Abbreviations : ABS/CS - absorption flux per CS; ABS/RC - absorption flux (exciting PS II antenna of Chl a molecules) per RC; AQY - apparent quantum yield; BRs - brassinosteroids; CEF - cyclic electron transport around PS I; c i - intercellular CO 2 concentration; CS - cros section; E - transpiration rate; EBR - 24-epibrassinolide; ET o /CS – electron transport flux per CS; ET o /RC - electron transport flux (further than Q A- ) per RC; ETR - electron transport rate; F m - maximal fluorescence yield; F o - minimal fluorescence yield; F v /F m - maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry; g s - stomatal conductance; M o - approximated initial slop (in ms -1 ) of the fluorescence transient normalized on the maximal variable fluorescence F v ; NPQ - nonphotochemical quenching coefficient; OEC - oxygen-evolving complex; OJIP curve - Chl a fluorescence transient; PI ABS - performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PS II until the reduction of intersystem electron acceptors; P m - maximum P700 oxidation; P N - net photosynthetic rate; P N,max - maximum net photosynthetic rate; PPFD - photosynthetic photon flux density; PS I - photosystem I; PS II - photosystem II; qP - photochemical quenching coefficient; RC/CS - density of Q A -reducing PS II RCs per CS; RCs - PS II reaction centers; ROS - reactive oxygen species; TR o /CS - trapped energy flux per CS; TR o /RC - trapped energy flux (leading to Q A reduction) per RC; V J - relative variable fluorescence at the J-step; W K - normalized relative variable fluorescence at the K step; Y(I) - effective photochemical quantum yield of PS I; Y(II) - effective PS II quantum yield; Y(NA) - quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation of reaction centers due to PS I acceptor side limitation; Y(ND) - quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation in reaction centers due to PS I donor side limitation; Y(NPQ) - quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation; Y(NO) - quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation; φ Eo - quantum yield for electron transport (ET); φ Po - maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry; Ψ o - probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q A- . Abstract To explore the protective mechanisms of brassinosteroids in the chill-induced photoinhibition in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), we studied the effect of foliar sprayed 24-epibrassinolide (EBR, 0.1µM) on the gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in tomato seedlings under chilling stress (a temperature of 8 ℃ and an irradiance of 200 µmol m -2 s -1 ) for 4 d. Results showed that chilling significantly inhibited CO 2 assimilation and induced photoinhibition of photosystem II (PS II). However, photosystem I (PS I) was relatively tolerant to chilling stress, which was due to the downregulation of PS II activity and increase of cyclic electron transport around PS I (CEF). Chilling led to the
缩写:ABS/CS -每CS的吸收通量;ABS/RC -每个RC的吸收通量(激发Chl a分子的PS II天线);AQY—表观量子产率;BRs—油菜素内酯;围绕psi的循环电子输运;c i -细胞间co2浓度;CS—截面;E——蒸腾速率;EBR - 24-表油菜素内酯;ET o /CS—每CS的电子输运通量;ET 0 /RC -每个RC的电子传递通量(大于Q A-);ETR—电子传递速率;F -最大荧光量;F -最小荧光量;fv / fm - PSⅱ光化学的最大量子产率G -气孔导度;对最大可变荧光F v进行瞬态归一化的初始近似斜率(单位ms -1);NPQ—非光化学猝灭系数;OEC -出氧配合物;OJIP曲线- Chl a荧光瞬态;PI ABS -从PS II吸收光子到系统间电子受体还原的能量守恒性能指标;pm -最大P700氧化;磷氮净光合速率;pn,最大净光合速率;PPFD—光合光子通量密度;PS I—光系统I;PS II—光系统II;qP—光化学猝灭系数;RC/CS -降Q型PSⅱRCs的密度/CS;RCs - PSⅱ反应中心;ROS—活性氧;TR /CS—每CS捕获的能量通量;TR /RC -每个RC捕获的能量通量(导致Q A减少);V J-相对可变荧光在J步;W K - K步归一化相对可变荧光;Y(I)—PS I的有效光化学量子产率;Y(II) -有效PS II量子产率;Y(NA) - PS I受体侧限制下反应中心非光化学能量耗散的量子产率;Y(ND) - PS I给体侧限制下反应中心非光化学能量耗散的量子产率Y(NPQ)—调节能量耗散量子产率;Y(NO) -非调节能量耗散的量子产率;φ Eo -电子输运量子产率(ET);φ Po -初级光化学的最大量子产率Ψ o -被捕获的激子将电子移动到电子传递链中超过Q a -的概率。摘要为探讨油菜素内酯对番茄低温光抑制的保护机制,研究了叶面喷施24-表油菜素内酯(EBR, 0.1µM)对番茄叶片气体交换、叶绿素荧光特性和光合作用的影响。和茄幼苗叶绿素荧光瞬态压力冷却(8℃的温度和辐照度200µ摩尔m 2 s 1) 4 d。结果表明,冷却显著抑制CO 2同化和诱导的光抑制光系统II (PS II)。然而,光系统I (PS I)相对宽容的压力,PSⅱ的差别是由于对这些活动和增加循环电子传递PS我(CEF)。冷却导致PS II反应中心(rc)失活,并阻断PS II受体侧的电子传递,但不影响PS II供体侧的出氧复合物(OEC)。外源EBR主要通过增加CO 2同化和激发能在PS II天线中的热耗散来缓解低温诱导的PS II光抑制,而CEF的保护作用相对较小。本研究表明,EBR维持了冷藏番茄电子传递链的稳定性和PS II的功能。EBR促进了低温胁迫下番茄叶面积吸收(ABS/CS)、捕获(TR /CS)和电子传递(ET /CS),这主要是由于增加了活性反应中心(RC/CS)的密度,而不是活性反应中心的活性。
{"title":"24-epibrassinolide improved chilled tomato photosyntheticperformance by stabilizing electron transport chain and function of photosystem II","authors":"Wenlang Hu, X. Hu, C. Liu, B.-Q. Wang, X. Yan","doi":"10.32615/bp.2022.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2022.008","url":null,"abstract":"Abbreviations : ABS/CS - absorption flux per CS; ABS/RC - absorption flux (exciting PS II antenna of Chl a molecules) per RC; AQY - apparent quantum yield; BRs - brassinosteroids; CEF - cyclic electron transport around PS I; c i - intercellular CO 2 concentration; CS - cros section; E - transpiration rate; EBR - 24-epibrassinolide; ET o /CS – electron transport flux per CS; ET o /RC - electron transport flux (further than Q A- ) per RC; ETR - electron transport rate; F m - maximal fluorescence yield; F o - minimal fluorescence yield; F v /F m - maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry; g s - stomatal conductance; M o - approximated initial slop (in ms -1 ) of the fluorescence transient normalized on the maximal variable fluorescence F v ; NPQ - nonphotochemical quenching coefficient; OEC - oxygen-evolving complex; OJIP curve - Chl a fluorescence transient; PI ABS - performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PS II until the reduction of intersystem electron acceptors; P m - maximum P700 oxidation; P N - net photosynthetic rate; P N,max - maximum net photosynthetic rate; PPFD - photosynthetic photon flux density; PS I - photosystem I; PS II - photosystem II; qP - photochemical quenching coefficient; RC/CS - density of Q A -reducing PS II RCs per CS; RCs - PS II reaction centers; ROS - reactive oxygen species; TR o /CS - trapped energy flux per CS; TR o /RC - trapped energy flux (leading to Q A reduction) per RC; V J - relative variable fluorescence at the J-step; W K - normalized relative variable fluorescence at the K step; Y(I) - effective photochemical quantum yield of PS I; Y(II) - effective PS II quantum yield; Y(NA) - quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation of reaction centers due to PS I acceptor side limitation; Y(ND) - quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation in reaction centers due to PS I donor side limitation; Y(NPQ) - quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation; Y(NO) - quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation; φ Eo - quantum yield for electron transport (ET); φ Po - maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry; Ψ o - probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q A- . Abstract To explore the protective mechanisms of brassinosteroids in the chill-induced photoinhibition in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), we studied the effect of foliar sprayed 24-epibrassinolide (EBR, 0.1µM) on the gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in tomato seedlings under chilling stress (a temperature of 8 ℃ and an irradiance of 200 µmol m -2 s -1 ) for 4 d. Results showed that chilling significantly inhibited CO 2 assimilation and induced photoinhibition of photosystem II (PS II). However, photosystem I (PS I) was relatively tolerant to chilling stress, which was due to the downregulation of PS II activity and increase of cyclic electron transport around PS I (CEF). Chilling led to the","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44608274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Kang, N. Zhang, T. H. Tan, Z. Zhang, R. Wang, Lin-Tao Wu
of the light-adapted state; F m - maximal fluorescence; F m ' - maximal fluorescence yield of the light-adapted state; F v /F m - maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry; F v '/F m ' - efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center in the light conditions; F s - fluorescence intensity at any time; NPQ - nonphotochemical quenching coefficient; PAR - photosynthetically active radiation; P N - net photosynthetic rate; PS - photosystem; q P - photochemical quenching coefficient; WUE - water use efficiency; Φ PSII - effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry. Abstract Midvein is an important structure of the upright leaf of rice, and its normal development is essential to the formation of a common plant type of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). To reveal the effect of midvein deficiency on photosynthesis-related characteristics, leaf microstructure, and vein characteristics, the photosynthetic features between the midvein-deficient mutant dl-14 and wild-type Huanghuazhan plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the midvein area of the dl-4 mutant lacked large intercellular space and instead it was filled with mesophyll cells. Moreover, the vein density of the dl-14 mutant was significantly higher than that in cv. Huanghuazhan. Chlorophyll (Chl) a , Chl b , and carotenoid content were markedly elevated in dl-14 . In terms of photosynthetic characteristics, we observed that under high irradiance and high CO 2 concentration, the net photosynthetic rate of dl-14 plants was significantly higher than that of Huanghuazhan plants, but its water use efficiency was significantly lower. In addition, several major photosynthetic parameters, including characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence (the efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center, photochemical quenching, effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, and electron transfer rate) were significantly higher in dl-14 plants compared to Huanghuazhan plants, but the nonphotochemical quenching of dl-14 mutant was significantly lower than that of Huanghuazhan. These findings indicate that the dl-14 mutant has higher vein density, stronger photon conversion ability, and weaker radiation dissipation ability. This study can provide theoretical support for breeders to use the midvein-deficient mutant.
{"title":"Leaf microstructure and photosynthetic characteristicsof a rice midvein-deficient mutant dl-14","authors":"G. Kang, N. Zhang, T. H. Tan, Z. Zhang, R. Wang, Lin-Tao Wu","doi":"10.32615/bp.2022.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2022.007","url":null,"abstract":"of the light-adapted state; F m - maximal fluorescence; F m ' - maximal fluorescence yield of the light-adapted state; F v /F m - maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry; F v '/F m ' - efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center in the light conditions; F s - fluorescence intensity at any time; NPQ - nonphotochemical quenching coefficient; PAR - photosynthetically active radiation; P N - net photosynthetic rate; PS - photosystem; q P - photochemical quenching coefficient; WUE - water use efficiency; Φ PSII - effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry. Abstract Midvein is an important structure of the upright leaf of rice, and its normal development is essential to the formation of a common plant type of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). To reveal the effect of midvein deficiency on photosynthesis-related characteristics, leaf microstructure, and vein characteristics, the photosynthetic features between the midvein-deficient mutant dl-14 and wild-type Huanghuazhan plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the midvein area of the dl-4 mutant lacked large intercellular space and instead it was filled with mesophyll cells. Moreover, the vein density of the dl-14 mutant was significantly higher than that in cv. Huanghuazhan. Chlorophyll (Chl) a , Chl b , and carotenoid content were markedly elevated in dl-14 . In terms of photosynthetic characteristics, we observed that under high irradiance and high CO 2 concentration, the net photosynthetic rate of dl-14 plants was significantly higher than that of Huanghuazhan plants, but its water use efficiency was significantly lower. In addition, several major photosynthetic parameters, including characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence (the efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center, photochemical quenching, effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, and electron transfer rate) were significantly higher in dl-14 plants compared to Huanghuazhan plants, but the nonphotochemical quenching of dl-14 mutant was significantly lower than that of Huanghuazhan. These findings indicate that the dl-14 mutant has higher vein density, stronger photon conversion ability, and weaker radiation dissipation ability. This study can provide theoretical support for breeders to use the midvein-deficient mutant.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47827255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Wang, Peng Li, L. Yao, Y. Shang, S. Liu, J. Meng, S. Zhang, H.H. Li
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants. They not only confer a wide spectrum of pigmentation to plant flowers but also protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Simultaneously, these compounds also offer health benefits to humans. Significant efforts have been made to correlate specific flavonoid production with biosynthetic pathway gene expression. Some structure genes and transcription factors that regulate the biosynthetic pathway have been identified. However, the diverse and complex control of flavonoid accumulation is still not well understood. In this mini-review, we summarized the improvement of flavonoids by genetic engineering from the aspects of flower colour, plant resistance, and benefits on the human diet. A perspective on flavonoid research in plants is provided.
{"title":"Advances in the application of biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of flavonoids in plants","authors":"Y. Wang, Peng Li, L. Yao, Y. Shang, S. Liu, J. Meng, S. Zhang, H.H. Li","doi":"10.32615/bp.2022.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2022.014","url":null,"abstract":"Flavonoids are secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants. They not only confer a wide spectrum of pigmentation to plant flowers but also protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Simultaneously, these compounds also offer health benefits to humans. Significant efforts have been made to correlate specific flavonoid production with biosynthetic pathway gene expression. Some structure genes and transcription factors that regulate the biosynthetic pathway have been identified. However, the diverse and complex control of flavonoid accumulation is still not well understood. In this mini-review, we summarized the improvement of flavonoids by genetic engineering from the aspects of flower colour, plant resistance, and benefits on the human diet. A perspective on flavonoid research in plants is provided.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43634917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Fabroni, M. Amenta, S. Rapisarda, B. Torrisi, C. Licciardello
Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of organic and conventional production systems on nutrients, antioxidant substances, and N-containing components in fruits and vegetables (Brandt and Molgaard 2001, Carbonaro and Mattera 2001, Rapisarda et al. 2005 and 2010, Del Amor et al. 2008, Esch et al. 2010, Rosen 2010, Camin et al. 2011, Chebrolu et al. 2012). Ecological and agronomic studies on the influence of fertilization on plant metabolism have shown that there is an inverse relationship in plants between the available N and the accumulation of defence-related secondary metabolites such as vitamin C (Brandt et al. 2011). It has been shown that changes in N status play an important role in the secondary metabolism of plants, in which nitrogen deficiency leads to a marked shift from the N-containing compounds to the production of carbon-rich defencerelated phenylpropanoids (Leser and Treutter 2005, Toor et al. 2006, Benbrook et al. 2008, Nguyen and Niemeyer
{"title":"Amino acid metabolism and expression of genes involved in nitrogen assimilation in common oranges cv. Valencia Late","authors":"S. Fabroni, M. Amenta, S. Rapisarda, B. Torrisi, C. Licciardello","doi":"10.32615/bp.2022.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of organic and conventional production systems on nutrients, antioxidant substances, and N-containing components in fruits and vegetables (Brandt and Molgaard 2001, Carbonaro and Mattera 2001, Rapisarda et al. 2005 and 2010, Del Amor et al. 2008, Esch et al. 2010, Rosen 2010, Camin et al. 2011, Chebrolu et al. 2012). Ecological and agronomic studies on the influence of fertilization on plant metabolism have shown that there is an inverse relationship in plants between the available N and the accumulation of defence-related secondary metabolites such as vitamin C (Brandt et al. 2011). It has been shown that changes in N status play an important role in the secondary metabolism of plants, in which nitrogen deficiency leads to a marked shift from the N-containing compounds to the production of carbon-rich defencerelated phenylpropanoids (Leser and Treutter 2005, Toor et al. 2006, Benbrook et al. 2008, Nguyen and Niemeyer","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42968647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Zhan, L. Huang, Z. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Xie, X. Shang, G. Liu, Z. Wu
- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GO - gene ontology; HMGCS - hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase; IPP - isoprene phosphate; KEGG - Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; ME-CPP - 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol- 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase; MEP - methylerythritol 4-phosphate; MVA - mevalonate; RIN - RNA integrity number; RPKM - reads per kb per million reads; TPS - terpene synthase; TFs - transcription factors. Abstract To reveal the regulation mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis , the content of volatiles in eucalyptus leaves and the transcriptome databases of young and mature leaves were analyzed. The results showed that E. camaldulensis contains 92 and 89 kinds of volatile substances in the young and mature leaves, respectively. Among them, the content of 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, and other substances was significantly different in young and mature leaves. A total of 99 802 unigenes were obtained from the transcriptome database of young and mature leaves of E. camaldulensis and 18 441 genes displayed obviously differential expressions during both developmental stages. There were 6 982 up-regulated unigenes and 11 461 down-regulated unigenes in the young leaf stage compared to the mature leaf stage. The key genes for terpenoid biosynthesis, including limonene synthase-10, limonene synthase-11, myrcene synthase-1, α- pinene synthase-2, and 1,8-cineole synthase-2 , were selected for further analysis to explore the mechanism of gene regulation and genetic transformation. The expressions of key genes were validated by RT-qPCR, and their expressions were consistent with RNA-seq data. WRKY, MYB, NAC , and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) displayed important regulatory effects on the above key genes. Thus, a regulatory network model of terpenoid biosynthesis was constructed using target genes and TFs during leaf development in E. camaldulensis . These results provide theoretical evidence for understanding the terpenoid biosynthesis in plants and reference for terpenoids utilization by genetic engineering methods in E. camaldulensis .
{"title":"Expression of genes encoding terpenoid biosynthesis enzymes during leaf development of Eucalyptus camaldulensis","authors":"N. Zhan, L. Huang, Z. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Xie, X. Shang, G. Liu, Z. Wu","doi":"10.32615/bp.2021.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2021.073","url":null,"abstract":"- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GO - gene ontology; HMGCS - hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase; IPP - isoprene phosphate; KEGG - Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; ME-CPP - 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol- 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase; MEP - methylerythritol 4-phosphate; MVA - mevalonate; RIN - RNA integrity number; RPKM - reads per kb per million reads; TPS - terpene synthase; TFs - transcription factors. Abstract To reveal the regulation mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis , the content of volatiles in eucalyptus leaves and the transcriptome databases of young and mature leaves were analyzed. The results showed that E. camaldulensis contains 92 and 89 kinds of volatile substances in the young and mature leaves, respectively. Among them, the content of 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, and other substances was significantly different in young and mature leaves. A total of 99 802 unigenes were obtained from the transcriptome database of young and mature leaves of E. camaldulensis and 18 441 genes displayed obviously differential expressions during both developmental stages. There were 6 982 up-regulated unigenes and 11 461 down-regulated unigenes in the young leaf stage compared to the mature leaf stage. The key genes for terpenoid biosynthesis, including limonene synthase-10, limonene synthase-11, myrcene synthase-1, α- pinene synthase-2, and 1,8-cineole synthase-2 , were selected for further analysis to explore the mechanism of gene regulation and genetic transformation. The expressions of key genes were validated by RT-qPCR, and their expressions were consistent with RNA-seq data. WRKY, MYB, NAC , and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) displayed important regulatory effects on the above key genes. Thus, a regulatory network model of terpenoid biosynthesis was constructed using target genes and TFs during leaf development in E. camaldulensis . These results provide theoretical evidence for understanding the terpenoid biosynthesis in plants and reference for terpenoids utilization by genetic engineering methods in E. camaldulensis .","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PRX peroxidase; ROS reactive oxygen species; SOD superoxide dismutase; TBA thiobarbituric acid; TCA trichloroacetic acid. Abstract High temperatures have become a major threat that seriously affects crop growth and yield. The present work aimed to investigate the acclimation process in adjusting plant responses to high root temperatures. Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Micro-Tom) during the flowering time was subjected to heat treatments (day/night temperatures at the root level of 40 or 45 °C for 4 d) while control plants were maintained at 25 °C, and the heat-stress treatment effects were analysed in the tomato leaves. The results showed a reduction in the content of chlorophylls a and b as well as chlorophyll a / b ratio at both high temperatures. Further, the increase in the amount of malondialdehyde as an indicator of lipid peroxidation was greater at 45 °C. The leaf content of hydrogen peroxide was induced in tomato plants subjected to 45 °C whereas it was markedly decreased in plants maintained at 40 °C as compared to control plants. Antioxidant enzymes showed higher activity in tomatoes treated at 45 °C compared to those treated at 40 °C. Moreover, the highest amount of antioxidants such as carotenoids and ascorbate in tomato plants were found at a temperature of 45 °C. Collectively, we provide evidence that physiological and biochemical components can be altered depending on the heat level, exposure time, and developmental stage. The interaction of root and shoot under high temperatures must be further characterized in terms of understanding the challenging climate changes.
{"title":"Effects of high growth-medium temperature under controlled conditions on characteristics of tomato leaves","authors":"J. Salem, S. Smiti, M. Petřivalský","doi":"10.32615/bp.2021.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2021.070","url":null,"abstract":"PRX peroxidase; ROS reactive oxygen species; SOD superoxide dismutase; TBA thiobarbituric acid; TCA trichloroacetic acid. Abstract High temperatures have become a major threat that seriously affects crop growth and yield. The present work aimed to investigate the acclimation process in adjusting plant responses to high root temperatures. Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Micro-Tom) during the flowering time was subjected to heat treatments (day/night temperatures at the root level of 40 or 45 °C for 4 d) while control plants were maintained at 25 °C, and the heat-stress treatment effects were analysed in the tomato leaves. The results showed a reduction in the content of chlorophylls a and b as well as chlorophyll a / b ratio at both high temperatures. Further, the increase in the amount of malondialdehyde as an indicator of lipid peroxidation was greater at 45 °C. The leaf content of hydrogen peroxide was induced in tomato plants subjected to 45 °C whereas it was markedly decreased in plants maintained at 40 °C as compared to control plants. Antioxidant enzymes showed higher activity in tomatoes treated at 45 °C compared to those treated at 40 °C. Moreover, the highest amount of antioxidants such as carotenoids and ascorbate in tomato plants were found at a temperature of 45 °C. Collectively, we provide evidence that physiological and biochemical components can be altered depending on the heat level, exposure time, and developmental stage. The interaction of root and shoot under high temperatures must be further characterized in terms of understanding the challenging climate changes.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44512548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a potato D200 gene encoding a hypothetical protein were subjected to salinity stress and assessed for their tolerance. The D200 Arabidopsis lines exhibited increased chlorophyll content, improved stomatal conductance, less electrolyte leakage, lower accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and a higher amount of proline compared to the wild type (WT) plants under salinity stress. The gene expression analysis revealed that D200 plants accumulated a significantly higher amount of mRNA transcripts of genes encoding three major antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics analyses showed the D200 plants were more efficient in terms of primary photochemistry of photosystem II and performance indices. Furthermore, the quantum yields and efficiencies that represent the critical steps of photosynthetic light reactions were analyzed and it was found that D200 plants were photosynthetically more active than the WT plants under salt stress conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that the D200 gene is a potential candidate gene for developing stress-resilient crops in future.
{"title":"In vivo assessment of salinity stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing Solanum tuberosum D200 gene","authors":"M. Gururani","doi":"10.32615/bp.2021.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2021.072","url":null,"abstract":"Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a potato D200 gene encoding a hypothetical protein were subjected to salinity stress and assessed for their tolerance. The D200 Arabidopsis lines exhibited increased chlorophyll content, improved stomatal conductance, less electrolyte leakage, lower accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and a higher amount of proline compared to the wild type (WT) plants under salinity stress. The gene expression analysis revealed that D200 plants accumulated a significantly higher amount of mRNA transcripts of genes encoding three major antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics analyses showed the D200 plants were more efficient in terms of primary photochemistry of photosystem II and performance indices. Furthermore, the quantum yields and efficiencies that represent the critical steps of photosynthetic light reactions were analyzed and it was found that D200 plants were photosynthetically more active than the WT plants under salt stress conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that the D200 gene is a potential candidate gene for developing stress-resilient crops in future.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46540005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. Li, G. Su, A. Ntambiyukuri, B. Tong, J. Zhan, A. Q. Wang, D. Xiao, L-F. He
Thioredoxins (Trx) are small multifunctional redox proteins that contain thioredoxin conserved domain and active site WCXXC. The Trx family has an important role in multiple processes, including electron transport, seed germination, redox regulation, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance, etc . Although Trx genes have been extensively characterized in some plants, they have not been reported in peanut until now. The identification of AhTrx genes provides potential candidate genes for studying their effects and regulatory mechanisms in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development, especially under aluminium (Al) stress. It is also helpful to further analyze the Al resistance pathway in plants. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified using a genome-wide search method and conservative domain analysis. Then the basic physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, chromosomal localization, and promoter prediction were studied by the bioinformatic methods. Furthermore, the expressions of AhTrx genes under different Al treatment times in two peanut cultivars were tested using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all AhTrx members could be classified into 9 groups with different conserved domains. Motif 1 was found to exist in every sequence, with an active site. Furthermore, the gene structures showed that the AhTrx family was complicated and changeable during evolution. The chromosomal localization indicated that the distribution and density of the Trx family on 20 peanut chromosomes were uneven. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that AhTrx proteins might play a role in phytohormones synthesis and stress response. Finally, the expression patterns of the AhTrx genes showed that every gene was differently expressed under Al treatment in different peanut cultivars, some were obvious, others had no significant difference, some were at a high level, while others were at a low level. This study systematically identifies the Trx gene family in peanut, providing some candidates for further study on its effects and regulatory mechanism under Al stress in peanut.
{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the AhTrx family genes in peanut","authors":"X. Li, G. Su, A. Ntambiyukuri, B. Tong, J. Zhan, A. Q. Wang, D. Xiao, L-F. He","doi":"10.32615/bp.2021.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2021.077","url":null,"abstract":"Thioredoxins (Trx) are small multifunctional redox proteins that contain thioredoxin conserved domain and active site WCXXC. The Trx family has an important role in multiple processes, including electron transport, seed germination, redox regulation, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance, etc . Although Trx genes have been extensively characterized in some plants, they have not been reported in peanut until now. The identification of AhTrx genes provides potential candidate genes for studying their effects and regulatory mechanisms in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development, especially under aluminium (Al) stress. It is also helpful to further analyze the Al resistance pathway in plants. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified using a genome-wide search method and conservative domain analysis. Then the basic physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, chromosomal localization, and promoter prediction were studied by the bioinformatic methods. Furthermore, the expressions of AhTrx genes under different Al treatment times in two peanut cultivars were tested using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all AhTrx members could be classified into 9 groups with different conserved domains. Motif 1 was found to exist in every sequence, with an active site. Furthermore, the gene structures showed that the AhTrx family was complicated and changeable during evolution. The chromosomal localization indicated that the distribution and density of the Trx family on 20 peanut chromosomes were uneven. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that AhTrx proteins might play a role in phytohormones synthesis and stress response. Finally, the expression patterns of the AhTrx genes showed that every gene was differently expressed under Al treatment in different peanut cultivars, some were obvious, others had no significant difference, some were at a high level, while others were at a low level. This study systematically identifies the Trx gene family in peanut, providing some candidates for further study on its effects and regulatory mechanism under Al stress in peanut.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44003508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Che, Yueyue Liao, Xue Fu, Y. Yue, N. Zhang, H. Si
Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Eshu 10 was used to investigate the effects of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), abscisic acid (ABA), and low-temperature stress on changes of hormone content, expression patterns of StTCP15 gene, and tuber dormancy characteristics. Under GA 3 treatment and low-temperature stress, tuber dormancy was broken in about one week sooner compared with the control group, but ABA treatment did not significantly promote the breaking of tuber dormancy. The results of hormone determination using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) showed that the content of ABA in tubers treated with GA 3 or low-temperature stress was lower than in the control group, and it was higher than in the control group under ABA treatment. The GA 3 content of tubers was higher than in the control group under GA 3 treatment and lower under low-temperature stress. During dormancy, the ABA content continued to increase and GA 3 content fluctuated, ABA content rapidly decreased and GA 3 content rapidly increased when the dormancy was breaking, and both ABA content and GA 3 content increased during germination. The results from the assay of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of the StTCP15 gene was continuously increased during the dormant period in all groups, and the expression of the StTCP15 gene was the highest at the time of dormancy release. The expression of the StTCP15 gene was increased about 15 times on the 7 th d under low-temperature stress and was restored at room temperature. Thus, the StTCP15 gene can respond to GA 3 , ABA, and low-temperature stress and may be involved in the release of potato tuber dormancy.
{"title":"Regulation of StTCP15 gene expression and tuber dormancy characteristics of potato by gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and low temperature","authors":"Y. Che, Yueyue Liao, Xue Fu, Y. Yue, N. Zhang, H. Si","doi":"10.32615/bp.2021.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2021.065","url":null,"abstract":"Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Eshu 10 was used to investigate the effects of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), abscisic acid (ABA), and low-temperature stress on changes of hormone content, expression patterns of StTCP15 gene, and tuber dormancy characteristics. Under GA 3 treatment and low-temperature stress, tuber dormancy was broken in about one week sooner compared with the control group, but ABA treatment did not significantly promote the breaking of tuber dormancy. The results of hormone determination using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) showed that the content of ABA in tubers treated with GA 3 or low-temperature stress was lower than in the control group, and it was higher than in the control group under ABA treatment. The GA 3 content of tubers was higher than in the control group under GA 3 treatment and lower under low-temperature stress. During dormancy, the ABA content continued to increase and GA 3 content fluctuated, ABA content rapidly decreased and GA 3 content rapidly increased when the dormancy was breaking, and both ABA content and GA 3 content increased during germination. The results from the assay of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of the StTCP15 gene was continuously increased during the dormant period in all groups, and the expression of the StTCP15 gene was the highest at the time of dormancy release. The expression of the StTCP15 gene was increased about 15 times on the 7 th d under low-temperature stress and was restored at room temperature. Thus, the StTCP15 gene can respond to GA 3 , ABA, and low-temperature stress and may be involved in the release of potato tuber dormancy.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47225611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Li, J. Sun, J. L. Men, H. Li, G. Wang, S. Wang, J. Wang
GAGA-25 - GATA transcription factor 25; HDAC9 - histone deacetylase 9; HLM2B - histone-lysine_N-methyltransferase 2B; NtaA - N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 16, NatA auxiliary; pbP - peroxisome biogenesis protein 22-like; RFU1 - RING finger ubiquitin ligase; RT-qPCR reverse transcription qPCR; RUB1 - ubiquitin-NEDD8-like protein RUB1; STAM - Stam binding; TL-OEMC - translocon at the outer membrane of chloroplasts 64; UPF3 - UPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog UPF3; V - variation. Abstract Real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is an important tool for gene expression analysis. Suitable reference genes are the basis of accurate and reliable RT-qPCR results. Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a commercially important tropical and subtropical fruit, but rapid pericarp browning is a substantial negative impact on its commercial use. Reference gene validation could help in the screening for genes involved in the browning mechanism. We assessed 15 new candidate reference genes from litchi transcriptome to determine stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of pericarps from different cultivars, with differing postharvest storage, and under pathogenic stress. Ct values, geNorm , Normfinder , and RefFinder algorithms, were used to identify genes with the most stable transcription. GAGA-25 was the gene with the most stable transcription for comparing different varieties of the fresh pericarp. HDAC9 was the gene with the most stable transcription for postharvest pericarp. STAM was the gene with the most stable transcription for inoculated pericarp. Of the candidate reference genes, GAGA-25 was the most stable reference gene across the complete sample set. This study evaluated reference gene stability for RT-qPCR in litchi pericarp. This work provides a foundation for using qPCR to study gene function and molecular mechanism studies of litchi pericarp browning.
{"title":"Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in the pericarp of Litchi chinensis","authors":"F. Li, J. Sun, J. L. Men, H. Li, G. Wang, S. Wang, J. Wang","doi":"10.32615/bp.2021.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2021.066","url":null,"abstract":"GAGA-25 - GATA transcription factor 25; HDAC9 - histone deacetylase 9; HLM2B - histone-lysine_N-methyltransferase 2B; NtaA - N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 16, NatA auxiliary; pbP - peroxisome biogenesis protein 22-like; RFU1 - RING finger ubiquitin ligase; RT-qPCR reverse transcription qPCR; RUB1 - ubiquitin-NEDD8-like protein RUB1; STAM - Stam binding; TL-OEMC - translocon at the outer membrane of chloroplasts 64; UPF3 - UPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog UPF3; V - variation. Abstract Real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is an important tool for gene expression analysis. Suitable reference genes are the basis of accurate and reliable RT-qPCR results. Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a commercially important tropical and subtropical fruit, but rapid pericarp browning is a substantial negative impact on its commercial use. Reference gene validation could help in the screening for genes involved in the browning mechanism. We assessed 15 new candidate reference genes from litchi transcriptome to determine stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of pericarps from different cultivars, with differing postharvest storage, and under pathogenic stress. Ct values, geNorm , Normfinder , and RefFinder algorithms, were used to identify genes with the most stable transcription. GAGA-25 was the gene with the most stable transcription for comparing different varieties of the fresh pericarp. HDAC9 was the gene with the most stable transcription for postharvest pericarp. STAM was the gene with the most stable transcription for inoculated pericarp. Of the candidate reference genes, GAGA-25 was the most stable reference gene across the complete sample set. This study evaluated reference gene stability for RT-qPCR in litchi pericarp. This work provides a foundation for using qPCR to study gene function and molecular mechanism studies of litchi pericarp browning.","PeriodicalId":8912,"journal":{"name":"Biologia Plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}