Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940734
S. Kratschmer, H. Zettel, Esther Ockermüller, Dominique Zimmermann, Sabine Schoder, J. Neumayer, F. Gusenleitner, Katharina Zenz, Karl Mazzucco, A. Ebmer, M. Kuhlmann
Introduction Wild bees are among the most important pollinators for zoophilous wild plants and crops (Klein et al., 2007; Kremen et al., 2007; Ollerton et al., 2011). They provide a key ecosystem function, as zoophilous plants depend on adapted visitors for effective reproduction, and many organisms of other trophic levels in turn depend on plant products as food resources (Abrol, 2012). Land use change along with agricultural intensification are major drivers for biodiversity loss (Beckmann et al., 2019; Butchart et al., 2010). The close relation of wild bees and plants increases the risk of cascading extinctions with severe consequences for resilient ecosystem function (Papanikolaou et al., 2017). Therefore the protection and successful conservation of both wild bees and plants is of utmost importance to cope with ongoing biodiversity loss and ensure human well-being (Potts et al., 2016; Senapathi et al., 2015).
野生蜜蜂是嗜兽野生植物和作物最重要的传粉者之一(Klein et al.， 2007;Kremen et al.， 2007;Ollerton et al.， 2011)。它们提供了一种关键的生态系统功能，因为嗜虫植物依赖于适应的访客进行有效繁殖，而许多其他营养水平的生物反过来又依赖于植物产品作为食物资源(Abrol, 2012)。土地利用变化和农业集约化是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素(Beckmann et al.， 2019;Butchart et al.， 2010)。野生蜜蜂与植物的密切关系增加了级联灭绝的风险，对弹性生态系统功能造成严重后果(Papanikolaou等人，2017)。因此，保护和成功保护野生蜜蜂和植物对于应对持续的生物多样性丧失和确保人类福祉至关重要(Potts等人，2016;Senapathi et al.， 2015)。
{"title":"Threat Ahead? An Experts’ Opinion on the Need for Red Lists of Bees to Mitigate Accelerating Extinction Risks – The Case of Austria","authors":"S. Kratschmer, H. Zettel, Esther Ockermüller, Dominique Zimmermann, Sabine Schoder, J. Neumayer, F. Gusenleitner, Katharina Zenz, Karl Mazzucco, A. Ebmer, M. Kuhlmann","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940734","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Wild bees are among the most important pollinators for zoophilous wild plants and crops (Klein et al., 2007; Kremen et al., 2007; Ollerton et al., 2011). They provide a key ecosystem function, as zoophilous plants depend on adapted visitors for effective reproduction, and many organisms of other trophic levels in turn depend on plant products as food resources (Abrol, 2012). Land use change along with agricultural intensification are major drivers for biodiversity loss (Beckmann et al., 2019; Butchart et al., 2010). The close relation of wild bees and plants increases the risk of cascading extinctions with severe consequences for resilient ecosystem function (Papanikolaou et al., 2017). Therefore the protection and successful conservation of both wild bees and plants is of utmost importance to cope with ongoing biodiversity loss and ensure human well-being (Potts et al., 2016; Senapathi et al., 2015).","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"91 1","pages":"74 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83731612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940580
Jovana Bila Dubaic´, Julia Lanner
Background Bees are among the most important pollinators (Klein et al., 2007; Ollerton et al., 2011) with an estimated global monetary value of ecosystem services of minimum US$195 billion per year (Porto et al., 2020). Some bee species live outside their native range after they were either deliberately or accidentally introduced to new environments. Such non-native bees are not necessarily invasive. They might offer positive services to their new environment e.g., provide rescue for native plants where their actual pollinator became extinct (Russo, 2016; Schlaepfer et al., 2011). However, in rare cases they might have negative impacts on the native fauna and flora and are considered as invasive species (Catford et al., 2009; Colautti & Richardson, 2009). Invasive bees are potential competitors of native bees for nesting sites and floral resources and may act as suitable pollinators for invasive plants (Groves, 2006). Bees becoming invasive may alter the seed set of native plants by decreased or increased flower visitations or influence local pollination networks. Moreover, invasive species are possible vectors of newly introduced parasites and pathogens (Aizen et al., 2014; Goulson, 2003; Groves, 2006). Taking all this into consideration it is evident that non-native species need to be studied and monitored closely.
蜜蜂是最重要的传粉者之一(Klein et al.， 2007;Ollerton et al.， 2011)，估计全球生态系统服务的货币价值至少为每年1950亿美元(Porto et al.， 2020)。一些蜜蜂物种在被有意或无意地引入新环境后，就生活在它们的原生范围之外。这些非本地蜜蜂不一定是入侵性的。它们可能会为新环境提供积极的服务，例如，在它们的传粉者灭绝的地方，为本地植物提供救援(Russo, 2016;Schlaepfer et al.， 2011)。然而，在极少数情况下，它们可能对本地动植物产生负面影响，并被视为入侵物种(Catford et al.， 2009;Colautti & Richardson, 2009)。入侵蜜蜂是本地蜜蜂在筑巢地点和花卉资源方面的潜在竞争对手，可能是入侵植物的合适传粉者(Groves, 2006)。蜜蜂的入侵可能会通过减少或增加花的访问来改变本地植物的种子集或影响当地的授粉网络。此外，入侵物种可能是新引入的寄生虫和病原体的媒介(Aizen et al.， 2014;Goulson, 2003;林,2006)。考虑到所有这些因素，显然需要对非本地物种进行密切的研究和监测。
{"title":"Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): A Valuable Study Organism for Invasive Pollinators and the Role of Beekeepers in Ongoing Monitoring Programs","authors":"Jovana Bila Dubaic´, Julia Lanner","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940580","url":null,"abstract":"Background Bees are among the most important pollinators (Klein et al., 2007; Ollerton et al., 2011) with an estimated global monetary value of ecosystem services of minimum US$195 billion per year (Porto et al., 2020). Some bee species live outside their native range after they were either deliberately or accidentally introduced to new environments. Such non-native bees are not necessarily invasive. They might offer positive services to their new environment e.g., provide rescue for native plants where their actual pollinator became extinct (Russo, 2016; Schlaepfer et al., 2011). However, in rare cases they might have negative impacts on the native fauna and flora and are considered as invasive species (Catford et al., 2009; Colautti & Richardson, 2009). Invasive bees are potential competitors of native bees for nesting sites and floral resources and may act as suitable pollinators for invasive plants (Groves, 2006). Bees becoming invasive may alter the seed set of native plants by decreased or increased flower visitations or influence local pollination networks. Moreover, invasive species are possible vectors of newly introduced parasites and pathogens (Aizen et al., 2014; Goulson, 2003; Groves, 2006). Taking all this into consideration it is evident that non-native species need to be studied and monitored closely.","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"21 1","pages":"78 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79711895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1933364
Pauleen Maria Ishii, Takeshi Sato, K. Miyazawa, N. Suzuki
Traditional beekeeping in Japan with Japanese honey bees faces challenges. The introduction of Western honey bees in 1877 (Kojima et al., 2011) led to the marginalization of Japanese honey bees due to the Western honey bees’ higher honey production (Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld, 2016) and ease of transportation for pollination services. Wild colonies of Japanese honey bees must be captured for honey harvesting purposes since grafting queen bees is challenging and queen bees and colonies are not available for commercial purchase. Three major challenges are recognized throughout the industry: low honey yields, a tendency to abscond (Maeda & Sakamoto, 2016) and honey is typically only extracted once per year (Sakai & Matsuka, 1982) due to hive design and low honey production.
{"title":"Increased Honey Yield of Apis cerana japonica Using Half-Sized Flow® Frames in a Traditional Japanese Beehive","authors":"Pauleen Maria Ishii, Takeshi Sato, K. Miyazawa, N. Suzuki","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1933364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1933364","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional beekeeping in Japan with Japanese honey bees faces challenges. The introduction of Western honey bees in 1877 (Kojima et al., 2011) led to the marginalization of Japanese honey bees due to the Western honey bees’ higher honey production (Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld, 2016) and ease of transportation for pollination services. Wild colonies of Japanese honey bees must be captured for honey harvesting purposes since grafting queen bees is challenging and queen bees and colonies are not available for commercial purchase. Three major challenges are recognized throughout the industry: low honey yields, a tendency to abscond (Maeda & Sakamoto, 2016) and honey is typically only extracted once per year (Sakai & Matsuka, 1982) due to hive design and low honey production.","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"46 1","pages":"115 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84949221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1935611
F. Hatjina, N. Adjlane, Leonidas Charistos, R. Dall’Olio, M. Dražić, Janja Filipi, S. Patalano, N. Kezic
The varroa mite (Varroa destructor), a complex ectoparasite with a very distinctive biology (Rosenkranz et al., 2010) is considered a key pest affecting beekeeping and honey bee health worldwide (T...
瓦螨(瓦螨破坏者)是一种复杂的体外寄生虫，具有非常独特的生物学特性(Rosenkranz et al.， 2010)，被认为是影响全球养蜂业和蜜蜂健康的主要害虫(T…
{"title":"Citizen Scientist Initiative for Measuring Varroa Damage Thresholds: Common Efforts for Data Collection - CSI Varroa","authors":"F. Hatjina, N. Adjlane, Leonidas Charistos, R. Dall’Olio, M. Dražić, Janja Filipi, S. Patalano, N. Kezic","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1935611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1935611","url":null,"abstract":"The varroa mite (Varroa destructor), a complex ectoparasite with a very distinctive biology (Rosenkranz et al., 2010) is considered a key pest affecting beekeeping and honey bee health worldwide (T...","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"131 1","pages":"132 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89472416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1930454
D. Abrol, Uma Shankar
Botanical Description Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis DC syn. G. asiatica L.) is an underutilized fruit crop, hardy in nature, and can withstand drought and temperatures up to 44 °C which is suitable for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas throughout the world. It belongs to the family Malvaceae and is thought to be a native of India. Linnaeus named a genus of trees Grewia in honor of Boninia Grew who is known as the father of plant anatomy. More than 400 species of genus Grewia are distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Australia (Whitehouse et al., 2001). The Phalsa is a deciduous bush but can grow into a tree as high as 10 m if left unpruned. It is a multipurpose bushy shrub mostly incorporated as fillers and intercrops with medicinal and aromatic plants and in young orchards for obtaining more remuneration to farm families, cover crops for maintaining soil fertility, ecological health of the fragile agroecosystems and thereby reducing soil erosion and multi-strata combinations with fruiting trees in agroforestry systems.
Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis DC syn. G. asiatica L.)是一种未被充分利用的水果作物，性质耐寒，可承受干旱和高达44°C的温度，适合在世界各地的干旱和半干旱地区种植。它属于Malvaceae家族，被认为是印度本土的。林奈为了纪念被称为植物解剖学之父的博尼尼亚·格鲁，将一种树命名为格鲁瓦。超过400种的绿尾草属分布在非洲、亚洲和澳大利亚的热带至亚热带地区(Whitehouse等，2001年)。蝴蝶花是一种落叶灌木，但如果不修剪，可以长到10米高的树。它是一种多用途的灌丛灌木，主要作为药用和芳香植物的填料和间作，在幼小的果园中用于为农户获得更多的报酬，覆盖作物用于维持土壤肥力，维持脆弱的农业生态系统的生态健康，从而减少土壤侵蚀，并在农林业系统中与果树进行多层组合。
{"title":"Phalsa is an Excellent Forage Plant for Bees and Other Visiting Insects","authors":"D. Abrol, Uma Shankar","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1930454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1930454","url":null,"abstract":"Botanical Description Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis DC syn. G. asiatica L.) is an underutilized fruit crop, hardy in nature, and can withstand drought and temperatures up to 44 °C which is suitable for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas throughout the world. It belongs to the family Malvaceae and is thought to be a native of India. Linnaeus named a genus of trees Grewia in honor of Boninia Grew who is known as the father of plant anatomy. More than 400 species of genus Grewia are distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Australia (Whitehouse et al., 2001). The Phalsa is a deciduous bush but can grow into a tree as high as 10 m if left unpruned. It is a multipurpose bushy shrub mostly incorporated as fillers and intercrops with medicinal and aromatic plants and in young orchards for obtaining more remuneration to farm families, cover crops for maintaining soil fertility, ecological health of the fragile agroecosystems and thereby reducing soil erosion and multi-strata combinations with fruiting trees in agroforestry systems.","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"75 1","pages":"100 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82531057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.1080/0005772x.2021.1933363
D. Abrol, Uma Shankar
Honey bees, especially Apis dorsata Fab. and A. florea F., are broadly found associated with forests. Whereas, A. cerana indica F., is found both in wild and in domesticated state. Flowers of forest trees provide subsistence for honey bees and the trees physically provide shelter for a swarm or bee colony. Forest management and beekeeping have each had a long history both in India and globally, but have seldom been integrated or studied in a systematic fashion. Purposeful plantings of trees, as in agroforestry systems, could be designed to favor bee forage sources for successful management of bees. Tree growing and beekeeping can easily be combined for several reasons. Both are sustainable on land that is hilly or otherwise less desirable for other agricultural purposes (Brown, 2001; Crane & Walker, 1985; Hill & Webster, 1995). Both can be sustained while the grower/beekeeper is busy with other farming occupations. Beehives require very little space, while the bees themselves can forage in a radius of 4 to 5 km. Hives may be located within or near a tree plantation, and utilize both the trees and surrounding other flowering plants for forage. Combining forestry and beekeeping provides annual honey bee products (e.g., honey, beeswax) to supplement income from a landowner’s long term forest managements. Combining bees and trees is one way of accomplishing this goal. This paper addresses several important known bee-tree interactions which need more systematic study.
{"title":"Role of Agroforestry in Apiculture","authors":"D. Abrol, Uma Shankar","doi":"10.1080/0005772x.2021.1933363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2021.1933363","url":null,"abstract":"Honey bees, especially Apis dorsata Fab. and A. florea F., are broadly found associated with forests. Whereas, A. cerana indica F., is found both in wild and in domesticated state. Flowers of forest trees provide subsistence for honey bees and the trees physically provide shelter for a swarm or bee colony. Forest management and beekeeping have each had a long history both in India and globally, but have seldom been integrated or studied in a systematic fashion. Purposeful plantings of trees, as in agroforestry systems, could be designed to favor bee forage sources for successful management of bees. Tree growing and beekeeping can easily be combined for several reasons. Both are sustainable on land that is hilly or otherwise less desirable for other agricultural purposes (Brown, 2001; Crane & Walker, 1985; Hill & Webster, 1995). Both can be sustained while the grower/beekeeper is busy with other farming occupations. Beehives require very little space, while the bees themselves can forage in a radius of 4 to 5 km. Hives may be located within or near a tree plantation, and utilize both the trees and surrounding other flowering plants for forage. Combining forestry and beekeeping provides annual honey bee products (e.g., honey, beeswax) to supplement income from a landowner’s long term forest managements. Combining bees and trees is one way of accomplishing this goal. This paper addresses several important known bee-tree interactions which need more systematic study.","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"46 1","pages":"124 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90914522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1927576
Victoria Viert, J. Wegener, K. Bienefeld
There are over 25 different subspecies of the Western honey bee that have emerged through adaptation to a wide range of different environmental conditions (Kandemir et al., 2011). They are able to ...
西方蜜蜂有超过25种不同的亚种，它们通过适应各种不同的环境条件而出现(Kandemir et al.， 2011)。他们能够……
{"title":"Europe’s First Gene Bank for Honey Bees","authors":"Victoria Viert, J. Wegener, K. Bienefeld","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1927576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1927576","url":null,"abstract":"There are over 25 different subspecies of the Western honey bee that have emerged through adaptation to a wide range of different environmental conditions (Kandemir et al., 2011). They are able to ...","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"47 1","pages":"110 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81489774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-30DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1891724
C. Brasesco, G. D. de Landa, S. Quintana, C. Junges, V. di Gerónimo, L. Porrini, F. Reynaldi, M. Eguaras, M. Maggi
Introduction European honey bees (Apis mellifera) are highly social insects that live in colonies (Pennisi, 2006; Winston, 1987); they are very important for agriculture, fulfilling an important role in pollination and renewal of the ecosystem (DeGrandiHoffman & Chen, 2015; McMenamin & Flenniken, 2018; Pettis et al., 2013). However, significant losses of colonies and population decline of honey bees and native bees have been reported in several countries in recent years. Most researchers agree that premature losses are linked to several factors, including viral infections that have a great impact on the colonies (Ellis & Munn, 2005; Evans & Schwarz, 2011; Martin et al., 2012; Mondet et al., 2014).
欧洲蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)是高度群居的昆虫，生活在群体中(Pennisi, 2006;温斯顿,1987);它们对农业非常重要，在授粉和生态系统更新中发挥着重要作用(degrandehoffman & Chen, 2015;McMenamin & Flenniken, 2018;Pettis et al.， 2013)。然而，近年来一些国家报道了蜜蜂和本地蜜蜂的重大损失和种群下降。大多数研究人员认为，过早损失与几个因素有关，包括对菌落有很大影响的病毒感染(Ellis & Munn, 2005;Evans & Schwarz, 2011;Martin et al.， 2012;Mondet et al.， 2014)。
{"title":"A Lake Sinai Virus Variant is Infecting Managed Honey Bee Colonies of Argentina with Varying Degrees of Varroa destructor Infestation","authors":"C. Brasesco, G. D. de Landa, S. Quintana, C. Junges, V. di Gerónimo, L. Porrini, F. Reynaldi, M. Eguaras, M. Maggi","doi":"10.1080/0005772X.2021.1891724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1891724","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction European honey bees (Apis mellifera) are highly social insects that live in colonies (Pennisi, 2006; Winston, 1987); they are very important for agriculture, fulfilling an important role in pollination and renewal of the ecosystem (DeGrandiHoffman & Chen, 2015; McMenamin & Flenniken, 2018; Pettis et al., 2013). However, significant losses of colonies and population decline of honey bees and native bees have been reported in several countries in recent years. Most researchers agree that premature losses are linked to several factors, including viral infections that have a great impact on the colonies (Ellis & Munn, 2005; Evans & Schwarz, 2011; Martin et al., 2012; Mondet et al., 2014).","PeriodicalId":8783,"journal":{"name":"Bee World","volume":"19 1","pages":"126 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91126184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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