The quest for safe, secure and sustainable energy has posed one of the most critical challenges of this age. Nigeria is blessed with vast biomass resources, yet lacks the wherewithal to harness and develop a sustainable energy framework, this review highlights the complexity of biofuels which is a direct product of biomass and the sheer diversity of options already available, hence advocating biofuel as an option to solve the current energy crisis if it is economically, socially and technologically sustained and the public acceptability is maximized.
{"title":"Strategic Evaluation of Biofuels as a Dependable Solution for Our Energy Crisis in Nigeria","authors":"Nwosu-Obieogu Kenechi, Aguele Felix, Chiemenem Linus, Adekunle Kayode","doi":"10.11648/J.BE.20170102.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BE.20170102.12","url":null,"abstract":"The quest for safe, secure and sustainable energy has posed one of the most critical challenges of this age. Nigeria is blessed with vast biomass resources, yet lacks the wherewithal to harness and develop a sustainable energy framework, this review highlights the complexity of biofuels which is a direct product of biomass and the sheer diversity of options already available, hence advocating biofuel as an option to solve the current energy crisis if it is economically, socially and technologically sustained and the public acceptability is maximized.","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90199776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-26DOI: 10.11648/J.BE.20170102.11
C. Sandeep, A. S. Kumar, K. Mahadevan, P. Manoj
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common form of senile dementia. Although the understanding of key steps underlying neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is incomplete, it is clear that it begins long before symptoms are noticed by patient. Conventional clinical decision making systems are more manual in nature and ultimate conclusion in terms of exact diagnosis is remote. In this case, the employment of advanced Biomedical Engineering Technology will definitely helpful for making diagnosis. Any disease modifying treatments which are developed are most possibly to be achieving success if initiated early in the process, and this needs that we tend to develop reliable, validated and economical ways to diagnose Alzheimer’s kind pathology. However, despite comprehensive searches, no single test has shown adequate sensitivity and specificity, and it is likely that a combination will be needed. Profiling of human body parameter using computers can be utilised for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. There are several imaging techniques used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s type pathology. There are lot of tests and neuroimaging modalities to be performed for an effective diagnosis of the disease. Prominent of them are Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission CT Scanning (SPECT), MRI Imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). In this research we have proposed a new scheme based on Wavelet Networks (WN) for the feature extraction of MRI brain images for the early diagnosis of AD. The database of MRI images were obtained from Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation (SGMC&RF), Trivandrum, India.
{"title":"Feature Extraction of MRI Brain Images for the Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"C. Sandeep, A. S. Kumar, K. Mahadevan, P. Manoj","doi":"10.11648/J.BE.20170102.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BE.20170102.11","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common form of senile dementia. Although the understanding of key steps underlying neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is incomplete, it is clear that it begins long before symptoms are noticed by patient. Conventional clinical decision making systems are more manual in nature and ultimate conclusion in terms of exact diagnosis is remote. In this case, the employment of advanced Biomedical Engineering Technology will definitely helpful for making diagnosis. Any disease modifying treatments which are developed are most possibly to be achieving success if initiated early in the process, and this needs that we tend to develop reliable, validated and economical ways to diagnose Alzheimer’s kind pathology. However, despite comprehensive searches, no single test has shown adequate sensitivity and specificity, and it is likely that a combination will be needed. Profiling of human body parameter using computers can be utilised for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. There are several imaging techniques used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s type pathology. There are lot of tests and neuroimaging modalities to be performed for an effective diagnosis of the disease. Prominent of them are Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission CT Scanning (SPECT), MRI Imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). In this research we have proposed a new scheme based on Wavelet Networks (WN) for the feature extraction of MRI brain images for the early diagnosis of AD. The database of MRI images were obtained from Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation (SGMC&RF), Trivandrum, India.","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87705999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.11648/J.BE.20170101.15
M. Saleem, Tahira Amir, Q. Ul-Hassan, K. Ayub, Farhana Kanwal
Solutions of nonlinear models are of great importance and their significance has increased a lot. In given paper, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is implemented to show the numerical assumption of the population dynamics model with density-dependent migeration and the Allee effect. The resemblance of the numerical solutions attained by HPM with exact solution allows the order of this method. The results show applicability, accuracy and efficiency of HPM in solving the parabolic equation. HPM is effective for solving the transitary non-linear advection diffusion reaction equation.
{"title":"Computing the Allee Effect and Population Dynamics with Density Dependent Migeration Using Homotopy Perturbation Method","authors":"M. Saleem, Tahira Amir, Q. Ul-Hassan, K. Ayub, Farhana Kanwal","doi":"10.11648/J.BE.20170101.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BE.20170101.15","url":null,"abstract":"Solutions of nonlinear models are of great importance and their significance has increased a lot. In given paper, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is implemented to show the numerical assumption of the population dynamics model with density-dependent migeration and the Allee effect. The resemblance of the numerical solutions attained by HPM with exact solution allows the order of this method. The results show applicability, accuracy and efficiency of HPM in solving the parabolic equation. HPM is effective for solving the transitary non-linear advection diffusion reaction equation.","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87442446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-13DOI: 10.11648/J.BE.20170101.14
R. S. Bello
Particle size distribution (PSD) of sawdust produced from circular, chain and band sawing machines has been carried out in order to study the influence of different saws on sawdust produced and its characterization. The raw materials were collected from the mill sites and screened, then vibrated on mechanical sieves. Four major fractional classification of particle sizes are identified; oversize particles (OS), coarse particle (CPS), pin particle (PSP) and fine (FSP). The particle size distribution in all the three mills shows a similar pattern of distribution on log sieve graph. The proportion of particle size distribution in FPS produced by all the saw showed slight variations with the least (30.0 ± 1.2%) variation in bandsaw, followed in increasing order by chainsaw and circular saw (37.2 ± 1.3%). Analysis of variance revealed that blade type, particle size, wood density, and particle density are significantly affected by porosity.
{"title":"Characterization of Sawdust Produced from Circular, Chain and Band Sawing Machines","authors":"R. S. Bello","doi":"10.11648/J.BE.20170101.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BE.20170101.14","url":null,"abstract":"Particle size distribution (PSD) of sawdust produced from circular, chain and band sawing machines has been carried out in order to study the influence of different saws on sawdust produced and its characterization. The raw materials were collected from the mill sites and screened, then vibrated on mechanical sieves. Four major fractional classification of particle sizes are identified; oversize particles (OS), coarse particle (CPS), pin particle (PSP) and fine (FSP). The particle size distribution in all the three mills shows a similar pattern of distribution on log sieve graph. The proportion of particle size distribution in FPS produced by all the saw showed slight variations with the least (30.0 ± 1.2%) variation in bandsaw, followed in increasing order by chainsaw and circular saw (37.2 ± 1.3%). Analysis of variance revealed that blade type, particle size, wood density, and particle density are significantly affected by porosity.","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87038797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-08DOI: 10.11648/J.BE.20170101.13
Fatemeh Tazari, M. Rahaie, A. H. Zarmi, F. Yazdian, H. Jalili, Salman Alizadeh Kordkandi
The main objective of this research was to focus on enhancing the substrate uptake rate of P. aeruginosa using various biosurfactants as well as carbon sources in the medium culture. While hexadecane and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) were chosen as hydrophobic carbon sources, the effects of glucose on two strains of P. aeruginosa , MM1011 and TMU56, were evaluated. Two kinds of biosurfactants, including surfactin and rhamnolipid at higher and lower than the critical micelle concentrations were added into the medium. After that, the response of bacterium based on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) was measured through the BATH assay. General full factorial technique was used to organize the experiments and analyze the effects of input factors on CSH. Although the both strains showed similar growth trend under conditions of different carbon sources, the order of affinity between the various substrates and the specific growth rates was as PCBs> glucose> nutrient broth> hexadecane. The analysis of variance showed that both type of carbon source and the biosurfactant had a significant effect on the CSH of P. aeruginosa TMU56. However, the P. aeruginosa MM1011 strain had no meaningful reaction in the presence of biosurfactant. High value of coefficient of determination (R 2 =0.95) indicated a good agreement between experimental data and predicted values by models. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the variation in hydrophobicity was a result of fluctuation in the amount of major proteins on the bacteria cell wall. The significant effect of biosurfactant on the P. aeruginosa TMU56 at concentration under critical micelle point was related to the release of more outer membrane proteins (OMPs).
{"title":"A Systematic Comparison of Biosurfactant Effects on Physicochemical Properties and Growth Rates of P. aeruginosa MM1011 and TMU56: A Bioremediation Perspective","authors":"Fatemeh Tazari, M. Rahaie, A. H. Zarmi, F. Yazdian, H. Jalili, Salman Alizadeh Kordkandi","doi":"10.11648/J.BE.20170101.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BE.20170101.13","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research was to focus on enhancing the substrate uptake rate of P. aeruginosa using various biosurfactants as well as carbon sources in the medium culture. While hexadecane and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) were chosen as hydrophobic carbon sources, the effects of glucose on two strains of P. aeruginosa , MM1011 and TMU56, were evaluated. Two kinds of biosurfactants, including surfactin and rhamnolipid at higher and lower than the critical micelle concentrations were added into the medium. After that, the response of bacterium based on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) was measured through the BATH assay. General full factorial technique was used to organize the experiments and analyze the effects of input factors on CSH. Although the both strains showed similar growth trend under conditions of different carbon sources, the order of affinity between the various substrates and the specific growth rates was as PCBs> glucose> nutrient broth> hexadecane. The analysis of variance showed that both type of carbon source and the biosurfactant had a significant effect on the CSH of P. aeruginosa TMU56. However, the P. aeruginosa MM1011 strain had no meaningful reaction in the presence of biosurfactant. High value of coefficient of determination (R 2 =0.95) indicated a good agreement between experimental data and predicted values by models. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the variation in hydrophobicity was a result of fluctuation in the amount of major proteins on the bacteria cell wall. The significant effect of biosurfactant on the P. aeruginosa TMU56 at concentration under critical micelle point was related to the release of more outer membrane proteins (OMPs).","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79437378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-03DOI: 10.11648/j.be.20170101.12
K. Yusuf, O. Ajayi
Cashew kernel oil (CKO) is one of the most important edible vegetable oils because of its low cholesterol and monosaccharide nature. In this study, the effects of processing parameter affecting quality of cashew kernel oil were investigated. The extraction analysis was carried out using a laboratory screw press in the Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi and the quality analysis of CKO extracted was carried out in the chemistry laboratory of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. The study investigated the effects of heating temperature, moisture content, and Pressing time on the iodine value, acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid of the CKO. The study was considered as a 4×3×3×3 factorial experiment with four levels of heating temperature (80, 90,100 and 110°C), three level of moisture content (7,8 and 9% wb) and three level of pressing time (10, 12 and 15minutes) and in three replication using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with moisture content as a blocking factor. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS20.0 software. The study result established that the heating temperature, moisture content and pressing time have significant effects on the iodine value, acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid of the CKO at 0.05 confidence limit.
{"title":"Effects of Processing Parameters on the Quality Characteristics of Oil Extracted from Cashew ( Anarcardium Occidentale ) Kernel","authors":"K. Yusuf, O. Ajayi","doi":"10.11648/j.be.20170101.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.be.20170101.12","url":null,"abstract":"Cashew kernel oil (CKO) is one of the most important edible vegetable oils because of its low cholesterol and monosaccharide nature. In this study, the effects of processing parameter affecting quality of cashew kernel oil were investigated. The extraction analysis was carried out using a laboratory screw press in the Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi and the quality analysis of CKO extracted was carried out in the chemistry laboratory of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. The study investigated the effects of heating temperature, moisture content, and Pressing time on the iodine value, acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid of the CKO. The study was considered as a 4×3×3×3 factorial experiment with four levels of heating temperature (80, 90,100 and 110°C), three level of moisture content (7,8 and 9% wb) and three level of pressing time (10, 12 and 15minutes) and in three replication using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with moisture content as a blocking factor. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS20.0 software. The study result established that the heating temperature, moisture content and pressing time have significant effects on the iodine value, acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid of the CKO at 0.05 confidence limit.","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90878108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-17DOI: 10.11648/J.BE.20170101.11
B. Ravishankar, Vikas S. Ballary, M. Akarsh, B. Rangaswamy, S. Bathula
The need of bio-ethanol is being increased now a days, hence the production of bio-ethanol must be increased using cheaper and eco-friendly raw materials. Based on these criteria, underexploited fruits were considered as cheaper and eco-friendly source for bio-ethanol production. In the present study fruits from Singapore cherry ( Muntingia calabura ) was used as raw material to produce bio-ethanol by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The results obtained from this work shows that the higher rate of ethanol production through fermentation at the operating conditions (pH 5.5, temperature 30±2°C, speed 80 rpm, fermentation period 15 days) were feasible. The extracted bio-ethanol tested as a fuel in CI engine. Experimental work on performance and emission characteristics of ethanol blended diesel fuel was conducted on single cylinder four stroke CI engines at operating pressure 210 bar with rated speed of 1500 rpm. The different blends of Singapore cherry fruit fuel with diesel were also conducted. The results of this study suggests that fruits from Singapore cherry contain rich fermentable sugars and those can be converted into useful products like bio-ethanol, that serves as an alternative energy source.
{"title":"Production of Bio-ethanol from an Underexploited Fruit of Muntingia calabura and Studying Performance and Emission Characteristics of Single Cylinder CI Engine","authors":"B. Ravishankar, Vikas S. Ballary, M. Akarsh, B. Rangaswamy, S. Bathula","doi":"10.11648/J.BE.20170101.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BE.20170101.11","url":null,"abstract":"The need of bio-ethanol is being increased now a days, hence the production of bio-ethanol must be increased using cheaper and eco-friendly raw materials. Based on these criteria, underexploited fruits were considered as cheaper and eco-friendly source for bio-ethanol production. In the present study fruits from Singapore cherry ( Muntingia calabura ) was used as raw material to produce bio-ethanol by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The results obtained from this work shows that the higher rate of ethanol production through fermentation at the operating conditions (pH 5.5, temperature 30±2°C, speed 80 rpm, fermentation period 15 days) were feasible. The extracted bio-ethanol tested as a fuel in CI engine. Experimental work on performance and emission characteristics of ethanol blended diesel fuel was conducted on single cylinder four stroke CI engines at operating pressure 210 bar with rated speed of 1500 rpm. The different blends of Singapore cherry fruit fuel with diesel were also conducted. The results of this study suggests that fruits from Singapore cherry contain rich fermentable sugars and those can be converted into useful products like bio-ethanol, that serves as an alternative energy source.","PeriodicalId":8944,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91001131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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