Background
The most prevalent subtype of renal cell carcinoma is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Approximately 20–30 % of ccRCC patients develop metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC), characterized by aggressive tumor behavior and resistance to conventional therapies. Identification of critical hub genes involved in mccRCC progression is essential for advancing clinical management.
Methods
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) about ccRCC were identified by integrated analysis of four public datasets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and topological analyses were executed to pinpoint hub genes. Functional assays, including quantitative real-time PCR, proliferation, Western blotting, transwell assays, and Seahorse metabolic flux analysis, were performed in ccRCC cell lines.
Results
Albumin (ALB) was recognized as a hub gene consistently downregulated in ccRCC and mccRCC cell lines. ALB expression proved a strong correlation with tumor stage, metastasis, and histological grade. Functional experiments demonstrated that ALB suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary and metastatic ccRCC. Mechanistically, ALB showed a negative association with SPARC, which could potentially influence EMT progression. Metabolomic and glycolytic flux analyses revealed that ALB overexpression reprogrammed glycolysis by reducing glycolytic intermediates, glucose uptake, and lactate production. Silencing ALB enhanced glycolysis and malignant phenotypes, which were reversed by glycolysis inhibition or SPARC knockdown.
Conclusion
ALB is associated with reduced proliferation, EMT, and glycolytic activity in mccRCC, potentially through its negative association with SPARC. This study provides novel insights into mccRCC pathogenesis and identifies ALB as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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