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Is the time of anthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) influenced by photoperiod? 水稻(Oryza sativa)的开花时间是否受光周期影响?
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00223-5
Debal Deb

Photoperiod sensitivity in rice cultivars is defined when the cultivar begins anthesis on a relatively invariant date, varying by < 7 days, regardless of the date of sowing or germination. While the date of flowering in photoperiod sensitive (PPS) rice cultivars is characteristically determined by the day length, especially during the short-day season (September-December), the response of the flower opening time (FOT) to photoperiod remains hitherto unexplored. This paper examines whether day length restrains year-to-year variation in FOT in PPS cultivars. We examined 105 PPS and 173 photoperiod insensitive (PPI) cultivars grown in different years and estimated their year-to-year FOT difference (or FOTD) and the year-to-year difference of sunrise to anthesis duration (or SADD). Wilcoxon signed rank test and bootstrap test were then performed to test whether these descriptors significantly differed between PPS and PPI groups of cultivars. The means of FOTD and SADD were detected to be significantly less in the PPS group than in the PPI group of cultivars, indicating significantly lesser variability of FOT in PPS than in PPI cultivars. This is the first report of a strong restraining influence of photoperiod on FOT variability in PPS cultivars.

水稻栽培品种的光周期敏感性是指栽培品种在一个相对不变的日期开始开花,其变化幅度为
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引用次数: 0
Alteration of stress-physiological mechanisms in sRNA-treated sweet corn plants during MDMV infection. 经 sRNA 处理的甜玉米植株在 MDMV 感染期间应激生理机制的改变
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00238-y
Kinga Balassa, György Balassa, Szabolcs Rudnóy

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) can significantly reduce the growth and development of susceptible varieties of sweet corn. The virus utilises the energy and reserve sources of plant cells to ensure its reproduction in the microspaces formed by cell membranes. Therefore, the severity of stress can be monitored by examining certain physiological changes, for example, changes in the degree of membrane damage caused by lipid peroxidation, as well as changes in the amount of photosynthetic pigments. The activation of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and the accumulation of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties can indirectly protect against the oxidative stress caused by the presence of the positive orientation, single-stranded RNA-virus. This study demonstrates the changes in these physiological processes in a sweet corn hybrid (Zea mays cv. saccharata var. Honey Koern.) susceptible to MDMV infection, and suggests that exogenous small RNA treatment can mitigate the damage caused by virus infection.

玉米矮化花叶病毒(MDMV)可显著降低易感甜玉米品种的生长和发育。病毒利用植物细胞的能量和储备资源,确保其在细胞膜形成的微空间中繁殖。因此,可以通过检测某些生理变化来监测胁迫的严重程度,例如由脂质过氧化引起的膜损伤程度的变化以及光合色素数量的变化。抗氧化酶(如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、愈创木酚过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶)的活化和具有抗氧化特性的酚类化合物的积累可间接保护植物免受正方向单链 RNA 病毒造成的氧化应激。本研究证明了易受 MDMV 感染的甜玉米杂交种(Zea mays cv. saccharata var. Honey Koern.)
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of in vitro biological activity of young Hordeum vulgare leaf in correlation with its bioactive compounds. 研究大麦嫩叶的体外生物活性与其生物活性化合物的相关性。
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00227-1
Ferenc Lantos, Vivien Váczi, Ingrid Gyalai, Tímea Süli-Zakar, Adrienn Szarvas, Melinda Tar, Péter Püski, Ákos Bajtel, Tivadar Kiss

Young shoots of cereals are widely regarded as superfoods with health benefits attributed to their potential antioxidant activity and antioxidant-related effects (e.g. anticancer). The current study aimed to examine the chemical characteristics of Hordeum vulgare methanolic and aqueous extracts and assess their antioxidant activity using the DDPH and ORAC. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase was screened. TLC bioautography was employed to determine the polarity of the compounds present in the extracts that exhibited the most potent free radical scavenging activity. Total flavonoid content of the methanolic and aqueous extracts was 0.14 mg QE/g and 0.012 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was found to be more potent, with a value of 0.97 ± 0.13 mmol TE/g than the aqueous extract which had no activity. This study presents novel findings on the xanthine inhibitory activity of H. vulgare. The methanolic extract demonstrated moderate inhibition of xanthine oxidase with a value of 23.24%. The results of our study were compared with the phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of Triticum aestivum, and further comparison was made with the data reported in the literature. Inconsistencies were observed in the chemical and pharmacological properties of H. vulgare, which could be a result of using herbal material harvested in different vegetative phases and various methods used for extraction. The findings of our study indicate that the timing of the harvest and extraction method may play crucial role in attaining the optimal phytochemical composition of H. vulgare, hence enhancing its pharmacological activity.

谷物嫩芽被广泛视为超级食品,其潜在的抗氧化活性和抗氧化相关效应(如抗癌)对健康有益。本研究旨在检测冬虫夏草甲醇提取物和水提取物的化学特征,并使用 DDPH 和 ORAC 评估其抗氧化活性。此外,还对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用进行了筛选。采用 TLC 生物自动层析技术确定了提取物中存在的化合物的极性,这些化合物具有最强的自由基清除活性。甲醇提取物和水提取物中的总黄酮含量分别为 0.14 毫克 QE/g 和 0.012 毫克 QE/g。甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性为 0.97 ± 0.13 mmol TE/g,比没有活性的水提取物更强。本研究提出了关于 H. vulgare 的黄嘌呤抑制活性的新发现。甲醇提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶有中度抑制作用,抑制率为 23.24%。我们将研究结果与 Triticum aestivum 的植物化学和药理分析进行了比较,并进一步与文献报道的数据进行了比较。我们观察到 H. vulgare 的化学和药理特性并不一致,这可能是由于使用了在不同无性期收获的草药材料和不同的提取方法造成的。我们的研究结果表明,收获的时间和提取方法可能对获得 H. vulgare 的最佳植物化学成分,从而提高其药理活性起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Extracellular lipase production from Bacillus cereus by using agro-industrial waste. 利用农业工业废弃物从蜡样芽孢杆菌中生产胞外脂肪酶。
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00246-y
Haniya Mazhar, Ali Afzal, Hanan Afzal, Amara Noureen, Muhammad Mubashir Iqbal Ahmad, Suneela Amaan, Naaz Abbas, Hongxin Zhu, Muhammad Babar Khawar

Lipases are crucial biocatalysts in various industrial applications, and there is considerable interest in developing sustainable methods for their synthesis. This study focuses on the isolation, screening, and comparison of Bacillus cereus strains to produce extracellular lipases utilizing agro-industrial waste through solid-state fermentation. The results indicate that B. cereus exhibited optimal lipase production with soybean extract, yielding 41.2 ± 1.08 µ/ml (p < 0.05), followed by bagasse with 40.5 ± 0.97 µ/ml (p < 0.05). Other substrates, including rice bran (9.9 µ/ml), wheat bran (25.8 µ/ml), sunflower seed (24.0 µ/ml), and oat bran (10.2 µ/ml), demonstrated significantly lower enzyme activity. Additionally, lipase production from fruit peels was assessed, with banana yielding 21.1 µ/ml, orange 20.3 µ/ml, melon 16.3 µ/ml, and watermelon 16.43 µ/ml. Various oil wastes were also evaluated, showing lipase activities of 14.6 µ/ml (Sitara oil), 13.3 µ/ml (Shan oil), 11.0 µ/ml (automobile oil), and 10.2 µ/ml (cooking oil). The bacterial lipases produced from B. cereus demonstrated maximum hydrolysis of tributyrin agar medium at 40°C (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that utilizing different agro-industrial wastes for the production of extracellular lipase could help mitigate environmental pollution while providing a viable option for commercial enzyme production.

脂肪酶是各种工业应用中的重要生物催化剂,人们对开发可持续的脂肪酶合成方法兴趣浓厚。本研究的重点是分离、筛选和比较蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株,通过固态发酵利用农用工业废料生产胞外脂肪酶。结果表明,蜡样芽孢杆菌利用大豆提取物生产脂肪酶的效果最佳,产量为 41.2 ± 1.08 µ/ml (p
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引用次数: 0
Silicon uptake and transport mechanisms in plants: processes, applications and challenges in sustainable plant management. 植物对硅的吸收和运输机制:可持续植物管理的过程、应用和挑战。
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00247-x
Raghvendra Pandey, Chandan Singh, Smita Mishra, Mukhtar Iderawumi Abdulraheem, Deepak Vyas

Silicon (Si) is an abundant element in the earth's crust essential for plant growth and development. Recent studies silicon's potential for improving plant resilience to numerous biotic stressors, notably fungal diseases. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of the processes and advantages of silicon-induced systemic resistance in plants, with a special focus on its interactions with fungal pathogens. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of silicon on plant physiological and biochemical changes, such as enhanced lignification, strengthening of physical barriers, and activation of antioxidant systems. Additionally, we examine the influence of silicon on microbial populations within the rhizosphere and its effects on mycorrhizal associations. Lastly, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of integrating silicon-based strategies in sustainable plant disease management. This review provides valuable insights into using silicon as a novel approach to enhance plant systemic resistance against fungal pathogens, offering prospects for developing eco-friendly and efficient agricultural practices.

硅(Si)是地壳中的一种丰富元素,对植物的生长和发育至关重要。最近的研究表明,硅具有提高植物抵御多种生物胁迫(尤其是真菌疾病)的潜力。本综述旨在全面了解硅诱导植物系统抗性的过程和优势,特别关注硅与真菌病原体的相互作用。此外,我们还研究了硅对植物生理和生化变化的影响,如增强木质化、加强物理屏障和激活抗氧化系统。此外,我们还研究了硅对根圈微生物种群的影响及其对菌根结合的影响。最后,我们讨论了在可持续植物病害管理中整合硅基策略的潜在应用和挑战。这篇综述为利用硅作为一种新方法来增强植物对真菌病原体的系统抗性提供了宝贵的见解,为开发生态友好型高效农业实践提供了前景。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the potential of plant astrobiology: adapting flora for extra-terrestrial habitats: a review. 探索植物天体生物学的潜力:使植物适应地外生境:综述。
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00245-z
Muhammad Waqas Mazhar, Muhammad Ishtiaq, Mehwish Maqbool, Eman A Mahmoud, Fahed A Almana, Hosam O Elansary

In recent years, the realm of astrobiology has expanded beyond the search for microbial life to encompass the intriguing possibility of plant life beyond our planet. Plant astrobiology delves into the adaptations and mechanisms that might allow Earth's flora to flourish in the harsh conditions of outer space and other celestial bodies. This review aims to shed light on the captivating field of plant astrobiology, its implications, and the challenges and opportunities it presents. Plant astrobiology marries the disciplines of botany and astrobiology, challenging us to envision the growth of plants beyond Earth's atmosphere. Researchers in this field are not only exploring the potential for plant life on other planets and moons but also investigating how plants could be harnessed to sustain life during extended space missions. The review discusses how plants could adapt to environments characterized by low gravity, high radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations, and different atmospheric compositions. It highlights the physiological changes necessary for plants to survive and reproduce in these conditions. A pivotal concept is the integration of plants into closed-loop life support systems, where plants would play a crucial role in recycling waste products, generating oxygen, and producing food. The review delves into ongoing research involving genetic modifications and synthetic biology techniques to enhance plants' resilience in space environments. It addresses ethical considerations associated with altering organisms for off-planet habitation. Additionally, the review contemplates the psychological and emotional benefits of having greenery in enclosed, isolated space habitats. The review concludes that by employing advanced research methodologies, the field of plant astrobiology can greatly enhance the viability and sustainability of future space missions, highlighting the essential role of plants in sustaining long-term human presence beyond Earth.

近年来,天体生物学的领域已经从寻找微生物生命扩展到我们星球以外的植物生命这一令人好奇的可能性。植物天体生物学深入研究了地球植物群在外太空和其他天体的恶劣条件下繁衍生息的适应性和机制。本综述旨在揭示植物天体生物学这一令人着迷的领域、其影响以及它所带来的挑战和机遇。植物天体生物学将植物学和天体生物学结合起来,挑战我们对地球大气层以外植物生长的设想。这一领域的研究人员不仅在探索其他行星和卫星上植物生命的潜力,而且还在研究如何利用植物在长期太空任务中维持生命。综述讨论了植物如何适应低重力、高辐射、极端温度波动和不同大气成分的环境。它强调了植物在这些条件下生存和繁殖所需的生理变化。一个关键的概念是将植物纳入闭环生命支持系统,在该系统中,植物将在回收废品、产生氧气和生产食物方面发挥关键作用。这篇综述深入探讨了正在进行的研究,其中涉及基因改造和合成生物学技术,以增强植物在太空环境中的适应能力。综述探讨了与改变生物以适应外星球居住环境相关的伦理问题。此外,综述还探讨了在封闭、孤立的太空栖息地种植绿色植物在心理和情感方面的益处。综述的结论是,通过采用先进的研究方法,植物天体生物学领域可以大大提高未来太空任务的可行性和可持续性,突出植物在维持人类在地球以外长期存在方面的重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Characterisation of the complete chloroplast genome of Solanum tuberosum cv. White Lady 茄科植物 "白娘子 "完整叶绿体基因组的特征描述
IF 2.1 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00240-4
Krisztián Frank, Erzsébet Nagy, János Taller, István Wolf, Zsolt Polgár

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is considered worldwide as one of the most important non-cereal food crops. As a result of its adaptability and worldwide production area, potato displays a vast phenotypical variability as well as genomic diversity. Chloroplast genomes have long been a core issue in plant molecular evolution and phylogenetic studies, and have an important role in revealing photosynthetic mechanisms, metabolic regulations and the adaptive evolution of plants. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of the Hungarian cultivar White Lady, which is 155 549 base pairs (bp) in length and is characterised by the typical quadripartite structure composed of a large- and small single-copy region (85 991 bp and 18 374 bp, respectively) interspersed by two identical inverted repeats (25 592 bp). The genome consists of 127 genes of which 82 are protein-coding, eight are ribosomal RNAs and 37 are transfer RNAs. The overall gene content and distribution of the genes on the White Lady chloroplast was the same as found in other potato chloroplasts. The alignment of S. tuberosum chloroplast genome sequences resulted in a highly resolved tree, with 10 out of the 13 nodes recovered having bootstrap values over 90%. By comparing the White Lady chloroplast genome with available S. tuberosum sequences we found that gene content and synteny are highly conserved. The new chloroplast sequence can support further studies of genetic diversity, resource conservation, evolution and applied agricultural research. The new sequence can support further potato genetic diversity and evolutionary studies, resource conservation, and also applied agricultural research.

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在全世界被视为最重要的非谷类粮食作物之一。由于马铃薯的适应性强且产地遍布全球,因此其表型变异性和基因组多样性都非常大。长期以来,叶绿体基因组一直是植物分子进化和系统发育研究的核心问题,在揭示植物的光合机制、代谢调控和适应性进化方面发挥着重要作用。我们测序了匈牙利栽培品种 "白夫人"(White Lady)的完整叶绿体基因组,该基因组全长 155 549 碱基对(bp),具有典型的四方结构,由一大一小两个单拷贝区(分别为 85 991 bp 和 18 374 bp)和两个相同的倒置重复区(25 592 bp)穿插组成。基因组由 127 个基因组成,其中 82 个是编码蛋白质的基因,8 个是核糖体 RNA,37 个是转移 RNA。白小姐叶绿体上基因的总体含量和分布与其他马铃薯叶绿体相同。S. tuberosum叶绿体基因组序列的比对结果是一棵高度解析的树,13个节点中有10个节点的引导值超过90%。通过比较 "白衣天使 "叶绿体基因组与现有的 S. tuberosum 序列,我们发现基因内容和同源关系高度保守。新的叶绿体序列有助于进一步研究遗传多样性、资源保护、进化和农业应用研究。新序列可进一步支持马铃薯遗传多样性和进化研究、资源保护以及农业应用研究。
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引用次数: 0
Microbiological aspects of sewage odor problems in the urban environment - a review 城市环境中污水臭味问题的微生物学方面--综述
IF 2.1 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00242-2
Tamás Felföldi

Growing human population and increasing urbanization call for the need for proper wastewater treatment to reduce environmental pollution and reduce the excess use of natural resources. During the collection of municipal wastewater, the rapid aerobic respiration often causes oxygen depletion and anaerobic conditions in the sewer system resulting in the production of malodorous compounds. The odor problems may lead to public complaints, or in the case of the sewage workers the released volatile compounds even cause serious health hazards. Therefore, microbes have a dual contribution in the urban water cycle, since they have a decisive role in wastewater treatment and the removal of pollutants, but they can also cause problems in the artificial environment. In this review, I would like to summarize the processes underlying the generation of the bad smell associated with sewage and wastewater or with the collection and treatment infrastructure, tracking the way from the households to the plants, including the discussion of processes and possible mitigation related to the released hydrogen sulfide, volatile organics and other compounds.

人口的不断增长和城市化进程的不断加快要求对废水进行适当处理,以减少环境污染和自然资源的过度使用。在收集城市污水的过程中,快速的有氧呼吸往往会造成下水道系统的氧气耗尽和厌氧条件,从而产生恶臭化合物。臭味问题可能导致公众投诉,对于污水处理工人来说,释放的挥发性化合物甚至会严重危害健康。因此,微生物在城市水循环中具有双重贡献,因为它们在废水处理和去除污染物方面起着决定性作用,但也会在人工环境中造成问题。在这篇综述中,我想总结一下与污水和废水或与收集和处理基础设施有关的恶臭产生的基本过程,从家庭到工厂,包括讨论与释放的硫化氢、挥发性有机物和其他化合物有关的过程和可能的缓解措施。
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引用次数: 0
Drug-degrading bacteria isolated from the effluent water of a sewage plant. 从污水处理厂废水中分离出的降解药物细菌。
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00236-0
T Mireisz, F B Horváth, N T Kashaija, R Farkas, I Boldizsár, E Tóth

Endocrine disruptors are potential environmental contaminants that can cause toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, so the Water Framework Directive has established limits for these compounds. During our research, 41 bacterial strains were isolated and identified from sewage effluent and tested for their degradation capacities for bisphenol A, 17β-estradiol, and nonylphenol. All the isolated bacteria belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria class of Pseudomonadota phylum (members of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia, Raoultella, Shigella. Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas genera). During the experiments, only strains HF17, HF18 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and HF31 (Citrobacter freundii) were unable to grow on these compounds, all other bacterial strains could grow in the presence of the investigated endocrine disruptors. Based on the genomic analysis of the type strains, a set of genes involving aromatic compound degradation was detected, among the peripheral metabolic pathways, the quinate and benzoate degradation pathways proved to be widespread, among the central aromatic intermediates metabolism, the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway was the most dominant. Pseudomonas fulva HF16 strain could utilize the investigated endocrine disruptors: bisphenol A by 34%, 17β-estradiol by 52%, and nonylphenol by 54%.

内分泌干扰物是潜在的环境污染物,可对水生生态系统造成毒性,因此《水框架指令》对这些化合物规定了限制。在研究过程中,我们从污水中分离并鉴定了 41 株细菌,并测试了它们对双酚 A、17β-雌二醇和壬基酚的降解能力。所有分离出的细菌都属于假单胞菌门中的伽马蛋白菌(Citrobacter、Enterobacter、Escherichia、Klebsiella、Kluyvera、Leclercia、Raoultella、Shigella.在实验过程中,仅有 117 株菌株被检出。)在实验过程中,只有 HF17、HF18(铜绿假单胞菌)和 HF31(自由柠檬酸杆菌)菌株无法在这些化合物上生长,所有其他细菌菌株都能在所研究的内分泌干扰物存在的情况下生长。根据对类型菌株的基因组分析,发现了一组涉及芳香化合物降解的基因,在外围代谢途径中,奎宁酸盐和苯甲酸盐降解途径被证明是广泛存在的,在芳香中间产物的中心代谢途径中,β-酮基二酸酯途径的儿茶酚分支是最主要的。富勒瓦假单胞菌 HF16 菌株可利用所研究的内分泌干扰物:双酚 A 的利用率为 34%,17β-雌二醇的利用率为 52%,壬基酚的利用率为 54%。
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引用次数: 0
Taxonomic diversity and environmental tolerance of cultivable extremophilic bacteria from a high-altitude meltwater pond on Ojos del Salado (Chile). 来自 Ojos del Salado(智利)高海拔融水池塘的可培养嗜极细菌的分类多样性和环境耐受性。
IF 1.8 4区 生物学 Q3 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00229-z
Viktória Faragó, Melinda Megyes, Balázs Nagy, Andrea K Borsodi

Earth harbors unique environments where only microorganisms adapted to extreme conditions, known as extremophiles, can survive. This study focused on a high-altitude meltwater pond, located in the Puna de Atacama, Dry Andes. The extremophilic bacteria of this habitat must adapt to a range of extremities, including cold and dry climate, high UV radiation, high daily temperature fluctuations, low-nutrient availability, and negative water balance. This study aimed to explore the taxonomic diversity of cultivable extremophilic bacteria from sediment samples of a desiccated, high-altitude, meltwater pond using media with different organic matter contents and different incubation temperatures. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates were identified as members of the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. The most abundant genera were Arthrobacter and Pseudoarthrobacter. The isolates had oligocarbophilic and psychrotrophic properties, suggesting that they have adapted to the extreme environmental parameters of their natural habitats. The results indicate a positive correlation between nutrient concentration and temperature tolerance.

地球蕴藏着独特的环境,只有适应极端条件的微生物(即嗜极端生物)才能在这种环境中生存。这项研究的重点是位于干安第斯山脉普纳德阿塔卡马的一个高海拔融水池塘。该栖息地的嗜极细菌必须适应一系列极端条件,包括寒冷干燥的气候、高紫外线辐射、高日温波动、低营养供应和负水平衡。本研究旨在利用不同有机物含量和不同培养温度的培养基,探索干燥的高海拔融水池塘沉积物样本中可培养的嗜极细菌的分类多样性。根据 16S rRNA 基因序列分析,分离物被鉴定为放线菌门、变形菌门和固醇菌门的成员。最多的菌属是节杆菌属和假节杆菌属。这些分离菌具有寡嗜碳和精神营养特性,表明它们已经适应了其自然栖息地的极端环境参数。结果表明,营养浓度与耐温性之间存在正相关。
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引用次数: 0
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Biologia futura
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