Solid-State Batteries","authors":"Elias Reisacher, Pinar Kaya, Volker Knoblauch","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120595","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve high energy densities with sufficient cycling performance in all-solid-state batteries, the fraction of active material has to be maximized while maintaining ionic and electronic conduction throughout the composite cathode. It is well known that low-surface-area carbon additives added to the composite cathode enhance the rate capability; however, at the same time, they can lead to rapid decomposition of the solid electrolyte in thiophosphate-based cells. Thus, the fraction of such conductive additives has to be well balanced. Within this study we determined the electronic percolation threshold of a conducting matrix consisting of Li6PS5Cl and C65. Furthermore, we systematically investigated the microstructure and effective conductivity (σeff) of the conducting matrix. The percolation threshold pc was determined as ~4 wt.-% C65, and it is suggested that below pc, the ionic contribution is dominant, which can be seen in temperature-dependent σeff and blocked charge transport at low frequencies. Above pc, the impedance of the conducting matrix becomes frequency-independent, and the ohmic law applies. Thus, the conducting matrix in ASSB can be regarded as an electronic and ionic conducting phase between active material particles. Additionally, guidelines are provided to enable electronic conduction in the conducting matrix with minimal C65 content.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120594
Zhongchao Bai, Kai Fan, Meiqing Guo, Mingyue Wang, Ting Yang, Nana Wang
Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries are the most attractive candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density and the affordability of sulfur. However, most of the reported research primarily concentrates on low sulfur loading (below 2 mgs cm−2) cathodes using binders and traditional collectors, thus undermining the expected energy density. Herein, a N, O co-doped carbon nanotube (N, O-CNT) decorated wood framework (WF), denoted as WF-CNT, was designed as a free-standing sulfur host, achieving high sulfur loading of 10 mgs cm−2. This unique cathode featured low tortuosity microchannels and a conductive framework, reducing the diffusion paths for both ions and electrons and accommodating the volume changes associated with sulfur. Moreover, the internal CNT forests effectively captured soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and catalyze their redox kinetic. Consequently, the S@WF-CNT-800 sample exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 1438.2 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 0.5 A g−1. Furthermore, a reversible capacity of 404.5 mAh g−1 was obtained after 500 cycles with sulfur loading of 5 mgs cm−2 at 0.5 A g−1. This work may support the development of high sulfur loading cathodes utilizing cost-effective and sustainable biomass materials for Li-S batteries.
锂硫（Li-S）电池是下一代大规模能源存储最有吸引力的候选电池，因为其理论能量密度高，而且硫的价格低廉。然而，大多数报道的研究主要集中在使用粘合剂和传统集电体的低硫负载（低于 2 mgs cm-2）阴极上，从而影响了预期的能量密度。在此，我们设计了一种由 N、O 共掺杂碳纳米管（N，O-CNT）装饰的木质框架（WF），称为 WF-CNT，作为独立的硫宿主，实现了 10 mgs cm-2 的高硫负荷。这种独特的阴极具有低曲度微通道和导电框架，从而减少了离子和电子的扩散路径，并适应了与硫有关的体积变化。此外，内部的碳纳米管林能有效捕获可溶性多硫化锂（LiPSs），并催化其氧化还原动力学。因此，在 0.5 A g-1 的高电流密度下，S@WF-CNT-800 样品显示出 1438.2 mAh g-1 的高初始放电容量。此外，在 0.5 A g-1 条件下，硫含量为 5 mgs cm-2 时，经过 500 次循环后，可获得 404.5 mAh g-1 的可逆容量。这项研究有助于利用具有成本效益和可持续发展的生物质材料开发用于锂-S 电池的高硫负荷阴极。
{"title":"Rational Design of a Cost-Effective Biomass Carbon Framework for High-Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries","authors":"Zhongchao Bai, Kai Fan, Meiqing Guo, Mingyue Wang, Ting Yang, Nana Wang","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120594","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries are the most attractive candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density and the affordability of sulfur. However, most of the reported research primarily concentrates on low sulfur loading (below 2 mgs cm−2) cathodes using binders and traditional collectors, thus undermining the expected energy density. Herein, a N, O co-doped carbon nanotube (N, O-CNT) decorated wood framework (WF), denoted as WF-CNT, was designed as a free-standing sulfur host, achieving high sulfur loading of 10 mgs cm−2. This unique cathode featured low tortuosity microchannels and a conductive framework, reducing the diffusion paths for both ions and electrons and accommodating the volume changes associated with sulfur. Moreover, the internal CNT forests effectively captured soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and catalyze their redox kinetic. Consequently, the S@WF-CNT-800 sample exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 1438.2 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 0.5 A g−1. Furthermore, a reversible capacity of 404.5 mAh g−1 was obtained after 500 cycles with sulfur loading of 5 mgs cm−2 at 0.5 A g−1. This work may support the development of high sulfur loading cathodes utilizing cost-effective and sustainable biomass materials for Li-S batteries.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120596
Yu Chen, Laifa Tao, Shangyu Li, Haifei Liu, Lizhi Wang
The accurate prediction of Li-ion battery capacity is important because it ensures mission and personnel safety during operations. However, the phenomenon of capacity recovery (CR) may impede the progress of improving battery capacity prediction performance. Therefore, in this study, we focus on the phenomenon of capacity recovery during battery degradation and propose a hybrid lithium-ion battery capacity prediction framework based on two states. First, to improve the density of capacity-related information, the simultaneous Markov blanket discovery algorithm (STMB) is used to screen the causal features of capacity from the initial feature set. Then, the life-long cycle sequence of batteries is partitioned into global degradation regions and recovery regions, as part of the proposed prediction framework. The prediction branch for the global degradation region is implemented through a long short-term memory network (LSTM) and the other prediction branch for the recovery region is implemented through Gaussian process regression (GPR). A support vector machine (SVM) model is applied to identify recovery points to switch the branch of the prediction framework. The prediction results are integrated to obtain the final prediction results. Experimental studies based on NASA’s lithium battery aging data highlight the trustworthy capacity prediction ability of the proposed method considering the capacity recovery phenomenon. In contrast to the comparative methods, the mean absolute error and the root mean square error are reduced by up to 0.0013 Ah and 0.0043 Ah, which confirms the validity of the proposed method.
锂离子电池容量的准确预测非常重要，因为它能确保任务和人员在操作过程中的安全。然而，容量恢复（CR）现象可能会阻碍电池容量预测性能的提高。因此，在本研究中，我们重点关注电池衰减过程中的容量恢复现象，并提出了基于两种状态的混合锂离子电池容量预测框架。首先，为了提高容量相关信息的密度，采用同步马尔可夫空白发现算法（STMB）从初始特征集中筛选出容量的因果特征。然后，作为拟议预测框架的一部分，将电池的生命周期序列划分为全局退化区域和恢复区域。全局退化区域的预测分支通过长短期记忆网络（LSTM）实现，而恢复区域的另一个预测分支则通过高斯过程回归（GPR）实现。支持向量机（SVM）模型用于识别恢复点，以切换预测框架的分支。预测结果经整合后得出最终预测结果。基于 NASA 锂电池老化数据的实验研究突出表明，考虑到容量恢复现象，所提出的方法具有值得信赖的容量预测能力。与比较方法相比，平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别减少了 0.0013 Ah 和 0.0043 Ah，这证实了所提方法的有效性。
{"title":"A Two-State-Based Hybrid Model for Degradation and Capacity Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Capacity Recovery","authors":"Yu Chen, Laifa Tao, Shangyu Li, Haifei Liu, Lizhi Wang","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120596","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate prediction of Li-ion battery capacity is important because it ensures mission and personnel safety during operations. However, the phenomenon of capacity recovery (CR) may impede the progress of improving battery capacity prediction performance. Therefore, in this study, we focus on the phenomenon of capacity recovery during battery degradation and propose a hybrid lithium-ion battery capacity prediction framework based on two states. First, to improve the density of capacity-related information, the simultaneous Markov blanket discovery algorithm (STMB) is used to screen the causal features of capacity from the initial feature set. Then, the life-long cycle sequence of batteries is partitioned into global degradation regions and recovery regions, as part of the proposed prediction framework. The prediction branch for the global degradation region is implemented through a long short-term memory network (LSTM) and the other prediction branch for the recovery region is implemented through Gaussian process regression (GPR). A support vector machine (SVM) model is applied to identify recovery points to switch the branch of the prediction framework. The prediction results are integrated to obtain the final prediction results. Experimental studies based on NASA’s lithium battery aging data highlight the trustworthy capacity prediction ability of the proposed method considering the capacity recovery phenomenon. In contrast to the comparative methods, the mean absolute error and the root mean square error are reduced by up to 0.0013 Ah and 0.0043 Ah, which confirms the validity of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"221 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120592
Jonghoon Lee, Sangwook Han, Dongho Lee
The installation of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) with various shapes and capacities is increasing due to the continuously rising demand for renewable energy. To prepare for potential accidents, a study was conducted to select the optimal location for installing an input BESS in terms of frequency stability when the index assumes the backup input of the BESS. This study builds on the premise that installing a BESS on a bus in an area where active power absorption and transmission are the most active can significantly contribute to increasing the frequency recovery of the power system. Based on this premise, the magnitude of the active power flow and the proportional characteristics of the phase difference between buses were mathematically confirmed. This study also calculated the effective power sensitivity index of a bus with 13 FR-ESSs installed in a domestic system and reviewed the frequency output by establishing a table for each failure scenario. The results indicated that the effect of frequency rise can be estimated at the level of tidal current calculation. Thus, the study suggested a direction for subsequent studies to improve the sensitivity index.
{"title":"Optimizing the Location of Frequency Regulation Energy Storage Systems for Improved Frequency Stability","authors":"Jonghoon Lee, Sangwook Han, Dongho Lee","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120592","url":null,"abstract":"The installation of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) with various shapes and capacities is increasing due to the continuously rising demand for renewable energy. To prepare for potential accidents, a study was conducted to select the optimal location for installing an input BESS in terms of frequency stability when the index assumes the backup input of the BESS. This study builds on the premise that installing a BESS on a bus in an area where active power absorption and transmission are the most active can significantly contribute to increasing the frequency recovery of the power system. Based on this premise, the magnitude of the active power flow and the proportional characteristics of the phase difference between buses were mathematically confirmed. This study also calculated the effective power sensitivity index of a bus with 13 FR-ESSs installed in a domestic system and reviewed the frequency output by establishing a table for each failure scenario. The results indicated that the effect of frequency rise can be estimated at the level of tidal current calculation. Thus, the study suggested a direction for subsequent studies to improve the sensitivity index.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"10 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this review, we emphasize the significant potential of carbon group element-based (Group-IV) electrochemical energy devices prepared on the basis of ion migration in the realm of high-efficiency batteries. Based primarily on our group research findings, we elucidate the key advantages of traditional Group-IV materials as electrodes in ion batteries powered by metal ion migration. Subsequently, we delve into the operational principles and research progress of iterative Group-IV material moisture ion batteries, driven by ion migration through external moisture. Finally, considering the practical challenges and issues in real-world applications, we offer prospects for the development and commercialization of Group-IV materials utilizing ion migration in both conventional and next-generation battery technologies.
在这篇综述中，我们强调了基于离子迁移制备的碳族元素（Group-IV）电化学能源装置在高效电池领域的巨大潜力。我们主要以本研究小组的研究成果为基础，阐明了传统 IV 族材料作为金属离子迁移驱动的离子电池电极的主要优势。随后，我们深入探讨了通过外部湿气驱动离子迁移的迭代第四族材料湿离子电池的运行原理和研究进展。最后，考虑到现实应用中的实际挑战和问题，我们提出了在传统和下一代电池技术中利用离子迁移的第四族材料的开发和商业化前景。
{"title":"Traditional and Iterative Group-IV Material Batteries through Ion Migration","authors":"Xiaojun He, Xiaoyan Wei, Zifeng Jin, Zhenglin Wang, Ya’nan Yang, Jinsheng Lv, Nan Chen","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120591","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we emphasize the significant potential of carbon group element-based (Group-IV) electrochemical energy devices prepared on the basis of ion migration in the realm of high-efficiency batteries. Based primarily on our group research findings, we elucidate the key advantages of traditional Group-IV materials as electrodes in ion batteries powered by metal ion migration. Subsequently, we delve into the operational principles and research progress of iterative Group-IV material moisture ion batteries, driven by ion migration through external moisture. Finally, considering the practical challenges and issues in real-world applications, we offer prospects for the development and commercialization of Group-IV materials utilizing ion migration in both conventional and next-generation battery technologies.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120593
Olivia Bruj, A. Calborean
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were applied in this work to nine industrially fabricated lead–acid battery prototypes, which were divided into three type/technology packages. Frequency-dependent impedance changes were interpreted during successive charge/discharge cycles in two distinct stages: (1) immediately after fabrication and (2) after a controlled aging procedure to 50% depth of discharge following industrial standards. To investigate their state of health behavior vs. electrical response, three methods were employed, namely, the Q-Q0 total charge analysis, the decay values of the constant-phase element in the equivalent Randles circuits, and the resonance frequency of the circuit. A direct correlation was found for the prediction of the best-performing batteries in each package, thus allowing for a qualitative analysis that was capable of providing the decay of the batteries’ states of health. We found which parameters were directly connected with their lifetime performance in both stages and, as a consequence, which type/technology battery prototype displayed the best performance. Based on this methodology, industrial producers can further establish the quality of novel batteries in terms of performance vs. lifespan, allowing them to validate the novel technological innovations implemented in the current prototypes.
{"title":"Qualitative Characterization of Lead–Acid Batteries Fabricated Using Different Technological Procedures: An EIS Approach","authors":"Olivia Bruj, A. Calborean","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120593","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were applied in this work to nine industrially fabricated lead–acid battery prototypes, which were divided into three type/technology packages. Frequency-dependent impedance changes were interpreted during successive charge/discharge cycles in two distinct stages: (1) immediately after fabrication and (2) after a controlled aging procedure to 50% depth of discharge following industrial standards. To investigate their state of health behavior vs. electrical response, three methods were employed, namely, the Q-Q0 total charge analysis, the decay values of the constant-phase element in the equivalent Randles circuits, and the resonance frequency of the circuit. A direct correlation was found for the prediction of the best-performing batteries in each package, thus allowing for a qualitative analysis that was capable of providing the decay of the batteries’ states of health. We found which parameters were directly connected with their lifetime performance in both stages and, as a consequence, which type/technology battery prototype displayed the best performance. Based on this methodology, industrial producers can further establish the quality of novel batteries in terms of performance vs. lifespan, allowing them to validate the novel technological innovations implemented in the current prototypes.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"1985 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138973815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120590
Jae Hong Choi, Sumyeong Choi, Tom James Embleton, Kyung-Min Ko, Kashif Saleem Saqib, Mina Jo, Junhyeok Hwang, S. Park, Yoonkook Son, P. Oh
All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLBs) represent a promising breakthrough in battery technology owing to their high energy density and exceptional stability. When crafting cathode electrodes for ASSLBs, the solid electrolyte/cathode material interface is physically hindered by the specific morphology of carbon additive materials. In this paper, we examine the distribution of conductive additives within the electrode and its impact on the electrochemical performance of composites incorporating either nano-sized carbon black (CB) or micron-sized carbon nanofibers (CNF) into Ni-rich (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) cathode material based composites. When nano-sized CB is employed as a conductive additive, it enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite by adopting a uniform distribution. However, its positioning between the solid electrolyte and cathode material leads to an increase in interfacial resistance during charge and discharge cycles, resulting in decreased electrochemical performance. In contrast, using micron-sized CNF as a conductive additive results in a reduction in the composite’s electrical conductivity compared to CB. Nevertheless, due to the comparatively uninterrupted interfaces between the solid electrolyte and cathode materials, it exhibits superior electrochemical characteristics. Our findings are expected to aid the fabrication of electrochemical-enhanced cathode composite electrodes for ASSLBs.
{"title":"Analysis of Ni-Rich Cathode Composite Electrode Performance According to the Conductive Additive Distribution for Application in Sulfide All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Jae Hong Choi, Sumyeong Choi, Tom James Embleton, Kyung-Min Ko, Kashif Saleem Saqib, Mina Jo, Junhyeok Hwang, S. Park, Yoonkook Son, P. Oh","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120590","url":null,"abstract":"All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLBs) represent a promising breakthrough in battery technology owing to their high energy density and exceptional stability. When crafting cathode electrodes for ASSLBs, the solid electrolyte/cathode material interface is physically hindered by the specific morphology of carbon additive materials. In this paper, we examine the distribution of conductive additives within the electrode and its impact on the electrochemical performance of composites incorporating either nano-sized carbon black (CB) or micron-sized carbon nanofibers (CNF) into Ni-rich (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) cathode material based composites. When nano-sized CB is employed as a conductive additive, it enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite by adopting a uniform distribution. However, its positioning between the solid electrolyte and cathode material leads to an increase in interfacial resistance during charge and discharge cycles, resulting in decreased electrochemical performance. In contrast, using micron-sized CNF as a conductive additive results in a reduction in the composite’s electrical conductivity compared to CB. Nevertheless, due to the comparatively uninterrupted interfaces between the solid electrolyte and cathode materials, it exhibits superior electrochemical characteristics. Our findings are expected to aid the fabrication of electrochemical-enhanced cathode composite electrodes for ASSLBs.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"159 14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.3390/batteries9120589
O. Renier, Andrea Pellini, J. Spooren
Olivine-type lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a popular choice for electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary energy storage systems. In the context of recycling, this study addresses the complex challenge of separating black mass of spent LFP batteries from its main composing materials to allow for direct recycling. In this study, 71% copper and 81% aluminium foil impurities were removed by sieving black mass to <250 µm. Next, the application of froth flotation as a separation technique was explored, examining the influence of chemical agents, pre-treatment, and multi-step processes. Frother agent addition improved material recovery in the froth, while collector addition influenced the separation efficiency and enhanced graphite recovery. Pre-treatment, particularly sonication, was found to break down agglomerates and further improve separation. Multi-step flotation increased the purity of recovered fractions. The optimized process for a black mass < 250 µm, involving sonication pre-treatment and double flotation, resulted in enriched carbonaceous material (80.3 mol%) in froth fractions and high LFP concentration (81.9 mol%) in tailings fractions. The recovered spent LFP cathode material contained 37.20 wt% Fe2P2O7, a degradation product of LiFePO4. This research offers valuable insights for the development of efficient battery recycling methods for LFP batteries.
{"title":"Advances in the Separation of Graphite from Lithium Iron Phosphate from End-of-Life Batteries Shredded Fine Fraction Using Simple Froth Flotation","authors":"O. Renier, Andrea Pellini, J. Spooren","doi":"10.3390/batteries9120589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120589","url":null,"abstract":"Olivine-type lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a popular choice for electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary energy storage systems. In the context of recycling, this study addresses the complex challenge of separating black mass of spent LFP batteries from its main composing materials to allow for direct recycling. In this study, 71% copper and 81% aluminium foil impurities were removed by sieving black mass to <250 µm. Next, the application of froth flotation as a separation technique was explored, examining the influence of chemical agents, pre-treatment, and multi-step processes. Frother agent addition improved material recovery in the froth, while collector addition influenced the separation efficiency and enhanced graphite recovery. Pre-treatment, particularly sonication, was found to break down agglomerates and further improve separation. Multi-step flotation increased the purity of recovered fractions. The optimized process for a black mass < 250 µm, involving sonication pre-treatment and double flotation, resulted in enriched carbonaceous material (80.3 mol%) in froth fractions and high LFP concentration (81.9 mol%) in tailings fractions. The recovered spent LFP cathode material contained 37.20 wt% Fe2P2O7, a degradation product of LiFePO4. This research offers valuable insights for the development of efficient battery recycling methods for LFP batteries.","PeriodicalId":8755,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"42 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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