J. Song, W. Shen, S. Shaheen, Y. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Wang, H. Pang, Z. Ahmed
The trihelix genes encode plant-specific transcription factors, which play a vital role in plant morphological and developmental processes. However, information about the presence of trihelix genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is scarce. Sunflower belongs to composite family and possesses strong drought and salt-alkali tolerance. In this study based on H. annuus genome data, we have identified and analyzed the trihelix genes with a complete description of their physical and chemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, motif composition, chromosome distribution, exon-intron structure, cis-acting elements, and chromosome collinearity. In H. annuus, 31 full-length trihelix genes were identified and categorized into six subgroups (SIP, GT1, SH4, Gδ, GT-γ, and GT2). Multiple Em for motif elicitation (MEME), used for conservative motif analysis, identified 10 distinct motifs unevenly distributed on 31 trihelix genes. In addition to that, chromosome localization analysis showed the number and distribution of these trihelix genes on 17 chromosomes of H. annuus. Transcriptional structure analysis revealed the structure of introns and exons of different gene members. Furthermore, cis-element analysis identified 19 different types of cis-elements mainly related to abiotic stress, hormones, and growth and development of plant. Results of this study manifested novel insights into phylogenetic relationships and possible functions of H. annuus trihelix genes. Moreover, these findings can assist in future studies regarding specific physiological effects of H. annuus trihelix transcription factors.
{"title":"Genome‑wide identification and analysis of the trihelix transcription factors in sunflower","authors":"J. Song, W. Shen, S. Shaheen, Y. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Wang, H. Pang, Z. Ahmed","doi":"10.32615/BP.2021.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2021.006","url":null,"abstract":"The trihelix genes encode plant-specific transcription factors, which play a vital role in plant morphological and developmental processes. However, information about the presence of trihelix genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is scarce. Sunflower belongs to composite family and possesses strong drought and salt-alkali tolerance. In this study based on H. annuus genome data, we have identified and analyzed the trihelix genes with a complete description of their physical and chemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, motif composition, chromosome distribution, exon-intron structure, cis-acting elements, and chromosome collinearity. In H. annuus, 31 full-length trihelix genes were identified and categorized into six subgroups (SIP, GT1, SH4, Gδ, GT-γ, and GT2). Multiple Em for motif elicitation (MEME), used for conservative motif analysis, identified 10 distinct motifs unevenly distributed on 31 trihelix genes. In addition to that, chromosome localization analysis showed the number and distribution of these trihelix genes on 17 chromosomes of H. annuus. Transcriptional structure analysis revealed the structure of introns and exons of different gene members. Furthermore, cis-element analysis identified 19 different types of cis-elements mainly related to abiotic stress, hormones, and growth and development of plant. Results of this study manifested novel insights into phylogenetic relationships and possible functions of H. annuus trihelix genes. Moreover, these findings can assist in future studies regarding specific physiological effects of H. annuus trihelix transcription factors.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"80-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42010327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Hýsková, K. Bělonožníková, N. Cerovska, H. Ryšlavá
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of mainly stressinduced proteins whose primary function is to refold denatured proteins. HSPs are divided into six groups according to their relative molecular mass and primary structure homology (Wang et al. 2004, Park and Seo 2015). The genes that encode HSPs are found in different cell compartments, and HSP expression is controlled by transcriptional factors known as heat shock factors (HSFs) (Haq et al. 2019). In particular, HSP70 is arguably the most conserved protein family among all the organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals. The number of members in different HSP70 families ranges from 18 in Arabidopsis thaliana and 20 in Solanum tuberosum, through 30 in Oryza sativa to 61 in Nicotiana tabacum (Liu et al. 2018, Song et al. 2019). HSP70 are crucial for cells as constitutive and ubiquitously expressed proteins, but HSP70 expression is also induced, not only by heat shock (HS), but by almost all types of plant stresses as well (Park and Seo 2015, Usman et al. 2017). In the classical model for stress activation of HSPs, the presence of stress-induced unfolded proteins in the cell causes the release of HSPs from their constitutive inhibitory association with HSF monomers, although this model could involve more pathways, especially at temperatures that do not unfold proteins. The unfolded
{"title":"HSP70 plays an ambiguous role during viral infections in plants","authors":"V. Hýsková, K. Bělonožníková, N. Cerovska, H. Ryšlavá","doi":"10.32615/BP.2021.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2021.001","url":null,"abstract":"Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of mainly stressinduced proteins whose primary function is to refold denatured proteins. HSPs are divided into six groups according to their relative molecular mass and primary structure homology (Wang et al. 2004, Park and Seo 2015). The genes that encode HSPs are found in different cell compartments, and HSP expression is controlled by transcriptional factors known as heat shock factors (HSFs) (Haq et al. 2019). In particular, HSP70 is arguably the most conserved protein family among all the organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals. The number of members in different HSP70 families ranges from 18 in Arabidopsis thaliana and 20 in Solanum tuberosum, through 30 in Oryza sativa to 61 in Nicotiana tabacum (Liu et al. 2018, Song et al. 2019). HSP70 are crucial for cells as constitutive and ubiquitously expressed proteins, but HSP70 expression is also induced, not only by heat shock (HS), but by almost all types of plant stresses as well (Park and Seo 2015, Usman et al. 2017). In the classical model for stress activation of HSPs, the presence of stress-induced unfolded proteins in the cell causes the release of HSPs from their constitutive inhibitory association with HSF monomers, although this model could involve more pathways, especially at temperatures that do not unfold proteins. The unfolded","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"68-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41992377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1 Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China 2 Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, P.R. China
{"title":"Cloning and functional analysis of the promoterof the sesquiterpene synthase gene ASS1 in Aquilaria sinensis","authors":"Y. Xu, P. Sun, M. Tian, J. Wei","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.141","url":null,"abstract":"1 Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China 2 Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, P.R. China","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48872833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yong He, H. Wei, S. Liu, Y. Xu, Z. Y. Zhu, H. Yan, J. X. Li, Z. Tian
With the extensive utilization of graphene nanomaterials, they inevitably enter our environment. The potential phytotoxicity and environmental impact of graphene oxide (GO) have recently attracted much attention. We designed the experiment based on seed germination, seedling morphology, physio-biochemical properties, and antioxidant enzyme activities of five rice genotypes (9311, MH63, R527, K866, and Nipponbare) under six concentrations of GO (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 150 mg dm-3). We studied the effects of different concentrations of GO on germination index (GI), shoot length (SL) and root length (RL), adventitious root number, shoot and root fresh masses, root/shoot ratio, chlorophyll (Chl) content, malondialdehyde content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Graphene oxide treatments significantly enhanced seed germination and root growth and inhibited shoot growth of all genotypes. Furthermore, we found a significant genotype-dependent response to GO treatments. According to the relative increment trend of GI, SL, and RL, root/shoot ratio, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD), and Chl content, ‘R527’ showed more tolerance to GO treatments than the other four genotypes. The ‘MH63’ and ‘K866’ were more sensitive than ‘Nipponbare’ and ‘9311’. It indicates that the GO-tolerant genotype might avoid free radicals damage from GO by increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, we should consider the genotype differences when evaluating the potential phytotoxicity of GO and environmental risk to ecosystems.
{"title":"Growth response of Oryza sativa seedlings to graphene oxide and its variability among genotypes","authors":"Yong He, H. Wei, S. Liu, Y. Xu, Z. Y. Zhu, H. Yan, J. X. Li, Z. Tian","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.124","url":null,"abstract":"With the extensive utilization of graphene nanomaterials, they inevitably enter our environment. The potential phytotoxicity and environmental impact of graphene oxide (GO) have recently attracted much attention. We designed the experiment based on seed germination, seedling morphology, physio-biochemical properties, and antioxidant enzyme activities of five rice genotypes (9311, MH63, R527, K866, and Nipponbare) under six concentrations of GO (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 150 mg dm-3). We studied the effects of different concentrations of GO on germination index (GI), shoot length (SL) and root length (RL), adventitious root number, shoot and root fresh masses, root/shoot ratio, chlorophyll (Chl) content, malondialdehyde content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Graphene oxide treatments significantly enhanced seed germination and root growth and inhibited shoot growth of all genotypes. Furthermore, we found a significant genotype-dependent response to GO treatments. According to the relative increment trend of GI, SL, and RL, root/shoot ratio, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD), and Chl content, ‘R527’ showed more tolerance to GO treatments than the other four genotypes. The ‘MH63’ and ‘K866’ were more sensitive than ‘Nipponbare’ and ‘9311’. It indicates that the GO-tolerant genotype might avoid free radicals damage from GO by increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, we should consider the genotype differences when evaluating the potential phytotoxicity of GO and environmental risk to ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43663669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Zhang, C. Liu, F. Cheng, X. Guo, Y. X. Li, A. Wang, J. Zhu
Thioredoxins are oxidoreductases that help to maintain redox homeostasis in plants under abiotic stress. In this study, a new thioredoxin gene, SikTrxh, was cloned from Saussurea involucrata (Kar. & Kir.), a perennial herb that grows in the high alpine mountains of Central Asia. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the full-length cDNA of SikTrxh consisted of 565 bp with a 354-bp open reading frame and encoded a 117 amino acid protein. Using quantitative reverse transcription (RT) PCR, we found that the expression of the SikTrxh gene was induced by salt, cold, and drought stresses, suggesting that this protein played a significant role in plant defense. Subcellular localization confirmed that the protein was localized to the mitochondria. A vector carrying SikTrxh was inserted into tobacco, and successfully modified plants were identified by RT-PCR. Physiological indicators and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured under low temperature, and salt and drought stresses. Our results show that malondialdehyde content and relative electrolyte leakage increased in both wild-type and SikTrxh-overexpressing transgenic plants; however, these increases were significantly higher in the wild-type plants than in the transgenic plants. We also found that photosystem II photoinhibition was lower in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants, and that activities of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes were higher in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants. We conclude that SikTrxh can reduce toxic effects of reactive oxygen species to protect the plasma membrane, thereby increasing plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
{"title":"Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the thioredoxin gene SikTrxh from Saussurea involucrata","authors":"Lei Zhang, C. Liu, F. Cheng, X. Guo, Y. X. Li, A. Wang, J. Zhu","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.155","url":null,"abstract":"Thioredoxins are oxidoreductases that help to maintain redox homeostasis in plants under abiotic stress. In this study, a new thioredoxin gene, SikTrxh, was cloned from Saussurea involucrata (Kar. & Kir.), a perennial herb that grows in the high alpine mountains of Central Asia. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the full-length cDNA of SikTrxh consisted of 565 bp with a 354-bp open reading frame and encoded a 117 amino acid protein. Using quantitative reverse transcription (RT) PCR, we found that the expression of the SikTrxh gene was induced by salt, cold, and drought stresses, suggesting that this protein played a significant role in plant defense. Subcellular localization confirmed that the protein was localized to the mitochondria. A vector carrying SikTrxh was inserted into tobacco, and successfully modified plants were identified by RT-PCR. Physiological indicators and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured under low temperature, and salt and drought stresses. Our results show that malondialdehyde content and relative electrolyte leakage increased in both wild-type and SikTrxh-overexpressing transgenic plants; however, these increases were significantly higher in the wild-type plants than in the transgenic plants. We also found that photosystem II photoinhibition was lower in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants, and that activities of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes were higher in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants. We conclude that SikTrxh can reduce toxic effects of reactive oxygen species to protect the plasma membrane, thereby increasing plant resistance to abiotic stresses.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46351181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Lian, T. Sun, X. Meng, R. Sun, F. Hui, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhao
The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors are essential for plant stress responses. They can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, and cold) via improved physiological and biochemical responses including the accumulation of metabolites. In this study, we constructed a Panax ginseng MYB4 (PgMYB4) gene expression vector and established the stable transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines to study the effects of this gene on plant stress tolerance. The germination rate and seedling taproot length were greater for the PgMYB4-overexpressing plants than for the wild-type plants. Accordingly, the overexpression of PgMYB4 in Arabidopsis enhanced seedling tolerance to drought, salt, and cold conditions. Under drought stress, the relative chlorophyll content decreased less, the proline content increased more, and the water loss rate decreased more in the transgenic plants than in the wild type. The expressions of stress-related genes responsive to dehydration 19A, responsive to dehydration 22, responsive to desiccation 29A, cold-regulated 15A, cold-regulated 47, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 1 were significantly upregulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Under high salt stress, the kinesin 1 (KIN1) expression was significantly upregulated in the transgenic plants. In response to the low temperature stress, the dehydration-responsive element binding protein 2A and KIN1 expressions increased dramatically in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Thus, PgMYB4 positively regulated the stress tolerance gene networks, which promoted the expression of anti-stress effector genes. This gene may be useful for ginseng breeding programs aiming to develop new cultivars with enhanced stress tolerance.
{"title":"Overexpression of the Panax ginseng MYB4 gene enhances stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"W. Lian, T. Sun, X. Meng, R. Sun, F. Hui, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhao","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.164","url":null,"abstract":"The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors are essential for plant stress responses. They can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, and cold) via improved physiological and biochemical responses including the accumulation of metabolites. In this study, we constructed a Panax ginseng MYB4 (PgMYB4) gene expression vector and established the stable transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines to study the effects of this gene on plant stress tolerance. The germination rate and seedling taproot length were greater for the PgMYB4-overexpressing plants than for the wild-type plants. Accordingly, the overexpression of PgMYB4 in Arabidopsis enhanced seedling tolerance to drought, salt, and cold conditions. Under drought stress, the relative chlorophyll content decreased less, the proline content increased more, and the water loss rate decreased more in the transgenic plants than in the wild type. The expressions of stress-related genes responsive to dehydration 19A, responsive to dehydration 22, responsive to desiccation 29A, cold-regulated 15A, cold-regulated 47, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 1 were significantly upregulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Under high salt stress, the kinesin 1 (KIN1) expression was significantly upregulated in the transgenic plants. In response to the low temperature stress, the dehydration-responsive element binding protein 2A and KIN1 expressions increased dramatically in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Thus, PgMYB4 positively regulated the stress tolerance gene networks, which promoted the expression of anti-stress effector genes. This gene may be useful for ginseng breeding programs aiming to develop new cultivars with enhanced stress tolerance.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69959397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongping Wang, Qiang Liu, Yang Liu, G. Li, G. Xia, M. Wang
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, which converts superoxide radical to H2O2, so it is thought to enhance abiotic stress tolerance by reducing ROS and thus avoiding oxidative damage. In this study, we isolated a salt- and oxidative stress-responsive copper-zinc (Cu/Zn) SOD encoding gene TaSOD5 from wheat. The ectopic overexpression of TaSOD5 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased total SOD and Cu/Zn SOD activities and enhanced tolerance to salt stress. Arabidopsis ectopically expressing TaSOD5 possessed a superior resistance to oxidative stress stimulated by exogenous H2O2. Ectopic overexpression of TaSOD5 elevated the activities of both ROS scavengers and an O2.- producer - NADPH oxidase. These findings show that Cu/Zn SOD enhanced salt tolerance via regulating the machinery of redox homeostasis rather than improving SOD activity alone.
{"title":"Ectopic expression of a wheat superoxide dismutase gene TaSOD5 enhances salt and oxidative stress tolerance in Arabidopsis","authors":"Yongping Wang, Qiang Liu, Yang Liu, G. Li, G. Xia, M. Wang","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.147","url":null,"abstract":"Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, which converts superoxide radical to H2O2, so it is thought to enhance abiotic stress tolerance by reducing ROS and thus avoiding oxidative damage. In this study, we isolated a salt- and oxidative stress-responsive copper-zinc (Cu/Zn) SOD encoding gene TaSOD5 from wheat. The ectopic overexpression of TaSOD5 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased total SOD and Cu/Zn SOD activities and enhanced tolerance to salt stress. Arabidopsis ectopically expressing TaSOD5 possessed a superior resistance to oxidative stress stimulated by exogenous H2O2. Ectopic overexpression of TaSOD5 elevated the activities of both ROS scavengers and an O2.- producer - NADPH oxidase. These findings show that Cu/Zn SOD enhanced salt tolerance via regulating the machinery of redox homeostasis rather than improving SOD activity alone.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45546353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Trnka, J. Balek, M. Semenov, D. Semerádová, M. Bělínová, P. Hlavinka, J. Olesen, J. Eitzinger, A. Schaumberger, P. Zahradníček, D. Kopecky, Z. Žalud
Grasslands play a significant role in livestock fodder production and thus, contribute to food security worldwide while providing numerous additional ecosystem services. However, how agroclimatic conditions and adverse weather events relevant for grasslands will change across the European grassland areas has not been examined to date. Using a single reference setup for soil and management over 476 European sites defined by climate stations, we show the probability of eight selected adverse weather events with the potential to significantly affect grassland productivity under climate change and how these events vary regionally across Europe. Changes in these eight key agroclimatic indicators create markedly specific spatial patterns. We found that by 2050, the exposure of the south and west European grasslands to heat and drought may double in comparison with today and that the area with frequent occurrences of heat and drought will expand northwards. However, across Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic countries to southern Finland and Sweden, the likelihood of these events is likely to decrease. While changing cultivars and management strategies are unavoidable, shifting grassland production to other regions to reduce the risk may not be possible as the risk of adverse events beyond the key grassland-growing areas increases even further. Moreover, we found marked changes in the overall thermal and water regimes across European regions. The effect of adverse weather events in the future could be different in other regions of the world compared to regions in Europe, emphasizing the importance of conducting similar analyses for other major grassland producing regions. To mitigate the impact of climate change, new ways of maintaining grassland productivity need to be developed. These methods include more efficient selection of species mixtures for specific regions, including increased use of legumes and forbs; incorporation of new genetic resources, including the development of hybrid cultivars, such as Festulolium hybrids; and incorporation of state-of-the-art technologies in breeding programs and new grazing management.
{"title":"Future agroclimatic conditions and implications for European grasslands","authors":"M. Trnka, J. Balek, M. Semenov, D. Semerádová, M. Bělínová, P. Hlavinka, J. Olesen, J. Eitzinger, A. Schaumberger, P. Zahradníček, D. Kopecky, Z. Žalud","doi":"10.32615/BP.2021.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2021.005","url":null,"abstract":"Grasslands play a significant role in livestock fodder production and thus, contribute to food security worldwide while providing numerous additional ecosystem services. However, how agroclimatic conditions and adverse weather events relevant for grasslands will change across the European grassland areas has not been examined to date. Using a single reference setup for soil and management over 476 European sites defined by climate stations, we show the probability of eight selected adverse weather events with the potential to significantly affect grassland productivity under climate change and how these events vary regionally across Europe. Changes in these eight key agroclimatic indicators create markedly specific spatial patterns. We found that by 2050, the exposure of the south and west European grasslands to heat and drought may double in comparison with today and that the area with frequent occurrences of heat and drought will expand northwards. However, across Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic countries to southern Finland and Sweden, the likelihood of these events is likely to decrease. While changing cultivars and management strategies are unavoidable, shifting grassland production to other regions to reduce the risk may not be possible as the risk of adverse events beyond the key grassland-growing areas increases even further. Moreover, we found marked changes in the overall thermal and water regimes across European regions. The effect of adverse weather events in the future could be different in other regions of the world compared to regions in Europe, emphasizing the importance of conducting similar analyses for other major grassland producing regions. To mitigate the impact of climate change, new ways of maintaining grassland productivity need to be developed. These methods include more efficient selection of species mixtures for specific regions, including increased use of legumes and forbs; incorporation of new genetic resources, including the development of hybrid cultivars, such as Festulolium hybrids; and incorporation of state-of-the-art technologies in breeding programs and new grazing management.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"64 1","pages":"865-880"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45459527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Zeng, H. Wan, X. M. Wu, X. Dai, J. Chen, Q. Ji, F. Qian
The large application of nitrogen fertilizer will cause soil deterioration and pollute the environment. Reduction of nitrogen inputs and maintaining high yields are therefore essential to ensure a more sustainable agriculture. However, little information is available about rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) low nitrogen tolerance. We evaluated low nitrogen tolerance of 304 rapeseed accessions at seedling stage and performed a genome-wide association study to detect low nitrogen tolerance-related quantitative trait loci. A natural population comprising 304 B. napus inbred lines was genotyped with a Brassica 60K Illumina Infinium SNP array. Finally, 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with 3 low nitrogen tolerance-related traits, which explained 5.79 - 7.57 % of the phenotypic variation. In addition, three possible candidate genes were located near the genetic region. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the genetic control of rapeseed low nitrogen tolerance at seedling stage and may facilitate a marker-based breeding for rapeseed low nitrogen tolerance.
{"title":"Genome-wide association study of low nitrogen tolerance traits at the seedling stage of rapeseed","authors":"C. Zeng, H. Wan, X. M. Wu, X. Dai, J. Chen, Q. Ji, F. Qian","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.144","url":null,"abstract":"The large application of nitrogen fertilizer will cause soil deterioration and pollute the environment. Reduction of nitrogen inputs and maintaining high yields are therefore essential to ensure a more sustainable agriculture. However, little information is available about rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) low nitrogen tolerance. We evaluated low nitrogen tolerance of 304 rapeseed accessions at seedling stage and performed a genome-wide association study to detect low nitrogen tolerance-related quantitative trait loci. A natural population comprising 304 B. napus inbred lines was genotyped with a Brassica 60K Illumina Infinium SNP array. Finally, 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with 3 low nitrogen tolerance-related traits, which explained 5.79 - 7.57 % of the phenotypic variation. In addition, three possible candidate genes were located near the genetic region. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the genetic control of rapeseed low nitrogen tolerance at seedling stage and may facilitate a marker-based breeding for rapeseed low nitrogen tolerance.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"10-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44245448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Han, P. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, T. Hu, Peizhi Yang
Vacuole membrane proteins play a critical role in the regulation of plant physiological processes including normal growth and development, and responses to stresses. The killing me slowly 1 (KMS1) gene that encodes a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment receptor (SNARE) domain-containing vacuole membrane protein was first reported in Arabidopsis. Currently, the function of KMS1 in other plants under stress is poorly understood. In this study, we report cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel KMS1 gene in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), designated MsKMS1 (GenBank accession No. JX467688). The full-length cDNA of MsKMS1 was 1 396 bp and contained a complete open reading frame of 1 257 bp, which encoded a putative protein of 418 amino acids. The BLASTp analysis showed that MsKMS1 shared high amino acid sequence similarities with KMS1 from other plants such as Medicago truncatula (99 %), Cicer arietinum (89 %), Glycine max (77 %), Prunus mume (76 %), Ricinus communis (72 %), Populus euphratica (72 %), Theobroma cacao (72 %), and Arabidopsis thaliana (67 %). Transient transformation of onion (Allium cepa) bulb scale epidermal cells by biolistic bombardment showed that MsKMS1 was localized to the plasma membrane. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that MsKMS1 expression was upregulated under different abiotic stresses (200 mM NaCl, 20 % (m/v) polyethylene glycol 6000] and 10 mg dm-3 abscisic acid. Transgenic tobacco plants were obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and treated with 200 mM NaCl. Reverse-transcription PCR data showed that MsKMS1 was successfully transcribed and expressed in the leaves of transgenic plants. The MsKMS1-overexpressors showed a lower malondialdehyde content and maintained a higher relative water content and proline content compared with non-transgenic controls under salt stress. These results indicate that the introduction of the MsKMS1 gene could improve salt stress resistance in tobacco plants. This study reveals the role of MsKMS1 in the regulation of plant responses to abiotic stress and provides evidence for further functional studies of the KMS1 family in alfalfa.
液泡膜蛋白在植物正常生长发育和逆境响应等生理过程中起着重要的调控作用。KMS1基因编码可溶性n-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感融合附着受体(SNARE)结构域液泡膜蛋白，首次在拟南芥中报道。目前，KMS1在其他逆境植物中的作用尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们报道了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)中一个新的KMS1基因的克隆、表达和特性，命名为MsKMS1 (GenBank登录号:JX467688)。MsKMS1全长1 396 bp，包含1 257 bp的完整开放阅读框，编码约418个氨基酸。BLASTp分析表明，MsKMS1与其他植物的KMS1具有高度的氨基酸序列相似性，如苜蓿(99%)、西芹(89%)、甘氨酸(77%)、梅李(76%)、蓖麻(72%)、胡杨(72%)、棕树(72%)和拟南芥(67%)。用生物轰击法瞬时转化洋葱鳞茎表皮细胞，发现MsKMS1定位在质膜上。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，MsKMS1在不同的非生物胁迫(200 mM NaCl、20% (m/v)聚乙二醇6000)和10 mg dm-3脱落酸下表达上调。通过农杆菌介导转化获得转基因烟草植株，并用200 mM NaCl处理。反转录PCR数据显示，MsKMS1在转基因植株叶片中成功转录表达。与非转基因对照相比，mskms1过表达者在盐胁迫下丙二醛含量较低，相对含水量和脯氨酸含量较高。这些结果表明，MsKMS1基因的引入可以提高烟草植株的盐胁迫抗性。本研究揭示了kskms1在植物对非生物胁迫反应中的调控作用，为进一步研究KMS1家族在苜蓿中的功能提供了依据。
{"title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel gene MsKMS1 in Medicago sativa","authors":"B. Han, P. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, T. Hu, Peizhi Yang","doi":"10.32615/BP.2020.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/BP.2020.059","url":null,"abstract":"Vacuole membrane proteins play a critical role in the regulation of plant physiological processes including normal growth and development, and responses to stresses. The killing me slowly 1 (KMS1) gene that encodes a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment receptor (SNARE) domain-containing vacuole membrane protein was first reported in Arabidopsis. Currently, the function of KMS1 in other plants under stress is poorly understood. In this study, we report cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel KMS1 gene in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), designated MsKMS1 (GenBank accession No. JX467688). The full-length cDNA of MsKMS1 was 1 396 bp and contained a complete open reading frame of 1 257 bp, which encoded a putative protein of 418 amino acids. The BLASTp analysis showed that MsKMS1 shared high amino acid sequence similarities with KMS1 from other plants such as Medicago truncatula (99 %), Cicer arietinum (89 %), Glycine max (77 %), Prunus mume (76 %), Ricinus communis (72 %), Populus euphratica (72 %), Theobroma cacao (72 %), and Arabidopsis thaliana (67 %). Transient transformation of onion (Allium cepa) bulb scale epidermal cells by biolistic bombardment showed that MsKMS1 was localized to the plasma membrane. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that MsKMS1 expression was upregulated under different abiotic stresses (200 mM NaCl, 20 % (m/v) polyethylene glycol 6000] and 10 mg dm-3 abscisic acid. Transgenic tobacco plants were obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and treated with 200 mM NaCl. Reverse-transcription PCR data showed that MsKMS1 was successfully transcribed and expressed in the leaves of transgenic plants. The MsKMS1-overexpressors showed a lower malondialdehyde content and maintained a higher relative water content and proline content compared with non-transgenic controls under salt stress. These results indicate that the introduction of the MsKMS1 gene could improve salt stress resistance in tobacco plants. This study reveals the role of MsKMS1 in the regulation of plant responses to abiotic stress and provides evidence for further functional studies of the KMS1 family in alfalfa.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46970568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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