Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.1080/09541446.2010.524201
D. Norris, S. Kinoshita
Bowers (2010) presented a critique of the account of masked priming presented by Norris and Kinoshita (2008) based on the Bayesian Reader model of visual word recognition (Norris, 2006). In this reply, we point out that: (1) Bowers' criticisms are based on his misunderstanding of both the Bayesian or ideal-observer approach, and the theoretical claims made in Norris and Kinoshita, and (2) Bowers' alternative account of the key data presented in Norris and Kinoshita relies on a series of ad hoc assumptions that are combined in different proportions to postdict any pattern of data.
{"title":"Explanation versus accommodation: Reply to Bowers (2010)","authors":"D. Norris, S. Kinoshita","doi":"10.1080/09541446.2010.524201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541446.2010.524201","url":null,"abstract":"Bowers (2010) presented a critique of the account of masked priming presented by Norris and Kinoshita (2008) based on the Bayesian Reader model of visual word recognition (Norris, 2006). In this reply, we point out that: (1) Bowers' criticisms are based on his misunderstanding of both the Bayesian or ideal-observer approach, and the theoretical claims made in Norris and Kinoshita, and (2) Bowers' alternative account of the key data presented in Norris and Kinoshita relies on a series of ad hoc assumptions that are combined in different proportions to postdict any pattern of data.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"30 1","pages":"1261 - 1269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87401704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.1080/09541446.2010.532120
J. Bowers
In this brief reply, I argue that the Bayesian reader can account for any pattern of data (including those not actually observed) because the predictions of the model are largely independent of any Bayesian principles. It is a good thing that the model is flexible, as the implemented model has been falsified by existing data.
{"title":"What are the Bayesian constraints in the Bayesian reader? Reply to Norris and Kinoshita (2010)","authors":"J. Bowers","doi":"10.1080/09541446.2010.532120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541446.2010.532120","url":null,"abstract":"In this brief reply, I argue that the Bayesian reader can account for any pattern of data (including those not actually observed) because the predictions of the model are largely independent of any Bayesian principles. It is a good thing that the model is flexible, as the implemented model has been falsified by existing data.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"1270 - 1273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87191060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1080/09541440903336555
M. K. de Carvalho Filho
This study assessed students' test performances and metacognitive processes in real classroom settings. Psychology undergraduates were categorised according to their metacognitive skills (high vs. low) and had their test performances and monitoring processes in two different types of tests (multiple-choice and short-answer tests) compared in individual and collaborative test conditions. Students' test preparation practices, attributions, and regulatory processes during test-taking were also compared by using open-ended questions. In the collaborative tests, three types of metacognitive pairings were made (high/high vs. high/low vs. low/low). Results showed that: (1) in individual tests, high-metacognitive students presented better performance and higher confidence levels due to their more effective test preparation practices and regulatory skills; (2) Differences in performance and confidence levels due to metacognitive skills disappear when students take tests collaboratively; (3) Over time, collaborative testing had particular positive effects on the low/low metacognitive pairings. Results are discussed focusing on their educational implications.
{"title":"Assessing changes in performance and monitoring processes in individual and collaborative tests according to students' metacognitive skills","authors":"M. K. de Carvalho Filho","doi":"10.1080/09541440903336555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440903336555","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed students' test performances and metacognitive processes in real classroom settings. Psychology undergraduates were categorised according to their metacognitive skills (high vs. low) and had their test performances and monitoring processes in two different types of tests (multiple-choice and short-answer tests) compared in individual and collaborative test conditions. Students' test preparation practices, attributions, and regulatory processes during test-taking were also compared by using open-ended questions. In the collaborative tests, three types of metacognitive pairings were made (high/high vs. high/low vs. low/low). Results showed that: (1) in individual tests, high-metacognitive students presented better performance and higher confidence levels due to their more effective test preparation practices and regulatory skills; (2) Differences in performance and confidence levels due to metacognitive skills disappear when students take tests collaboratively; (3) Over time, collaborative testing had particular positive effects on the low/low metacognitive pairings. Results are discussed focusing on their educational implications.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"40 1","pages":"1107 - 1136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76739625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.1080/09541440903007834
C. Bastin, M. Van der Linden, C. Schnakers, D. Montaldi, A. Mayes
The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which familiarity can support associative recognition memory as a function of whether the associations are within- or between-domain. Standard recognition and familiarity only performance were compared in different participants, using a new adaptation of the remember/know procedure. The results indicated that within-domain (face–face) associative recognition was mainly supported by familiarity. In contrast, familiarity provided relatively poor support to between-domain (face–name) associative recognition for which optimal performance required a major recollection contribution. These findings suggest that familiarity can support associative recognition memory, particularly for within-domain associations, and contrast with the widely held view that associative recognition depends largely on recollection.
{"title":"The contribution of familiarity to within- and between-domain associative recognition memory: Use of a modified remember/know procedure","authors":"C. Bastin, M. Van der Linden, C. Schnakers, D. Montaldi, A. Mayes","doi":"10.1080/09541440903007834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440903007834","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which familiarity can support associative recognition memory as a function of whether the associations are within- or between-domain. Standard recognition and familiarity only performance were compared in different participants, using a new adaptation of the remember/know procedure. The results indicated that within-domain (face–face) associative recognition was mainly supported by familiarity. In contrast, familiarity provided relatively poor support to between-domain (face–name) associative recognition for which optimal performance required a major recollection contribution. These findings suggest that familiarity can support associative recognition memory, particularly for within-domain associations, and contrast with the widely held view that associative recognition depends largely on recollection.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"160 1","pages":"922 - 943"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73597506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-01DOI: 10.1080/09541440902955900
J. Bowers
Norris and Kinoshita (2008) describe a Bayesian theory of masked and unmasked priming designed to explain a complex pattern of word and nonword priming across a range of tasks. Their theory is implemented within the Bayesian Reader model, and the model makes some predictions that are confirmed in a set of experiments. The authors consider alternative accounts of priming and conclude that only their theory can account for the results obtained. However, contrary to the authors' claims, the Bayesian Reader makes a number of incorrect predictions regarding masked and unmasked priming phenomena, whereas alternative theories can accommodate current findings.
{"title":"Does masked and unmasked priming reflect Bayesian inference as implemented in the Bayesian Reader?","authors":"J. Bowers","doi":"10.1080/09541440902955900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440902955900","url":null,"abstract":"Norris and Kinoshita (2008) describe a Bayesian theory of masked and unmasked priming designed to explain a complex pattern of word and nonword priming across a range of tasks. Their theory is implemented within the Bayesian Reader model, and the model makes some predictions that are confirmed in a set of experiments. The authors consider alternative accounts of priming and conclude that only their theory can account for the results obtained. However, contrary to the authors' claims, the Bayesian Reader makes a number of incorrect predictions regarding masked and unmasked priming phenomena, whereas alternative theories can accommodate current findings.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"779 - 797"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81807754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-23DOI: 10.1080/09541440903427495
C. Tse, J. Altarriba
Two parity judgement experiments examined how the activation of spatial-numerical associations of a single, centrally presented digit, reflected by the Spatial-Numerical Association Response Codes (SNARC) effect, is modulated by a preceding + (plus) or − (minus) prime. The centrally presented prime prior to a digit presentation presumably triggers its positive or negative attributes. When the plus- and minus-primed trials were blocked, the left-small/right-large SNARC effects occurred regardless of prime type. When the plus- and minus-primed trials were randomly intermixed, this left-small/right-large SNARC effect occurred for plus-primed digits, but was reversed for minus-primed digits. The implications of this finding for context-dependent SNARC effects are discussed.
{"title":"The revelation of the negative side of a mental number line depends on list context: Evidence from a sign priming paradigm","authors":"C. Tse, J. Altarriba","doi":"10.1080/09541440903427495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440903427495","url":null,"abstract":"Two parity judgement experiments examined how the activation of spatial-numerical associations of a single, centrally presented digit, reflected by the Spatial-Numerical Association Response Codes (SNARC) effect, is modulated by a preceding + (plus) or − (minus) prime. The centrally presented prime prior to a digit presentation presumably triggers its positive or negative attributes. When the plus- and minus-primed trials were blocked, the left-small/right-large SNARC effects occurred regardless of prime type. When the plus- and minus-primed trials were randomly intermixed, this left-small/right-large SNARC effect occurred for plus-primed digits, but was reversed for minus-primed digits. The implications of this finding for context-dependent SNARC effects are discussed.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1248 - 1260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82215372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-21DOI: 10.1080/09541440902834782
Kevin Diependaele, J. Ziegler, J. Grainger
Many computational models of visual word recognition and reading postulate a central role for phonology. None, however, has successfully simulated one key phenomenon associated with fast-acting phonological influences during word recognition: masked phonological priming (e.g., bloo primes BLUE better than blai primes BLUE). The tricky issue for computational models is not only to simulate such masked phonological priming effects, but at the same time to correctly read aloud irregular words. This double challenge constitutes a new benchmark phenomenon: the fast-phonology test. It has been previously shown that the dual route model of reading aloud (DRC) does not pass the fast-phonology test, unless it is assumed that lexical decisions are always made on the basis of lexical phonological activation. Here we show that the Bimodal Interactive Activation Model (BIAM), an extension of the interactive activation model, can pass the fast-phonology test, while maintaining the ability to discriminate between words and nonwords on the basis of orthographic activation alone. The BIAM achieves this by virtue of implementing a fast parallel mapping of letters onto input phonemes rather than output phonemes as in DRC. It is argued that the BIAM provides an improved architecture for a general model of visual word recognition and reading.
{"title":"Fast phonology and the Bimodal Interactive Activation Model","authors":"Kevin Diependaele, J. Ziegler, J. Grainger","doi":"10.1080/09541440902834782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440902834782","url":null,"abstract":"Many computational models of visual word recognition and reading postulate a central role for phonology. None, however, has successfully simulated one key phenomenon associated with fast-acting phonological influences during word recognition: masked phonological priming (e.g., bloo primes BLUE better than blai primes BLUE). The tricky issue for computational models is not only to simulate such masked phonological priming effects, but at the same time to correctly read aloud irregular words. This double challenge constitutes a new benchmark phenomenon: the fast-phonology test. It has been previously shown that the dual route model of reading aloud (DRC) does not pass the fast-phonology test, unless it is assumed that lexical decisions are always made on the basis of lexical phonological activation. Here we show that the Bimodal Interactive Activation Model (BIAM), an extension of the interactive activation model, can pass the fast-phonology test, while maintaining the ability to discriminate between words and nonwords on the basis of orthographic activation alone. The BIAM achieves this by virtue of implementing a fast parallel mapping of letters onto input phonemes rather than output phonemes as in DRC. It is argued that the BIAM provides an improved architecture for a general model of visual word recognition and reading.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"1049 1","pages":"764 - 778"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77239259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-21DOI: 10.1080/09541446.2010.496263
J. Ziegler, J. Grainger, M. Brysbaert
Computational modelling has tremendously advanced our understanding of the processes involved in normal and impaired reading. The present Special Issue highlights some new directions in the field of word recognition and reading aloud. These new lines of research include the learning of orthographic and phonological representations in both supervised and unsupervised networks, the extension of existing models to multisyllabic word processing both in English and in other languages, such as Italian, French, and German, and the confrontation of these models with data from masked priming. Some of the contributors to the Special Issue also address hotly debated issues concerning the front-end of the reading process, the viability of Bayesian approaches to understanding masked and unmasked priming, as well as the longstanding debate about the role of rules versus statistics in language processing. Thus, the present Special Issue provides a critical analysis and synthesis of current computational models of reading and cutting edge research concerning the next generation of computational models of word recognition and reading aloud.
{"title":"Modelling word recognition and reading aloud","authors":"J. Ziegler, J. Grainger, M. Brysbaert","doi":"10.1080/09541446.2010.496263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541446.2010.496263","url":null,"abstract":"Computational modelling has tremendously advanced our understanding of the processes involved in normal and impaired reading. The present Special Issue highlights some new directions in the field of word recognition and reading aloud. These new lines of research include the learning of orthographic and phonological representations in both supervised and unsupervised networks, the extension of existing models to multisyllabic word processing both in English and in other languages, such as Italian, French, and German, and the confrontation of these models with data from masked priming. Some of the contributors to the Special Issue also address hotly debated issues concerning the front-end of the reading process, the viability of Bayesian approaches to understanding masked and unmasked priming, as well as the longstanding debate about the role of rules versus statistics in language processing. Thus, the present Special Issue provides a critical analysis and synthesis of current computational models of reading and cutting edge research concerning the next generation of computational models of word recognition and reading aloud.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"81 1","pages":"641 - 649"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88917688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-21DOI: 10.1080/09541440903435621
M. Zorzi
This paper reviews the Connectionist Dual Process (CDP) approach to modelling reading aloud, from the computational principles that motivate the model's connectionist dual-route architecture to the most recent developments guided by a nested incremental modelling strategy. New simulations based on a greatly simplified, feedforward version of the model (ffCDP+) demonstrate that the models' success in accounting for key phenomena in word naming relies on the nature of its sublexical route. The results with ffCDP+, where the parameter-heavy, interactive lexical route is turned into a simple frequency-weighted activation of lexical phonology, show that the two-layer associative network of phonological assembly is the core component in CDP+ and highlight the intrinsic modularity of the model. Further developments of the model and some directions for future research are discussed.
{"title":"The connectionist dual process (CDP) approach to modelling reading aloud","authors":"M. Zorzi","doi":"10.1080/09541440903435621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440903435621","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the Connectionist Dual Process (CDP) approach to modelling reading aloud, from the computational principles that motivate the model's connectionist dual-route architecture to the most recent developments guided by a nested incremental modelling strategy. New simulations based on a greatly simplified, feedforward version of the model (ffCDP+) demonstrate that the models' success in accounting for key phenomena in word naming relies on the nature of its sublexical route. The results with ffCDP+, where the parameter-heavy, interactive lexical route is turned into a simple frequency-weighted activation of lexical phonology, show that the two-layer associative network of phonological assembly is the core component in CDP+ and highlight the intrinsic modularity of the model. Further developments of the model and some directions for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"11 1","pages":"836 - 860"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78649009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-20DOI: 10.1080/09541440903427487
L. Humphreys, G. Underwood, P. Chapman
The current experiment addressed the question, is enhanced memory for emotional pictures due to increased attention to affective stimuli? Participants viewed pairs of pictures (emotional-neutral or neutral-neutral) whilst their eye movements were recorded; participants had to decide which picture out of each pair they preferred. There was increased attention to positive pictures and decreased attention to negative images during picture viewing. Despite this, when a recognition test was given 1 week later, memory enhancements were found for negative pictures only. Moreover, although there was a general correlation between total inspection time and memory performance, this reliability was clear only for neutral pictures, and not for emotional images. The results suggest that memory advantages for emotional pictures can occur without increased attention to such images.
{"title":"Enhanced memory for emotional pictures: A product of increased attention to affective stimuli?","authors":"L. Humphreys, G. Underwood, P. Chapman","doi":"10.1080/09541440903427487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440903427487","url":null,"abstract":"The current experiment addressed the question, is enhanced memory for emotional pictures due to increased attention to affective stimuli? Participants viewed pairs of pictures (emotional-neutral or neutral-neutral) whilst their eye movements were recorded; participants had to decide which picture out of each pair they preferred. There was increased attention to positive pictures and decreased attention to negative images during picture viewing. Despite this, when a recognition test was given 1 week later, memory enhancements were found for negative pictures only. Moreover, although there was a general correlation between total inspection time and memory performance, this reliability was clear only for neutral pictures, and not for emotional images. The results suggest that memory advantages for emotional pictures can occur without increased attention to such images.","PeriodicalId":88321,"journal":{"name":"The European journal of cognitive psychology","volume":"98 1","pages":"1235 - 1247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77536695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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