The European journal of cognitive psychology最新文献

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Rules versus statistics in reading aloud: New evidence on an old debate 朗读中的规则与统计:旧辩论的新证据

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2010-01-06 DOI: 10.1080/09541440902978365

C. Perry, J. Ziegler, M. Braun, M. Zorzi

Nonword reading performance, that is, the ability to generate plausible pronunciations to novel items, has probably been the hardest test case for computational models of reading aloud. This is an area where rule-based models, such as the Dual-Route Cascaded (DRC) model, typically outperformed connectionist learning models. However, what is the evidence that people apply rules when reading nonwords? This was investigated in German. Nonwords were created that allowed us to test whether people apply an abstract rule to determine vowel length or whether they would be sensitive to the statistical distribution of vowel length in the mental lexicon. The human data showed a great amount of variability in nonword pronunciations. Simulations of these nonwords, where the DRC was contrasted with a fully implemented and freely available German version of the connectionist dual process model (German_CDP+), a model that learns the statistical mapping between spelling and sound, showed that CDP+ provided a better account of the data than the DRC. These results support the view that rule based models may simply approximate patterns of language use rather than provide an accurate description of the underlying cognitive machinery.

非单词阅读性能，即为新条目生成合理发音的能力，可能是大声朗读计算模型最难的测试案例。这是一个基于规则的模型，如双路级联(DRC)模型，通常优于连接主义学习模型的领域。然而，有什么证据表明人们在阅读非单词时遵循规则呢?这是在德国进行的调查。创造Nonwords是为了测试人们是否应用抽象规则来确定元音长度，或者他们是否对心理词汇中元音长度的统计分布很敏感。人类的数据显示非单词发音有很大的可变性。在对这些非词的模拟中，DRC与一个完全实现且免费提供的德语版本的连接主义双重过程模型(German_CDP+)进行了对比，后者是一个学习拼写和发音之间统计映射的模型，结果表明CDP+提供了比DRC更好的数据说明。这些结果支持这样一种观点，即基于规则的模型可能只是简单地近似语言使用模式，而不是提供对潜在认知机制的准确描述。

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引用次数: 21

Dual representation of item positions in verbal short-term memory: Evidence for two access modes. 言语短时记忆中项目位置的双重表征：两种存取模式的证据

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/09541440903155658

Elke B Lange, Paul Verhaeghen, John Cerella

Memory sets of N = 1~5 digits were exposed sequentially from left-to-right across the screen, followed by N recognition probes. Probes had to be compared to memory list items on identity only (Sternberg task) or conditional on list position. Positions were probed randomly or in left-to-right order. Search functions related probe response times to set size. Random probing led to ramped, "Sternbergian" functions whose intercepts were elevated by the location requirement. Sequential probing led to flat search functions-fast responses unaffected by set size. These results suggested that items in STM could be accessed either by a slow search-on-identity followed by recovery of an associated location tag, or in a single step by following item-to-item links in study order. It is argued that this dual coding of location information occurs spontaneously at study, and that either code can be utilised at retrieval depending on test demands.

由 N = 1 至 5 个数字组成的记忆集在屏幕上从左到右依次显示，然后是 N 个识别探针。探针必须与记忆列表中的项目进行比较，比较的条件只能是同一性（斯特恩伯格任务）或列表位置。探针的位置是随机的或按从左到右的顺序排列的。搜索功能将探针反应时间与集合大小相关联。随机探测会导致 "斯特恩伯格 "函数的上升，其截距会因位置要求而升高。顺序探测则会产生平缓的搜索函数--快速反应不受集合大小的影响。这些结果表明，STM 中的项目既可以通过缓慢的身份搜索，然后恢复相关的位置标记来获取，也可以按照研究顺序，通过项目到项目的链接，一步到位地获取。研究认为，这种位置信息的双重编码是在学习过程中自发产生的，检索时可根据测试要求使用其中任何一种编码。

引用次数: 0

Preparing fingers within and between hands: Examining the maximal preparation benefit in older age 手内和手间手指的准备:检查老年人的最大准备效益

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/09541440802685573

Sofie Moresi, J. Adam, Pascal W. M. Van Gerven, Barbara G. Werrij, M. V. van Boxtel, J. Jolles

Previous research has demonstrated an age-related deficit in the preparation of finger responses. A key question is whether the age-related deficit reflects differences in speed of preparation or differences in the maximal preparation benefit that can be attained given sufficiently long preparation intervals. The present study examined this issue by asking a group of younger and older adults to perform the finger-cueing task with four, relatively long, preparation intervals that varied randomly across trials. Reaction time results demonstrated that older adults were deficient in preparing two fingers on two hands at the two shortest preparation intervals, but not at the two longest ones. This outcome suggests that, with randomised preparation intervals, older adults require more time than younger adults to achieve the maximal level of between-hands preparation.

先前的研究表明，手指反应的准备存在与年龄相关的缺陷。一个关键的问题是，与年龄相关的缺陷是否反映了准备速度的差异，还是在足够长的准备间隔下所能获得的最大准备效益的差异。目前的研究调查了这个问题，要求一组年轻人和老年人在四个相对较长的准备时间间隔内完成手指提示任务，在不同的试验中随机变化。反应时间结果表明，老年人在两个最短的准备间隔中存在两只手上的两个手指的准备不足，而在两个最长的准备间隔中则没有。这一结果表明，在随机准备间隔下，老年人比年轻人需要更多的时间来达到最大的两手准备水平。

引用次数: 2

Is phonological short-term memory related to phonological analysis stages in auditory sentence processing? 语音短期记忆与听觉句子加工中的语音分析阶段有关吗?

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/09541440902733216

S. Majerus, J. Lorent

Despite extensive research, the role of phonological short-term memory (STM) during oral sentence comprehension remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that phonological STM is involved in phonological analysis stages of the incoming words, but not in sentence comprehension per se. We compared phonological STM capacity and processing times for natural sentences and sentences containing phonetically ambiguous words. The sentences were presented for an auditory sentence anomaly judgement task and processing times for each word were measured. STM was measured via nonword and word immediate serial recall tasks, indexing phonological and lexicosemantic STM capacity, respectively. Significantly increased processing times were observed for phonetically ambiguous words, relative to natural stimuli in same sentence positions. Phonological STM capacity correlated with the size of this phonetic ambiguity effect. However, phonological STM capacity did not correlate with measures of later semantic integration processes while lexicosemantic STM did. This study suggests that phonological STM is associated with phonological analysis processes during sentence processing.

尽管有大量的研究，语音短期记忆在口语句子理解中的作用仍不清楚。我们测试了语音STM参与输入单词的语音分析阶段，但不参与句子理解本身的假设。我们比较了自然句和含有语音歧义词的句子的语音STM容量和处理时间。将这些句子提交给一个听觉句子异常判断任务，并测量每个单词的处理时间。通过非单词和单词即时串行回忆任务，分别索引语音和词汇语义上的STM能力来测量STM。相对于相同句子位置的自然刺激，对语音歧义词的处理时间显著增加。语音STM能力与语音歧义效应的大小相关。然而，语音STM能力与后期语义整合过程的测量不相关，而词汇语义STM则相关。本研究表明，语音STM与句子加工过程中的语音分析过程有关。

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引用次数: 13

Causal powers and preventers: An explanatory account of cue interaction effects in human causal judgement 因果力与预防:人类因果判断中线索相互作用效应的解释性解释

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/09541440802539531

P. White

According to the causal powers theory, all causal relations are understood in terms of causal powers of one thing producing an effect by acting on liability of another thing. Powers can vary in strength, and their operation also depends on the presence of preventers. When an effect occurs, there is a need to account for the occurrence by assigning sufficient strength to produce it to its possible causes. Contingency information is used to estimate strengths of powers and preventers and the extent to which they account for occurrences and nonoccurrences of the outcome. People make causal judgements from contingency information by processes of inference that interpret evidence in terms of this fundamental understanding. From this account it is possible to derive a computational model based on a common set of principles that involve estimating strengths, using these estimates to interpret ambiguous information, and integrating the resultant evidence in a weighted averaging model. It is shown that the model predicts cue interaction effects in human causal judgement, including forward and backward blocking, second and third order backward blocking, forward and backward conditioned inhibition, recovery from overshadowing, superlearning, and backward superlearning.

根据因果力理论，所有的因果关系都被理解为一件事通过作用于另一件事的责任而产生效果的因果力。功率可以在强度上变化，它们的运行也取决于防喷器的存在。当一个结果发生时，有必要通过分配足够的力量来解释它的发生，以产生它的可能原因。权变信息用于估计力量和预防力量的强度，以及它们在多大程度上解释结果的发生和不发生。人们通过推理过程从偶然性信息中做出因果判断，这种推理过程根据这种基本理解来解释证据。从这个解释中，可以推导出一个基于一组通用原则的计算模型，这些原则涉及估计强度，使用这些估计来解释模糊信息，并将所得证据整合到加权平均模型中。结果表明，该模型预测了人类因果判断中的线索交互效应，包括前向和后向阻断、二级和三级后向阻断、前向和后向条件抑制、阴影恢复、超学习和后向超学习。

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引用次数: 1

Effects of referential ambiguity, time constraints and addressee orientation on the production of morphologically complex words 指称歧义、时间约束和收件人取向对词形复杂词生成的影响

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/09541440902719025

Jens Bölte, Andrea Böhl, C. Dobel, P. Zwitserlood

In five experiments, participants were asked to describe unambiguously a target picture in a picture–picture paradigm. In the same-category condition, target (e.g., water bucket) and distractor picture (e.g., ice bucket) had identical names when their preferred, morphologically simple, name was used (e.g., bucket). The ensuing lexical ambiguity could be resolved by compound use (e.g., water bucket). Simple names sufficed as means of specification in other conditions, with distractors identical to the target, completely unrelated, or geometric figures. With standard timing parameters, participants produced mainly ambiguous answers in Experiment 1. An increase in available processing time hardly improved unambiguous responding (Experiment 2). A referential communication instruction (Experiment 3) increased the number of compound responses considerably, but morphologically simple answers still prevailed. Unambiguous responses outweighed ambiguous ones in Experiment 4, when timing parameters were further relaxed. Finally, the requirement to name both objects resulted in a nearly perfect ambiguity resolution (Experiment 5). Together, the results showed that speakers overcome lexical ambiguity only when time permits, when an addressee perspective is given and, most importantly, when their own speech overtly signals the ambiguity.

在五个实验中，参与者被要求在图片-图片范式中明确地描述目标图片。在同一类别条件下，当目标(如水桶)和干扰物(如冰桶)的首选名称(如水桶)被使用时，它们具有相同的名称。随后的词汇歧义可以通过复合用法来解决(例如，water bucket)。在其他情况下，简单的名称足以作为说明的手段，与目标相同的干扰物，完全不相关的，或几何图形。在标准时间参数下，实验1中被试的回答主要是模棱两可的。可用处理时间的增加几乎没有改善明确的回答(实验2)。参考交际指令(实验3)大大增加了复合回答的数量，但形态上简单的回答仍然占主导地位。在实验4中，当时间参数进一步放宽时，明确的反应多于模糊的反应。最后，要求说出两个对象的名字导致了几乎完美的歧义解决(实验5)。总之，结果表明，说话者只有在时间允许的情况下才能克服词汇歧义，当收信人给出了观点，最重要的是，当他们自己的讲话公开表明歧义时。

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引用次数: 2

Animacy in the adjunction of Spanish RCs to complex NPs 西班牙rc与复杂np结合的动画性

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/09541440802622824

Carlos Acuña-Fariña, I. Fraga, J. García-Orza, Ana P. Piñeiro

The present paper focuses on the role of animacy in the processing of relative clauses (RCs) after complex NPs. We follow research by the Desmet et al. team on Dutch in exploring the role of animacy in Spanish RCs. We present data from a corpus study and two self-paced experiments and we compare the three studies and the Dutch and Spanish results. Our main objective is to fill important gaps in past research on the processing of adjunction ties in Spanish and to offer a more detailed exploration of grain effects in exposure-based accounts. In particular, we have sought both to analyse the match between corpus studies and online processing in Spanish much more closely than it has been until now and to see whether animacy could revert the well-established tendency of Spanish RCs to attach high inside the complex noun phrase.

本文主要研究了在复杂np后，生命性在关系分句加工中的作用。我们遵循Desmet等人对荷兰人的研究，探索西班牙语RCs中动画的作用。我们提供了一个语料库研究和两个自定进度实验的数据，并将这三个研究与荷兰和西班牙的结果进行了比较。我们的主要目标是填补过去在西班牙语中附加关系处理研究中的重要空白，并提供更详细的基于暴露的描述中的颗粒效应探索。特别是，我们试图更密切地分析语料库研究和西班牙语在线处理之间的匹配关系，并看看动画是否可以恢复西班牙语rc在复杂名词短语中高度附加的既定趋势。

引用次数: 21

Predictive gaze cues affect face evaluations: The effect of facial emotion. 预测性凝视线索影响面部评价:面部情绪的影响。

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-11-01 Epub Date: 2009-01-20 DOI: 10.1080/09541440802553490

Andrew P Bayliss, Debra Griffiths, Steven P Tipper

When we see someone change their direction of gaze, we spontaneously follow their eyes because we expect people to look at interesting objects. Bayliss and Tipper (2006) examined the consequences of observing this expectancy being either confirmed or violated by faces producing reliable or unreliable gaze cues. Participants viewed different faces that would consistently look at the target, or consistently look away from the target: The faces that consistently looked towards targets were subsequently chosen as being more trustworthy than the faces that consistently looked away from targets. The current work demonstrates that these gaze contingency effects are only detected when faces create a positive social context by smiling, but not in the negative context when all the faces held angry or neutral expressions. These data suggest that implicit processing of the reward contingencies associated with gaze cues relies on a positive emotional expression to maintain expectations of a favourable outcome of joint attention episodes.

当我们看到有人改变凝视的方向时，我们会自发地跟随他们的目光，因为我们希望人们看到有趣的东西。Bayliss和Tipper(2006)研究了观察到这种期望被面部产生可靠或不可靠的凝视线索所证实或违背的后果。参与者观看了不同的面孔，这些面孔要么一直看向目标，要么一直不看目标。随后，那些一直看向目标的面孔被认为比那些一直不看目标的面孔更值得信任。目前的研究表明，只有当脸通过微笑创造积极的社会环境时，这些凝视偶然性效应才会被检测到，而当所有的脸都带着愤怒或中性的表情时，这些凝视偶然性效应就不会在消极的环境中被检测到。这些数据表明，与凝视线索相关的奖励偶然性的内隐处理依赖于积极的情绪表达来维持对联合注意事件有利结果的期望。

引用次数: 47

High working memory load leads to more Ebbinghaus illusion 高工作记忆负荷导致更多的艾宾浩斯错觉

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-09-16 DOI: 10.1080/09541440802689302

J. D. de Fockert, Si-Yuan Wu

The evidence that distractor processing increases with greater load on working memory has come mainly from Stroop-type interference tasks, making it difficult to establish whether cognitive load affects distractor processing at the perceptual level or during response selection. We measured the Ebbinghaus illusion under varying levels of working memory load to test whether cognitive control is also relevant for preventing processing of distractors that do not produce any response conflict, and instead affect target processing at the perceptual level. The Ebbinghaus illusion was greater under high working memory load, suggesting that availability of cognitive control functions is critical to reduce distractor processing even for distractors that are not associated with a response. We conclude that the effect of loading working memory during selective attention leads to greater distractor perception.

干扰物加工随工作记忆负荷增加而增加的证据主要来自stroop型干扰任务，因此很难确定认知负荷是在知觉层面还是在反应选择层面影响干扰物加工。我们在不同水平的工作记忆负荷下测量了艾宾浩斯错觉，以测试认知控制是否也与防止不产生任何反应冲突的干扰物加工有关，而是在知觉水平上影响目标加工。艾宾浩斯错觉在高工作记忆负荷下更大，这表明认知控制功能的可用性对减少干扰物处理至关重要，即使对与反应无关的干扰物也是如此。我们的结论是，在选择性注意期间加载工作记忆的影响导致更大的干扰物感知。

引用次数: 19

New perspectives in assessing deception: The evolution of the truth machine 评估欺骗的新视角:真相机器的进化

The European journal of cognitive psychology

Pub Date : 2009-09-16 DOI: 10.1080/09541440802678347

S. Mastroberardino, Valerio Santangelo

In recent years a growing interest has arisen in the development of tools for the detection of deception. Since William M. Marston's first publication (1917) on the use of the polygraph as a lie detector, the application of this tool, commonly known as the truth machine, has evolved. Modern technologies are now trying to push the issue further, investigating brain activity during deception using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The aim of this paper is to summarise the evolution of research from the original use of the polygraph to the use of new technologies in detecting deception, in order to provide an overview of the recent developments on the use of measurements of deception, and promote new research in this highly important domain of applied cognitive psychology.

近年来，人们对开发检测欺骗的工具越来越感兴趣。自从威廉·m·马斯顿(William M. Marston)首次发表将测谎仪作为测谎工具以来(1917年)，这种通常被称为“真相机器”的工具的应用已经得到了发展。现代科技正试图进一步推动这一问题，利用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)研究欺骗过程中的大脑活动。本文的目的是总结从最初使用测谎仪到使用新技术检测欺骗的研究演变，以便概述欺骗测量使用的最新发展，并促进应用认知心理学这一高度重要领域的新研究。

引用次数: 1

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