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Comparing Neoliberalism and Neo-Marxism from an Economic Perspective 新自由主义与新马克思主义的经济学比较
Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p95
Yuying Guan
Marxism and neoliberalism are two distinct philosophical schools of thought with fundamental distinctions. Marxism takes a scientific view of the world, whereas neoliberalism is a theory of free market regulation in a new economic environment without government intervention. The conflict between neo-Marxism and neoliberalism revolves around the theory and practice of the socialist market economy. There is a contrast between socialism and capitalism because, as a specific economic operation mechanism, the market economy must be combined with a certain fundamental social economic system and subordinated to this system, serving to consolidate and develop this basic system. The socialist market economy is not a combination of the socialist system and the market economy but rather an organic whole that integrates the two; therefore, it cannot replicate the Western market economy system. The socialist market economy must combine planning and the market, maximizing the benefits of both without emphasizing one over the other. Neoliberalism and Marxism took distinct stances and provided different answers to the question of how to define freedom. Although there are many similar perspectives on some issues, there are substantial disparities in fundamental concepts. The key to a solid socialist political structure is an accurate comprehension of the underlying difference between these two schools of thought regarding freedom.
马克思主义和新自由主义是两个有着根本区别的哲学流派。马克思主义是科学的世界观,而新自由主义是在没有政府干预的新经济环境下自由市场调节的理论。新马克思主义与新自由主义的冲突是围绕着社会主义市场经济的理论与实践展开的。社会主义和资本主义是有区别的,因为市场经济作为一种特定的经济运行机制,必须与某种基本的社会经济制度相结合,服从于这种制度,为巩固和发展这种基本制度服务。社会主义市场经济不是社会主义制度和市场经济的结合体,而是两者有机统一的整体;因此,它不能复制西方市场经济体制。社会主义市场经济必须把计划和市场结合起来,最大限度地发挥计划和市场的效益,而不强调一个大于另一个。新自由主义和马克思主义在如何定义自由的问题上立场不同,提供了不同的答案。尽管在一些问题上有许多类似的观点,但在基本概念上存在很大差异。一个稳固的社会主义政治结构的关键是准确理解这两个学派关于自由的根本区别。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 19, No. 4 《亚洲社会科学》第19卷第4期
Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p106
Jenny Zhang
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 19, No. 4 2023.
《亚洲社会科学》,Vol. 19, No. 4 2023。
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引用次数: 0
The Reality of School Nutrition Programs as Perceived by Teachers: A Case Study of Primary Schools in Khotang, Nepal 教师感知的学校营养计划的现实——以尼泊尔Khotang小学为例
Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p55
Dinesh Prasad Joshi Ratala, Sharaddha Rai, Subodh Dahal, Baburam Niraula
Background: The school environment is crucial in the formulation of healthy eating habits, promoting healthy action and nutrition education. School Health and Nutrition (SHN) Programs conducted globally have resulted in improved nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior of students. Such programs aim to improve school attendance and nutrition outcomes mainly through food or cash transfer, depending on the situation. The Government of Nepal prioritizes SHNs for primary school students through the support of various national and international organizations. However, SHN Programs carried throughout the country are neither similar nor widespread. Nutrition education includes curriculum enhancement, parental involvement, hands-on activities, gardening and physical activities. In this regard, teachers may influence the feasibility of nutrition education and improve dietary behavior among students of poor households. Sustainable SHN Programs envision long term operation/functioning and local development by reducing external dependency with better program activities. The sustainability of such programs depends on parents’ participation, resource availability and the conduction of various activities. Sustainability of the SHN Program is crucial not only to improve student’s diet quality and academic performance, but also to enhance their physical and social functioning. Objective: Aim of this study is to assess teachers’ perception towards different nutrition modalities implemented at four different primary schools in Khotang district of Nepal. Methodology: The study was conducted at four schools in Eastern Nepal running different SHN Programs. Data was collected from extensive Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the school Principals, nutrition focal persons and other teachers at each school. A total of four FGDs were conducted in early months of 2022 with a total of 20 participants (teachers). The obtained data was analyzed qualitatively to gain an in-depth understanding of school nutrition modality in practice. Results: The surveyed schools followed their own nutrition modality based on their most suitability and effectiveness for implementation. Nutrition modalities, namely i) Home-based meal, ii) Direct parents’ participation, iii) Government program and iv.) Catered-based programs were implemented in four different schools. Home based nutrition with direct parents’ participation tends to reduce the need for extra financial resources. Cash and catering based modality require fund transfers for carrying out the programs effectively. This kind of modality also incur higher administrative costs. Modality with parents’ involvement is able to overcome resource challenges, improve nutritious diet and academic performance of students. Conclusion: Nutrition modality improves nutritional knowledge, develops healthy food perception and alters eating habits among children. School nutrition modality ranges with various activities depending on the avai
背景:学校环境对养成健康饮食习惯、促进健康行为和营养教育至关重要。在全球范围内开展的学校健康与营养项目改善了学生的营养知识、态度和行为。此类计划旨在根据具体情况,主要通过食品或现金转移来提高入学率和营养状况。尼泊尔政府通过各种国家和国际组织的支持,优先为小学生提供SHN。然而,在全国各地开展的SHN项目既不相似,也不广泛。营养教育包括强化课程、家长参与、动手活动、园艺和体育活动。在这方面,教师可能会影响营养教育的可行性,并改善贫困家庭学生的饮食行为。可持续SHN项目设想通过更好的项目活动减少外部依赖,实现长期运营/运作和当地发展。此类计划的可持续性取决于家长的参与、资源的可用性和各种活动的开展情况。SHN项目的可持续性不仅对提高学生的饮食质量和学习成绩至关重要,而且对增强他们的身体和社会功能也至关重要。目的:本研究旨在评估教师对尼泊尔Khotang区四所不同小学实施的不同营养模式的看法。方法:这项研究在尼泊尔东部四所开办不同SHN项目的学校进行。数据是从与每所学校的校长、营养协调人和其他教师进行的广泛的焦点小组讨论中收集的。2022年初,共进行了四次FGD,共有20名参与者(教师)。对获得的数据进行了定性分析,以深入了解实践中的学校营养模式。结果:受调查的学校根据其最适合和最有效的实施情况,遵循自己的营养模式。在四所不同的学校实施了营养模式,即i)家庭膳食,ii)家长直接参与,iii)政府计划和iv)分类计划。父母直接参与的家庭营养往往会减少对额外财政资源的需求。以现金和餐饮为基础的模式需要资金转移才能有效实施这些计划。这种模式也会产生更高的行政成本。家长参与的方式能够克服资源挑战,改善学生的营养饮食和学习成绩。结论:营养模式提高了儿童的营养知识,培养了健康的食物感知能力,改变了儿童的饮食习惯。学校的营养模式包括各种活动,这取决于资源的可用性和家长的参与程度。运营过程中对外部来源的依赖破坏了SHN项目的可持续性,而家长的参与对其成功实施至关重要。因此,SHN计划有必要超越传统的一次性喂养策略,转向持续和监控良好的饮食计划,以实现其可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Problems Facing External Auditors in Kuwait 科威特外聘审计员面临的问题
Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p45
Nabi Al-Duwaila, Abdullah N. Al-Mutairi
Audit quality maintains positive association with the level of confidence of different stakeholders who are concerned about the financial and operational performance of audited financial statements. Hence, the role of the external auditor is unavoidable to restore good corporate governance. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems, which face the external auditors in Kuwait. In order to achieve this objective, 120 questionnaires have been distributed to random external auditors in Kuwait. A total of 100 questionnaires were returned; resulting in 83% usable response rate. The study showed that the external auditors in Kuwait faced many problems regarding the laws and legislations. It also demonstrated that the absence of independent and specialized party for legislations of auditing, insufficient role of professional associations in educating auditors, the weak of internal control over audited companies and the low fees of auditing as the most important problems facing external auditors in Kuwait. The analysis revealed that the lack of confidence between the audit offices and firms, clients relax to some of the audit offices and firm slowdown in paying audit fees seem to be the least significant obstacles facing external auditors. The study concluded that applying appropriate criteria for calculating the audit fees and educating auditors on the importance of adhering to professional ethics are important variables to overcome the auditors’ problems.
审计质量与关注经审计财务报表财务和经营业绩的不同利益相关者的信心水平呈正相关。因此,外部审计师的作用对于恢复良好的公司治理是不可避免的。本研究的目的是查明科威特外聘审计员面临的问题。为了实现这一目标,向科威特的随机外部审计员分发了120份调查表。总共返回了100份问卷;导致83%的可用响应率。研究表明,科威特的外聘审计员在法律和立法方面面临许多问题。它还表明,审计立法缺乏独立和专门的一方,专业协会在教育审计师方面作用不足,对被审计公司的内部控制薄弱,审计费用低,是科威特外部审计师面临的最重要问题。分析显示,审计署和事务所之间缺乏信心、客户对一些审计署放松态度以及事务所在支付审计费方面放缓似乎是外部审计师面临的最不重要的障碍。研究得出结论,采用适当的标准计算审计费用,并教育审计师遵守职业道德的重要性,是克服审计师问题的重要变量。
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引用次数: 0
Child Star or Child Labor? A Study of Digital Labor of Kidfluencers on Short Video Platforms 童星还是童工?短视频平台儿童影响者数字劳动研究
Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p77
Mengfei Pan, Yuqing He
With the development of the new media economy, platform performances have gradually become one of the forms of paid labor. In this context, children, as short video actors, are increasingly appearing in the public, gathering fans, Amassing fame and becoming a money-making Internet celebrity, they are excluded from the ranks of workers because of their status as minors and indirect media use. Reflecting on this evolution, this article argues that children, who create economic value for families and business firms through media performances, have become the digital workers,and they should be valued and protected.
随着新媒体经济的发展,平台演出逐渐成为有偿劳动的一种形式。在此背景下,儿童作为短视频演员,越来越多地出现在公众面前,聚集粉丝,积累名气,成为赚钱的网红,他们因为未成年人的身份和间接的媒体使用而被排除在劳动者的行列之外。反思这一演变,本文认为,通过媒体表演为家庭和企业创造经济价值的儿童已经成为数字工人,他们应该受到重视和保护。
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引用次数: 0
The Relationship Between Interest and Liquidated Damages in Construction Contracts 建设合同中利息与违约金的关系
Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p70
Z. Shi
There are certain differences in practice regarding whether the contractor of a construction project construction contract can claim both the contractual or statutory interest and liquidated damages from the employer. From the origin and essence of interest, it can be known that it is a part of the "proceeds" obtained by the lender according to the contract. As long as the delayed payment behavior exists, interest becomes the property that the right holder will inevitably lose. The consequences of the aforementioned "loss" have a direct causal relationship with the debtor's breach of contract and there is no difference due to the construction project or contract. As far as liquidated damages are concerned, they are also a form of liability for breach of contract, with the main purpose of compensating for the losses of the observant party. It is not inappropriate to classify the interest lost by the right holder as a loss under the scope of liability for breach of contract. The basic legal relationship between the employer and the contractor arising from the construction of the project is a contract of contract, not a loan contract. As for the outstanding project funds of the employer, it undoubtedly belongs to the category of overdue payments that are payable but not paid.
建设工程施工合同的承包人是否可以向发包人主张合同利益、法定利益和违约赔偿金,在实践中存在一定差异。从利息的来源和本质可知,它是贷款人根据合同获得的“收益”的一部分。只要延期支付行为存在,利息就成为权利人必然会失去的财产。前述“损失”的后果与债务人违约有直接因果关系,不存在因建设工程或合同而产生的差异。就违约金而言,违约金也是违约责任的一种形式,主要目的是赔偿守约方的损失。将权利人损失的利息归为违约责任范围内的损失并无不妥。发包人与承包人之间因工程建设产生的基本法律关系是承包合同,而不是借款合同。至于发包人的工程款,无疑属于应付款而不付款的逾期付款范畴。
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引用次数: 0
Socioeconomic Development of the Local Community and Causes of Land Use Change in Belaga, Sarawak, Malaysia 马来西亚沙捞越比拉加当地社区的社会经济发展及土地利用变化的原因
Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p27
Modin A., Pakhriazad H. Z., Mohd Hasmadi I., Mohamad Maulana M., Diana E.
The state of Sarawak in Malaysia has witnessed a surge in demand for its valuable land resources, primarily driven by major commodity investors establishing plantations. These land concessions have further exacerbated land scarcity and the depletion of crucial forest areas, which are essential for the livelihoods of indigenous communities. The indigenous community in Sarawak, heavily dependent on forests, faces significant challenges due to land use changes. This study aims to identify the drivers of land use change and assess the socioeconomic impact on the local community in Murum, Belaga, Sarawak. The research was conducted in December 2020, utilizing a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and site observations were employed to collect data, involving 511 household heads and ten key informants. Statistical analysis using SPSS software was performed on the collected data. The findings highlight that the primary cause of land use change in the study area was the hydroelectric dam project, followed by the establishment of oil palm plantations, logging activities, forest plantation development, government policies, and agricultural activities. Regarding infrastructure satisfaction levels, respondents ranked sport/recreational facilities as the most important, followed by electricity supply, house/accommodation facilities, education facilities, clean water sources, communication accessibility, health facilities, and road accessibility. Overall, the data indicates an improvement in the economic and social conditions of families due to land use changes in the area. However, the study concludes that there is still a need for further improvements in essential services, including providing multiple clean water sources to each household, enhancing access to healthcare services, and improving road conditions. Improved road access will foster increased business and social activity, facilitating job opportunities and contributing to poverty alleviation within the local community.
马来西亚沙捞越州对其宝贵土地资源的需求激增,主要是由主要大宗商品投资者建立种植园推动的。这些土地特许权进一步加剧了对土著社区生计至关重要的土地短缺和关键森林地区的枯竭。沙捞越的土著社区严重依赖森林,由于土地利用的变化,面临着重大挑战。本研究旨在确定土地利用变化的驱动因素,并评估其对沙捞越穆拉姆、比拉加当地社区的社会经济影响。该研究于2020年12月进行,采用了定量和定性相结合的方法。采用问卷调查、深度访谈和现场观察等方法收集数据,涉及511名户主和10名关键举报人。采用SPSS软件对收集的数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明,研究区土地利用变化的主要原因是水电大坝工程,其次是油棕种植园的建立、伐木活动、人工林开发、政府政策和农业活动。在基础设施满意度方面,受访者将体育/娱乐设施列为最重要的,其次是电力供应、住房/住宿设施、教育设施、清洁水源、通信无障碍、卫生设施和道路无障碍。总的来说,数据表明,由于该地区土地利用的变化,家庭的经济和社会条件有所改善。然而,研究得出的结论是,仍需要进一步改善基本服务,包括向每个家庭提供多种清洁水源,增加获得保健服务的机会,以及改善道路条件。改善道路通道将促进商业和社会活动的增加,促进就业机会,并有助于减轻当地社区的贫穷。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid Creature—Dragon-tailed Lion Motif in Eurasian Textile Imagery 欧亚纺织意象中的混合生物-龙尾狮母题
Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p1
Kunhang Li, Yu Liu
The dragon-tailed lion motif is a hybrid creature motif usually composed of a lion’s body with a dragon’s head serving in place of the tail. As a decorative motif, the dragon-tailed lion mixes imagination and reality in Eurasian textile imagery, and is an excellent entry point for understanding medieval social culture. This article seeks to examine the symbolic meaning and development of this hybrid creature in different cultural contexts via Eurasian textile imagery and ancient documents. Broadly, the resulting shows that the combination, shape and symbolic meaning of the dragon-tailed lion are variable, whose symbolic functions are directly related to the cultural context of the lion and the dragon. The dragon-tailed lion motif as a long-standing imagery tradition and aesthetic, reflecting the common concept of creation and the extensive and diverse cultural connections in the Eurasian continent in the Middle Ages.
龙尾狮图案是一种混合生物图案,通常由狮子的身体和龙头代替尾巴组成。作为一种装饰主题,龙尾狮在欧亚纺织意象中融合了想象与现实,是理解中世纪社会文化的绝佳切入点。本文试图通过欧亚纺织图像和古代文献来考察这种杂交生物在不同文化背景下的象征意义和发展。从广义上看,龙尾狮的组合、形态和象征意义是可变的,其象征功能直接关系到狮子和龙的文化语境。龙尾狮作为一种长期存在的意象传统和美学,反映了中世纪欧亚大陆共同的创作理念和广泛多样的文化联系。
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引用次数: 0
Individuality in Commonality: A Comparative Study of Su Embroidery and Gu Embroidery Based on Online Retrieval of Museum Collections 共性中的个性:基于馆藏在线检索的苏绣与古绣比较研究
Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n4p12
Shuai Xu, Longdi Cheng, Y. Liu, Lan Ge
As traditional handicrafts in the south of the Yangtze River, Su embroidery and Gu embroidery are closely related to each other due to their geographical proximity, mutual exchange of embroidery techniques and similar cultural backgrounds. In recent years, there has been considerable research on the historical origins and relationship between the two, but no unified conclusion has been formed. Through the combination of quantitative statistics of online collections in domestic museums and qualitative analysis of literature records, following the idea of “deconstruction - research - recombination”, this paper studies the similarities, differences, and influencing factors of Su embroidery and Gu embroidery, and illustrates the relationship between them. Su embroidery and Gu embroidery are two independent embroidery categories, which showed the characteristics of “Individuality in Commonality” with the evolution of the historical process. Under the call to revitalize traditional handicrafts, it is beneficial for the protection and inheritance of Su and Gu embroidery to trace their historical origins, analyze their respective technical characteristics, and clarify their relationship.
苏绣和古绣作为江南地区的传统手工艺,由于地理位置接近,刺绣技术相互交流,文化背景相似,两者之间的联系非常密切。近年来,对二者的历史渊源和关系进行了大量的研究,但尚未形成统一的结论。本文通过对国内博物馆网上藏品的定量统计与文献记录的定性分析相结合,遵循“解构-研究-重组”的思路,对苏绣与古绣的异同及其影响因素进行了研究,并阐述了两者之间的关系。苏绣和古绣是两个独立的刺绣门类,随着历史进程的演变,呈现出“共性中有个性”的特点。在振兴传统手工艺的号召下,追溯苏、古刺绣的历史渊源,分析苏、古刺绣各自的技术特点,厘清苏、古刺绣之间的关系,有利于苏、古刺绣的保护与传承。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 19, No. 3 《亚洲社会科学》第19卷第3期
Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.5539/ass.v19n3p125
Jenny Zhang
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 19, No. 3 2023.
《亚洲社会科学》,Vol. 19, No. 3 2023。
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引用次数: 0
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Asian social science
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