Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2013.11964198
P. P. Kumar
South Africa has been on a rollercoaster of change since 1994 when democracy was inaugurated after centuries of colonialism and decades of apartheid. Nevertheless, resistance to changes in society came from the unlikely places of religious institutions and publics. During colonialism and apartheid government religion, particularly Christianity has been implicated in the service of the two oppressive systems that prevented the progress of African indigenous people and the non-white people who settled in South Africa. The new democracy guaranteed constitutional protection to all religious groups from being discriminated on the basis of their religious values and beliefs. Two important new developments in Durban raise questions whether constitutional provisions are sufficient to protect people from being discriminated on the basis of religious orientations. These two incidents happened in Durban—one relates to the objections raised by White community to the planned construction of a mosque by local Muslim community in Durban North residential area: the second relates to the senior police official demanding that Hindu police officers remove the red string that they wear on their arms as mark of their religious belief. This paper will examine closely the two episodes as well as some past historical instances of religious discrimination to understand the role of religion in social transformation in South Africa. The deployment of religion in social transformation in South Africa both negatively and positively will be analysed. The paper, while identifying three important resources available to South African society in dealing with the issues of religious conflict, it particularly emphasizes the Gandhian approach to the issue.
{"title":"Resistance and Change—Religion in the Middle: Assessing the Role of Religion in Social Transformation in South Africa","authors":"P. P. Kumar","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2013.11964198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2013.11964198","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa has been on a rollercoaster of change since 1994 when democracy was inaugurated after centuries of colonialism and decades of apartheid. Nevertheless, resistance to changes in society came from the unlikely places of religious institutions and publics. During colonialism and apartheid government religion, particularly Christianity has been implicated in the service of the two oppressive systems that prevented the progress of African indigenous people and the non-white people who settled in South Africa. The new democracy guaranteed constitutional protection to all religious groups from being discriminated on the basis of their religious values and beliefs. Two important new developments in Durban raise questions whether constitutional provisions are sufficient to protect people from being discriminated on the basis of religious orientations. These two incidents happened in Durban—one relates to the objections raised by White community to the planned construction of a mosque by local Muslim community in Durban North residential area: the second relates to the senior police official demanding that Hindu police officers remove the red string that they wear on their arms as mark of their religious belief. This paper will examine closely the two episodes as well as some past historical instances of religious discrimination to understand the role of religion in social transformation in South Africa. The deployment of religion in social transformation in South Africa both negatively and positively will be analysed. The paper, while identifying three important resources available to South African society in dealing with the issues of religious conflict, it particularly emphasizes the Gandhian approach to the issue.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"31 1","pages":"116 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2013.11964198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59313066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2013.11964188
K. Hiralal
The University College for Indians at Salisbury Island was formed in November 1960. The South African government under the National Party (NP) followed a policy of apartheid or separate development of the various racial groups in the context of education, housing, residence, trade and recreation. By the 1960s the Indian population was a permanent part of the South African demographic landscape. The higher academic needs of the Indian community had to be addressed and the NP believed this could only be achieved through the establishment of a separate University. Subsequently the University College, Durban, located at Salisbury Island was established in terms of the Extension of University Education Act of 1959. The college grew rapidly, starting with 39 students in 1961, but gradually extending its activities to provide tuition of 1232 students in 1966 of whom 400 were studying extramurally. The college was co-educational with a strict dress code. Most of the academic teaching and administrative staff were Afrikaners who were selected and employed to further perpetuate the apartheid ideology. Thus the entire institution was run by “Super-Afrikaners”. The curriculum embraced the Faculties of Humanities, Pure and Biological Sciences. However, the content and method of teaching was aimed to instil little critical engagement with texts. In other words the curriculum was “narrow and doctrinaire”. Seminars and public lectures were non-existent. Sporting activities were limited mainly to cricket, table-tennis and tennis.
{"title":"Gendered Narratives of Salisbury Island","authors":"K. Hiralal","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2013.11964188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2013.11964188","url":null,"abstract":"The University College for Indians at Salisbury Island was formed in November 1960. The South African government under the National Party (NP) followed a policy of apartheid or separate development of the various racial groups in the context of education, housing, residence, trade and recreation. By the 1960s the Indian population was a permanent part of the South African demographic landscape. The higher academic needs of the Indian community had to be addressed and the NP believed this could only be achieved through the establishment of a separate University. Subsequently the University College, Durban, located at Salisbury Island was established in terms of the Extension of University Education Act of 1959. The college grew rapidly, starting with 39 students in 1961, but gradually extending its activities to provide tuition of 1232 students in 1966 of whom 400 were studying extramurally. The college was co-educational with a strict dress code. Most of the academic teaching and administrative staff were Afrikaners who were selected and employed to further perpetuate the apartheid ideology. Thus the entire institution was run by “Super-Afrikaners”. The curriculum embraced the Faculties of Humanities, Pure and Biological Sciences. However, the content and method of teaching was aimed to instil little critical engagement with texts. In other words the curriculum was “narrow and doctrinaire”. Seminars and public lectures were non-existent. Sporting activities were limited mainly to cricket, table-tennis and tennis.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"31 1","pages":"117 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2013.11964188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2013.11964195
Ashwin Desai
This article presents an anatomy of the 1946–48 Passive Resistance campaign. It does this by looking at its historical antecedent, the 1913 strike and then more immediately at the battles between the so-called “moderates” and “radicals” for control of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) through the first half of the 1940s. It shows how the “radicals” gained control of the NIC and how this laid the basis for a more confrontational approach that drew on Gandhi's idea of passive resistance. Against this backdrop, the article seeks to understand why the 1946–48 campaign failed to have any major impact on the South African government. The final part of the article brings into focus the similarities between the 1913 and 1946 campaigns and shows how the latter marked the beginning of the end of a particular line of march for Gandhism. The final part of the article makes some tentative conclusions about the longer term consequences of the 1946–48 campaign.
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Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2013.11964192
D. Govinden, K. Hiralal
The editorial provides a historical context to this Special Issue on 1913 Satyagraha, Passive resistance and its Legacy.
这篇社论为1913年Satyagraha，被动抵抗及其遗产的特刊提供了历史背景。
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Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2013.11964186
L. Singh
Time past and time future What might have been and what has been Point to one end, which is always present … - TS Eliot, Burnt Norton The lines from T.S. Eliot quoted above say what many academics come to realise as they reflect on their teaching and practice – that our current practice is greatly influenced by how we were shaped by our own histories. This article focuses on the work of the Speech and Drama Department at Salisbury Island’s University College for Indians, using a narrative auto-ethnographic methodology and a self-curated photo album as a social and curricular documentary. Auto-ethnography is both a research genre and a methodology, which seems most appropriate for the insider perspective I bring and also because it allows for cultural interpretation and analysis. The reason for my choice of focus is based on my lasting and abiding memories of my life as a student on Salisbury Island. My strongest memories of that time are of the Speech and Drama Department: I remember in detail the building, the various people who worked and studied there, and the plays that I acted in or helped produce. The purpose of the study is to explore the Drama curriculum offered to students during the years 1961–1971 in order to ascertain the nature of that curriculum and how it reflected those times. In other words I am looking for an ideology or intention that may come through a scrutiny of the plays studied and performed. An additional aim for me is to trace links with my own work and Drama curricula today in our province.
{"title":"Picturing the Plays: Photographs and the Pedagogy of Speech and Drama at the University College for Indians at Salisbury Island","authors":"L. Singh","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2013.11964186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2013.11964186","url":null,"abstract":"Time past and time future \u0000What might have been and what has been \u0000Point to one end, which is always present … \u0000 \u0000- TS Eliot, Burnt Norton \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The lines from T.S. Eliot quoted above say what many academics come to realise as they reflect on their teaching and practice – that our current practice is greatly influenced by how we were shaped by our own histories. This article focuses on the work of the Speech and Drama Department at Salisbury Island’s University College for Indians, using a narrative auto-ethnographic methodology and a self-curated photo album as a social and curricular documentary. Auto-ethnography is both a research genre and a methodology, which seems most appropriate for the insider perspective I bring and also because it allows for cultural interpretation and analysis. The reason for my choice of focus is based on my lasting and abiding memories of my life as a student on Salisbury Island. My strongest memories of that time are of the Speech and Drama Department: I remember in detail the building, the various people who worked and studied there, and the plays that I acted in or helped produce. The purpose of the study is to explore the Drama curriculum offered to students during the years 1961–1971 in order to ascertain the nature of that curriculum and how it reflected those times. In other words I am looking for an ideology or intention that may come through a scrutiny of the plays studied and performed. An additional aim for me is to trace links with my own work and Drama curricula today in our province.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"31 1","pages":"100 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2013.11964186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2012.11964176
T. J. Tallie
Southeast Africa in the latter half of the nineteenth century witnessed the entrenchment of a settler colonial polity in Natal as well as the invasion and later annexation of the Zulu Kingdom by British forces. British settlers sought to make good their claims to control the land and labour of the region, particularly following the defeat of the Zulu military in 1879. Yet, these claims were frequently negotiated between erstwhile colonists and colonised peoples; such assertions of power took place in an atmosphere of constant negotiation, as evidenced in the life and career of Natal settler and ostensible Zulu chieftain John Dunn.
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Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2012.11964180
T. J. Tallie, S. Couper
(2012). Hlonipha Mokoena. Magema Fuze: The Making of a Kholwa Intellectual. Moss Mashamaite, The Second Coming: The Life and Times of Pixley ka Isaka Seme, The Founder of the ANC. Journal of Natal and Zulu History: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 101-106.
(2012)。Hlonipha Mokoena。Magema引信:一个Kholwa知识分子的形成。Moss Mashamaite，《第二次降临:非国大创始人Pixley ka Isaka Seme的生平与时代》。纳塔尔和祖鲁历史杂志:第30卷，第1期，第101-106页。
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Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2012.11964178
Suryakanthie Chetty
In 1940 Yusuf Dadoo was arrested and charged with the publication of the above pamphlet in contravention of war emergency regulations. He was fined and imprisoned for a month. The actions taken against him provoked a groundswell of popular support with black South Africans agitating for his release. People attended meetings in their droves and made their feelings clear with the numerous slogans painted throughout the city of Durban. The support for Dadoo‟s views was an indication of a significant change in South African protest politics that laid bare the contradictions of the Second World War.
{"title":"“Subjects or Citizens?”: Black South Africans and the Dilemma of the Second World War","authors":"Suryakanthie Chetty","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2012.11964178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2012.11964178","url":null,"abstract":"In 1940 Yusuf Dadoo was arrested and charged with the publication of the above pamphlet in contravention of war emergency regulations. He was fined and imprisoned for a month. The actions taken against him provoked a groundswell of popular support with black South Africans agitating for his release. People attended meetings in their droves and made their feelings clear with the numerous slogans painted throughout the city of Durban. The support for Dadoo‟s views was an indication of a significant change in South African protest politics that laid bare the contradictions of the Second World War.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"30 1","pages":"53 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2012.11964178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2012.11964181
P. Kallaway
{"title":"Bibliography of Materials Relevant to the Study of Education in the Colony of Natal, the Province of Natal and KwaZulu—Natal, 1839–1994: Selected with Special Attention to “Native Education”","authors":"P. Kallaway","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2012.11964181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2012.11964181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"30 1","pages":"107 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2012.11964181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2012.11964179
H. Simelane, Gordon Fakude
The imposition of colonial rule in Southern Africa precipitated the restructuring of indigenous political institutions while at the same time allowing them to retain most of their pre-colonial form but within the context of a new colonial dispensation. Consequently, indigenous forms of governance were aligned with the interests of colonialism. In the case of British colonialism the designs of Lord Lugard on colonial administration had a strong influence on those territories that at one point came under British colonial influence. In Natal, Theophilus Shepstone administered Africans through a system that contained many of the features of indirect rule that dominated British colonial administration in the twentieth century. Most of the countries functioned through an administrative model that allowed indigenous institutions to survive while their structures functioned as intermediaries between the colonial state and the colonized population. For instance, cases involving the indigenous population were dealt with under Nguni customary law while those involving whites were dealt with under Roman-Dutch law.
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