Advancements in genetic engineering最新文献

英文中文

Why Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) has been Selected asthe DNA Barcode for Fungi 为什么选择核糖体内部转录间隔(ITS)作为真菌的DNA条形码

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2015-05-24 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000119

M. Agy, Zaher Ehf

The application of DNA sequences of standardized genetic markers for the identification of eukaryotic organisms is known as DNA barcoding. Based on a recent study by a multinational and multilaboratory fungal barcoding consortium, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) has been selected as the DNA barcode for fungi. DNA barcoding shows tremendous promise for the organisms rapid identification at the species level. Recently, DNA barcodes are used for identification of fungal species in marine sediments.

应用标准化遗传标记的DNA序列来鉴定真核生物被称为DNA条形码。基于一个跨国和多实验室真菌条形码联盟最近的研究，选择核糖体内转录间隔(ITS)作为真菌的DNA条形码。DNA条形码技术为生物在物种水平上的快速鉴定显示了巨大的前景。近年来，DNA条形码被用于海洋沉积物中真菌种类的鉴定。

引用次数: 9

Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Checkpoint Blockade 癌症免疫治疗:靶向检查点阻断

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2015-03-15 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000118

A. Chhabra

Immune system is developed in such a way that it can efficiently recognize, target and eliminate foreign pathogens effectively, but leave the host self-architecture intact. During the developmental process self-reactive high avidity immune effectors are deleted, and several other mechanisms are put in place to ensure that the self-reactive low avidity immune effectors cannot generate harmful autoimmune reactions. T cells are critical immune effectors of a protective antigen specific adaptive immune response. While engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) critical for the development of antigen specific T cell response, development of effector function in T cells is fine tuned by positive factors, the co-stimulatory factors, and negative factors, the co-inhibitory receptors. While role of co- stimulation was initially considered critical for the generation of an optimum protective immune response, it is well established that the co-inhibitory molecules play equally essential role in this process. Approaches targeting co- inhibitory receptor mediated immune blockade mechanisms have recently been shown to produce remarkable protective responses in cancer patients. We will here take a brief account of the recent advances towards development of immune checkpoint blockade strategies in cancer immunotherapy.

免疫系统的发展使其能够有效地识别、靶向和消除外来病原体，但不影响宿主的自身结构。在发育过程中，自反应性高贪婪免疫效应器被删除，并建立了一些其他机制来确保自反应性低贪婪免疫效应器不会产生有害的自身免疫反应。T细胞是保护性抗原特异性适应性免疫反应的关键免疫效应器。虽然T细胞受体(TCR)的参与对抗原特异性T细胞反应的发展至关重要，但T细胞中效应功能的发展受到积极因素(共刺激因素)和消极因素(共抑制受体)的精细调节。虽然共同刺激的作用最初被认为是产生最佳保护性免疫反应的关键，但已经确定共同抑制分子在这一过程中发挥同样重要的作用。针对共抑制受体介导的免疫阻断机制的方法最近被证明在癌症患者中产生显着的保护反应。我们将在此简要介绍癌症免疫治疗中免疫检查点阻断策略的最新进展。

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引用次数: 1

Long Non-Coding RNAs, Ubiquitin Proteasome System, CollagenDegradation and Preterm Premature Rupture of Membrane 长链非编码rna，泛素蛋白酶体系统，胶原降解和早产早破膜

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2015-02-13 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000117

N. Zhong, Leilei Wang, Xiucui Luo, Jing Pan

Preterm Premature Rupture of the Fetal Membranes (PPROM) is a reproductive system disorder and a major cause of prematurity. Several major etiologic factors have been linked to PPROM, one of which is the weakness of the amniochorion Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) caused by collagen degradation. With increasingly deeper research studies on the human genome, rapidly growing evidence has suggested that abnormally expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved with multiple diseases. Among various ncRNAs, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted more attention and were found to correlate with various inflammation-related conditions or diseases. Recent studies demonstrated that lncRNAs might be involved in regulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in PPROM. The UPS is an ATP-dependent enzyme process that targets substrate proteins, tagged with an isopeptide chain composed of covalently linked molecules of ubiquitin, for degradation by the 26S proteasome, and deeply involved in the regulation of most basic cellular processes. Here, we reviewed the UPS system, the collagen in extracellular matrix (ECM), the PPROM as well as lncRNAs. We hypothesize that a novel pathogenic pathway of “infection/inflammation lncRNA, UPS, collagen, membrane rupture” for exploring the molecular pathogenesis of PPROM

胎膜早破(PPROM)是一种生殖系统疾病，也是早产的主要原因。几个主要的病因与PPROM有关，其中之一是胶原降解引起的羊膜外细胞基质(ECM)的薄弱。随着人类基因组研究的不断深入，越来越多的证据表明，异常表达的非编码rna (non-coding RNAs, ncRNAs)与多种疾病有关。在各种ncRNAs中，长链非编码rna (long non-coding rna, lncRNAs)受到了更多的关注，并被发现与各种炎症相关的病症或疾病有关。近年来的研究表明，lncrna可能参与PPROM中泛素蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin proteasome system, UPS)的调控。UPS是一种atp依赖的酶过程，其目标是底物蛋白，由共价连接的泛素分子组成的异肽链标记，由26S蛋白酶体降解，并深入参与大多数基本细胞过程的调节。在此，我们综述了UPS系统、细胞外基质胶原蛋白(ECM)、PPROM和lncrna。我们假设“感染/炎症lncRNA、UPS、胶原蛋白、膜破裂”的新致病途径，探索PPROM的分子发病机制

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引用次数: 2

Epigenetics: The Revenge of Lamarck? 表观遗传学:拉马克的复仇?

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2015-01-28 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000E114

A. Mastinu

“On the Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin changed the biology theories and the biblical creationism was replaced by a new vision of the world. From this new perspective, also the theories by Lamarck were considered incorrect, because the adaptations achieved by animals during their life could not be transmitted hereditarily. Moreover, after fifty years, the data collected by Gregor Mendel induced biologists to introduce the concept of gene and hereditary characteristics, underestimating the role of the environment

查尔斯·达尔文的《物种起源》改变了生物学理论，圣经的神创论被一种新的世界观所取代。从这个新的角度来看，拉马克的理论也被认为是不正确的，因为动物在其一生中所取得的适应不能遗传。此外，五十年后，孟德尔收集的数据诱导生物学家引入了基因和遗传特征的概念，低估了环境的作用

引用次数: 4

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells: An Off the Shelf Approach for Generation of Desirable T-Cell Populations for Broad Application of Adoptive Immunotherapy. 人工抗原呈递细胞:为过继免疫治疗的广泛应用而产生理想t细胞群的现成方法。

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-10-05

A N Hasan, A Selvakumar, R J O'Reilly

Adoptive transfer of antigen specific T-cells can lead to eradication of cancer and viral infections. The broad application of this approach has further been hampered by the limited availability of adequate numbers of T-cells for treatment in a timely manner. This has led to efforts for the development of efficient methods to generate large numbers of T-cells with specificity for tumor or viral antigens that can be harnessed for use in cancer therapy. Recent studies have demonstrated that during encounter with tumor antigen, the signals delivered to T-cells by professional antigen-presenting cells can affect T-cell programming and their subsequent therapeutic efficacy. This has stimulated efforts to develop artificial antigen-presenting cells that allow optimal control over the signals provided to T-cells. In this review, we will discuss the cellular artificial antigen-presenting cell systems and their use in T-cell adoptive immunotherapy for cancer and infections.

抗原特异性t细胞的过继转移可导致癌症和病毒感染的根除。这种方法的广泛应用进一步受到了及时获得足够数量的t细胞治疗的限制。这促使人们努力开发有效的方法，以产生大量具有肿瘤或病毒抗原特异性的t细胞，这些t细胞可用于癌症治疗。最近的研究表明，在遇到肿瘤抗原时，专业抗原呈递细胞传递给t细胞的信号可以影响t细胞的编程及其随后的治疗效果。这刺激了开发人工抗原呈递细胞的努力，这种细胞可以对提供给t细胞的信号进行最佳控制。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论细胞人工抗原呈递细胞系统及其在癌症和感染的t细胞过继免疫治疗中的应用。

引用次数: 0

Pleiotropic Enrichment Analysis with Diverse Omics Data 多元组学数据的多效性富集分析

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2014-11-05 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000E113

Wenlong Tang, Ji-Gang Zhang, D. Lin

Wenlong Tang1*, Jigang Zhang2,3 and Dongdong Lin2,4 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 2Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA 3Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA *Corresponding author: Wenlong Tang, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA, Tel: 504-988-1341; E-mail: wtang11@bama.ua.edu

唐文龙1*，张继刚2,3，林东东2,4 1美国阿拉巴马大学塔斯卡卢萨分校电气与计算机工程系2美国杜兰大学基因组学与生物信息学中心3美国杜兰大学生物统计与生物信息学系4美国杜兰大学生物医学工程系，美国新奥尔良邓文龙，美国阿拉巴马大学电气与计算机工程系，塔斯卡卢萨，美国，35487，电话:504-988-1341;电子邮件:wtang11@bama.ua.edu

引用次数: 2

Bioprinting: A Further Step to Effective Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering 生物打印:有效再生医学和组织工程的进一步发展

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2014-08-16 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000E112

M. Conese

Regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary field that aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues, or organs in order to restore or establish normal function. In this broad sense, this operational definition should include the ultimate goal of tissue (bio) engineering, i.e. ‘the manufacture of living functional tissues and organs suitable for transplantation in reasonable time scales’ [1]. The process of regenerating body parts can occur in vivo or ex vivo, and may require stem cells, natural or synthetic cell-supporting scaffold materials, bioactive molecules such as for example trophic factors, genetic manipulation, or combinations of all of the above [2]. The interest in embryonic stem cells has increasingly faded away when the possibility of obtaining pluripotent cells by reprogramming adult somatic cells was achieved. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) represents nowadays the most interesting source to be used in regenerative medicine, as, besides pluripotency, they are obtained from the very same patient whom they will administer to and should thus not give any immune reaction [3]. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have broad interest as to the application to different fields of general surgery, among which skin restoration, heart repair, bioengineering of vessels, kidney, gastroenteric and upper respiratory tracts [4]. The medical application in this field started up in 2006 when Atala and colleagues implanted in patients who need cystoplasty bladders engineered ex vivo from the seeding of autologous cells (urothelium and muscle cells) on collagen-polyglycolic acid scaffolds as artificial supporting biomaterial [5]. Another milestone was the manufacture of a trachea from human components. Macchiarini and colleagues transplanted the first tissue-engineered trachea, utilizing the patient’s own stem cells, into a 30-year old woman with end-stage bronchomalacia, with positive results about respiratory functional tests following the transplantation [6]. The trachea was denuded and reseeded with cells from the recipient, i.e. chondrocytes differentiated from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells on the outer surface and epithelial cells obtained from the right bronchus on the inner surface. A 5-year follow-up reported the safety and efficacy of this procedure highlighting the function of the tissue-engineered trachea and, importantly, the well-being of the patient [7].

再生医学是一个多学科交叉的领域，旨在替代或再生人体细胞、组织或器官，以恢复或建立正常功能。从广义上讲，这个操作性定义应该包括组织(生物)工程的最终目标，即“在合理的时间尺度内制造出适合移植的活功能组织和器官”。身体部位的再生过程可以在体内或体外进行，并且可能需要干细胞、天然或合成的细胞支持支架材料、生物活性分子(例如营养因子)、遗传操作或上述所有bbb的组合。当通过重编程成人体细胞获得多能细胞的可能性实现后，对胚胎干细胞的兴趣逐渐消退。诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)是目前用于再生医学的最有趣的来源，因为除了多能性外，它们来自同一患者，因此不会产生任何免疫反应。再生医学和组织工程在普外科的不同领域有着广泛的应用前景，其中包括皮肤修复、心脏修复、血管、肾脏、胃肠道和上呼吸道的生物工程等。该领域的医学应用始于2006年，当时Atala及其同事将自体细胞(尿路上皮细胞和肌肉细胞)体外工程膀胱植入到胶原-聚乙醇酸支架上，作为人工支撑生物材料[5]，用于需要膀胱成形术的患者。另一个里程碑是用人体器官制造气管。马基亚里尼及其同事利用患者自身的干细胞，将第一个组织工程气管移植到一位患有终末期支气管软化症的30岁妇女身上，移植后呼吸功能测试结果呈阳性。将气管剥去，再植入受体细胞，即外表面的造血干细胞/祖细胞分化的软骨细胞和内表面的右支气管上皮细胞。5年的随访报告了该手术的安全性和有效性，强调了组织工程气管的功能，更重要的是，患者的健康状况。

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引用次数: 4

Modified Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Therapy for Central Nervous System Disorders 改良骨髓基质细胞治疗中枢神经系统疾病

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2014-05-27 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000E111

Yu-bin Deng, Ruirui Yang, Cai Xia Xu, XiuQuan Zhang

This article concluded our serial studies on the therapeutic protective effects of modified bone marrow stromal cells on central nervous injury. Hope this will provide a prelusion of transition of central nervous disease treatment from experimental treatment to the idea of clinical application.

本文对修饰骨髓基质细胞对中枢神经损伤的治疗保护作用进行了系列研究。希望为中枢神经疾病治疗从实验治疗向临床应用思路的转变提供一个前奏。

引用次数: 3

Trichoderma Strains as Biocontrol Agents 木霉菌株作为生物防治剂

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2014-03-28 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000E110

Lurdes Jorge

In recent years there has been a growing interest in biological control of pests and diseases as a strategy for integrated pest management (IPM) of crop cultures. Species of the genus Trichoderma have been used as antagonists for the control of some of the most important phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), resembling T. harzianum, T. viride, T. virens and T. atroviride the best options for biological control of plant diseases.

近年来，人们越来越关注病虫害生物防治作为作物栽培病虫害综合治理的一种策略。木霉属的种类已被用作一些最重要的植物病原真菌(尖孢镰刀菌、番茄丝核菌、灰霉病菌、核菌核菌)的拮抗剂，类似于哈兹霉、绿霉、绿霉和atroviride，是植物病害生物防治的最佳选择。

引用次数: 4

Epidemiology in Genetic Studies from the Public Health Perspective 从公共卫生角度看遗传研究中的流行病学

Advancements in genetic engineering

Pub Date : 2014-02-12 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000e109

H. Gül

Epidemiology is the most important and frequently used scientific basic tool for public health researchers. There are different definitions given for epidemiology, but it can be briefly defined as the process of detection, investigation, and analysis of the causes of diseases in the human populations [1]. It is a methodology, which preventive medicine use to control and prevent the diseases also to improve the health status of the public in general. It is known that there is a heredity role in the majority of common human diseases because of that a multidisciplinary approach is required for a full understanding of the etiology of diseases [2]. Many non-infectious chronic diseases (cancer, allergy, asthma, diabetes mellitus, obesity, occupational diseases, neurological diseases, mental diseases, cardiovascular diseases etc.) which are estimated that associated with genetic structure of the human are still being investigated in the worldwide [3,4]. Genetic epidemiology is fairly a new discipline that has to research very large different fields. Genetic epidemiology is the methodology that is used to investigate the frequency, distribution, and cause of disease, and to examine to what extent factors that play a role in diseases are genetic or environmental, and to reveal the genetic structureenvironment interaction dimension. The research methods used in genetic epidemiologic studies can be similar with the designs that are used in general epidemiology (clinical trials, case controls, cohort studies etc.) [5]. Day by day, the attention on genetic epidemiology has increased as the mechanisms of genetic risk factors on health are diagnosed and understood. In particular, well-organized populationbased molecular epidemiology studies and prospective cohort studies have an important role in understanding the interaction between genetics and the environment in multi-factorial human diseases.

流行病学是公共卫生研究人员最重要、最常用的科学基础工具。流行病学有不同的定义，但可以简单地定义为在人群中发现、调查和分析疾病原因的过程。它是预防医学用来控制和预防疾病的一种方法，也可以改善公众的总体健康状况。众所周知，在大多数常见的人类疾病中都有遗传作用，因此需要多学科方法来充分了解疾病的病因。许多被认为与人类遗传结构有关的非传染性慢性病(癌症、过敏、哮喘、糖尿病、肥胖、职业病、神经系统疾病、精神疾病、心血管疾病等)在世界范围内仍在研究中[3,4]。遗传流行病学是一门相当新的学科，必须研究非常大的不同领域。遗传流行病学是一种用于调查疾病的频率、分布和原因的方法，用于检查在疾病中起作用的因素在多大程度上是遗传的或环境的，并揭示遗传结构与环境相互作用的维度。遗传流行病学研究中使用的研究方法可能与一般流行病学(临床试验、病例对照、队列研究等)中使用的设计相似。随着遗传风险因素对健康的影响机制得到诊断和了解，对遗传流行病学的关注日益增加。特别是，组织良好的基于人群的分子流行病学研究和前瞻性队列研究在了解多因素人类疾病中遗传和环境之间的相互作用方面具有重要作用。

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