Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00239
D. Oyebamiji
Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions with the greatest burden of Soil transmitted helminth.1,2 The associated diseases are more prevalent in tropical settings among the rural populations than in other populations in the same region.3 Available evidence indicates that almost all excreted pathogens can survive in soil for a sufficient length of time and thus pose potential risks to man and animals.4 Generally, STH infections are associated with poverty, lack of sanitation, illiteracy, poverty, poor environmental hygiene, impoverished health and overpopulation.5,6 These socio-economic factors abound in most developing countries, Nigeria not an exception.7 reported that in Nigeria, a considerable amount of human and animal wastes are discharged into the soil daily leading to the contamination of the soil with STH eggs and larvae.8 reported that 62% of the families of the cohort children disposed of child faeces in open spaces. Human soil contact thus poses a major predisposing factor in transmission of the STH.
{"title":"Intensity of soil transmitted helminths in relation to soil profile in selected public schools in ibadan metropolis","authors":"D. Oyebamiji","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00239","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions with the greatest burden of Soil transmitted helminth.1,2 The associated diseases are more prevalent in tropical settings among the rural populations than in other populations in the same region.3 Available evidence indicates that almost all excreted pathogens can survive in soil for a sufficient length of time and thus pose potential risks to man and animals.4 Generally, STH infections are associated with poverty, lack of sanitation, illiteracy, poverty, poor environmental hygiene, impoverished health and overpopulation.5,6 These socio-economic factors abound in most developing countries, Nigeria not an exception.7 reported that in Nigeria, a considerable amount of human and animal wastes are discharged into the soil daily leading to the contamination of the soil with STH eggs and larvae.8 reported that 62% of the families of the cohort children disposed of child faeces in open spaces. Human soil contact thus poses a major predisposing factor in transmission of the STH.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77600751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00238
UNJ Bandara
Most of the people think the meaning of suicide is some person choses to kill themselves, but the real explanation of suicide is some person acts of intentionally causing one’s death (Suicide terminology, Wikipedia). Other than that, they do not want to live furthermore in the world. Most of suicidal people have some types of mental conditions at that moment. Moreover, suicide is a sign of serious depression, and hence suicide and depression have strong interrelated connection.1–4 Approximately 800,000 people die due to suicide annually around the world, furthermore one person die due to suicide every 40 seconds in the world. Therefore, suicide is one of the most important global health problems in the world and it is a complex human behavior.5 Suicide occurs many countries, however suicide rate is relatively low in high income countries.6 Among total suicide around the world, 78% of suicides occur in low and middle-income countries. In Sri Lanka, more than 4000 people die due to suicide annually. According to the report conducted by the,7 Sri Lanka was ranked in the 3rd position among the 172 countries in terms of most suicide prone countries in the world. Since final few decades, Sri Lanka’s suicide rate was very high, in 1995/96, suicide rate in Sri Lanka was 47.0 per 100,000 populations, that was more than two times global suicide rate.8 In 2016 suicide rate of Sri Lanka was 28.8 per 100,000 populations, while the global rate was 16 per 100,000 population considered by WHO, that was approximately two times global suicide rate.9,10
{"title":"Socioeconomic factors affecting suicides in Sri Lanka","authors":"UNJ Bandara","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00238","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the people think the meaning of suicide is some person choses to kill themselves, but the real explanation of suicide is some person acts of intentionally causing one’s death (Suicide terminology, Wikipedia). Other than that, they do not want to live furthermore in the world. Most of suicidal people have some types of mental conditions at that moment. Moreover, suicide is a sign of serious depression, and hence suicide and depression have strong interrelated connection.1–4 Approximately 800,000 people die due to suicide annually around the world, furthermore one person die due to suicide every 40 seconds in the world. Therefore, suicide is one of the most important global health problems in the world and it is a complex human behavior.5 Suicide occurs many countries, however suicide rate is relatively low in high income countries.6 Among total suicide around the world, 78% of suicides occur in low and middle-income countries. In Sri Lanka, more than 4000 people die due to suicide annually. According to the report conducted by the,7 Sri Lanka was ranked in the 3rd position among the 172 countries in terms of most suicide prone countries in the world. Since final few decades, Sri Lanka’s suicide rate was very high, in 1995/96, suicide rate in Sri Lanka was 47.0 per 100,000 populations, that was more than two times global suicide rate.8 In 2016 suicide rate of Sri Lanka was 28.8 per 100,000 populations, while the global rate was 16 per 100,000 population considered by WHO, that was approximately two times global suicide rate.9,10","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85373112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00240
A. Arnáiz-García, J. L. Pérez-Canga, M. Arnáiz-García
The diagnosis of intermittent bacteremia is made when it occurs after the establishment of an appropriate antimicrobial treatment for which the isolated microorganism is sensitive, and the blood cultures are already negative. Inadequate concentration of the antimicrobial in blood, the presence of an endocarditis, an endovascular infection or hidden infectious focus have been suggested as its main causes. The presence of mycotic aneurysms in the context of an infectious endocarditis is infrequent, and its presence at the infrainguinal level is exceptional. Herein, we present a 82-year-old man with a previous history of hypertension. He was diagnosed of a mild aortic stenosis and permanent atrial fibrillation, and he was admitted to the Emergency Department due to fever and malaise of fifteen days of evolution. The physical examination did not show relevant findings, but the routine analysis showed severe leukocytosis, with elevated PCR and procalcitonin. With no apparent infectious focality, blood cultures were requested, and broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic therapy was initiated with Meropenem 1gr/8h+Linezolid 600mg/12h. The blood cultures were rapidly positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and the antibiotic treatment was de-escalated to Cloxacillin 2gr/4h iv. Given the previous history of valvular heart disease, a transesophageal echocardiogram was requested, ruling out an endocarditis. However, in spite of the specific antibiotic treatment, episodes of bacteremia persisted. The antibiotic treatment was extended to Daptomycin 750mg/24h+Ceftaroline 600 mg/12h and with the diagnosis of intermittent bacteremia, the transesophageal echocardiography was repeated twice more, resulting in a negative result. However, progressively, purpuric lesions appeared in the right lower extremity that evolved to ulcers. Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs was performed, compatible with a popliteal deep venous thrombosis. A Gallium-67 scan was requested, which detected multiple hypercaptator foci in the right gluteal and inguinal regions, compatible with septic emboli. The transesophageal echocardiography was repeated again, although it did not show aortic vegetations, it did detect the presence of severe aortic insufficiency not present in previous studies, which confirmed the infectious valvular dysfunction. Given the age and functional deterioration of the patient, conservative treatment was decided and he was discharged asymptomatically after 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment with Daptomycin and Ceftaroline. Two weeks later, the patient was admitted due to coldness and worsening of the right injuries. In the presence of signs of distal ischemia, an arteriography was requested showing two lobulated aneurysms at the level of the common femoral artery, as well as an aneurysm in the superficial femoral artery at the level of the thigh Figure 1, all of which were compatible with mycotic aneurysms. Quickly antibiotic treatment with Daptomycin 7
间歇性菌血症的诊断是在建立适当的抗菌素治疗后，所分离的微生物是敏感的，并且血液培养已经是阴性的。血液中抗菌素浓度不足、心内膜炎、血管内感染或隐藏的感染灶被认为是其主要原因。感染性心内膜炎并发真菌性动脉瘤并不常见，腹股沟下水平出现真菌性动脉瘤是例外。在此，我们提出一个82岁的男性既往高血压病史。他被诊断为轻度主动脉瓣狭窄和永久性心房颤动，并因发烧和不适15天的演变而被送入急诊科。体格检查未见相关发现，但常规分析显示严重的白细胞增多，PCR和降钙素原升高。未见明显感染灶，要求进行血培养，并给予广谱经验性抗生素治疗:美罗培南1gr/8h+利奈唑胺600mg/12h。血培养迅速呈甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌阳性，抗生素治疗逐渐减少至氯西林2gr/4h iv。鉴于既往有瓣膜病病史，要求行经食管超声心动图检查，排除心内膜炎的可能。然而，尽管进行了特殊的抗生素治疗，菌血症的发作仍持续存在。延长抗生素治疗至达托霉素750mg/24h+头孢他林600 mg/12h，诊断为间歇性菌血症，经食管超声心动图重复2次，结果为阴性。然而，逐渐地，紫色病变出现在右下肢，演变成溃疡。下肢多普勒超声检查，发现腘窝深静脉血栓形成。要求行镓-67扫描，在右臀和腹股沟区域发现多发充血灶，与脓毒性栓塞相符。再次进行经食管超声心动图检查，虽然未发现主动脉植被，但发现了以往研究中未发现的严重主动脉功能不全，证实了感染性瓣膜功能障碍。考虑到患者的年龄及功能恶化，决定保守治疗，经达托霉素、头孢他林等抗生素治疗6周后无症状出院。两周后，患者因寒冷和右侧损伤加重而入院。在存在远端缺血迹象的情况下，要求进行动脉造影，显示在股总动脉水平有两个分叶状动脉瘤，以及在股浅动脉水平有一个动脉瘤(图1)，所有这些都与真菌性动脉瘤相符。采用达托霉素750mg/24h iv +哌拉西林-他唑巴坦4gr-0.5gr/8h iv快速抗生素治疗。考虑到失去右肢的风险，我们决定采用髂股至股深交界处股骨重建和同种移植物股腘搭桥的手术治疗。经过两周的抗生素治疗，患者出院时无发热症状。菌血症被定义为血液中存在细菌。它与高发病率和死亡率有关，因此正确识别微生物及其重点将是实现最佳管理的关键。1-2术语“间歇性”菌血症适用于尽管对先前确定的微生物进行了特异性抗生素治疗，但菌血症仍然存在的情况，并且存在阴性血培养。抗菌药物浓度不正确、对抗菌药物的未知耐药性、宿主的免疫改变或存在隐藏的感染性病灶，如心内膜炎或未知的血管内病灶，通常是其主要原因，应成为怀疑的主要原因。1-2感染性心内膜炎并发真菌性动脉瘤非常罕见(1.1%)，3在腹股沟下水平异常。存在远端缺血性病变，存在菌血症或心内膜炎，应使我们怀疑其存在。其治疗包括切除或隔离动脉瘤，用自体或异体生物血管移植物(同种移植物)对患肢进行血运重建术，并伴有长期抗生素治疗以降低感染风险3 - 4
{"title":"Multiple mycotic femoral aneurysms in the background of a hidden endocarditis as cause of intermittent bacteremia","authors":"A. Arnáiz-García, J. L. Pérez-Canga, M. Arnáiz-García","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00240","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis of intermittent bacteremia is made when it occurs after the establishment of an appropriate antimicrobial treatment for which the isolated microorganism is sensitive, and the blood cultures are already negative. Inadequate concentration of the antimicrobial in blood, the presence of an endocarditis, an endovascular infection or hidden infectious focus have been suggested as its main causes. The presence of mycotic aneurysms in the context of an infectious endocarditis is infrequent, and its presence at the infrainguinal level is exceptional. Herein, we present a 82-year-old man with a previous history of hypertension. He was diagnosed of a mild aortic stenosis and permanent atrial fibrillation, and he was admitted to the Emergency Department due to fever and malaise of fifteen days of evolution. The physical examination did not show relevant findings, but the routine analysis showed severe leukocytosis, with elevated PCR and procalcitonin. With no apparent infectious focality, blood cultures were requested, and broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic therapy was initiated with Meropenem 1gr/8h+Linezolid 600mg/12h. The blood cultures were rapidly positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and the antibiotic treatment was de-escalated to Cloxacillin 2gr/4h iv. Given the previous history of valvular heart disease, a transesophageal echocardiogram was requested, ruling out an endocarditis. However, in spite of the specific antibiotic treatment, episodes of bacteremia persisted. The antibiotic treatment was extended to Daptomycin 750mg/24h+Ceftaroline 600 mg/12h and with the diagnosis of intermittent bacteremia, the transesophageal echocardiography was repeated twice more, resulting in a negative result. However, progressively, purpuric lesions appeared in the right lower extremity that evolved to ulcers. Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs was performed, compatible with a popliteal deep venous thrombosis. A Gallium-67 scan was requested, which detected multiple hypercaptator foci in the right gluteal and inguinal regions, compatible with septic emboli. The transesophageal echocardiography was repeated again, although it did not show aortic vegetations, it did detect the presence of severe aortic insufficiency not present in previous studies, which confirmed the infectious valvular dysfunction. Given the age and functional deterioration of the patient, conservative treatment was decided and he was discharged asymptomatically after 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment with Daptomycin and Ceftaroline. Two weeks later, the patient was admitted due to coldness and worsening of the right injuries. In the presence of signs of distal ischemia, an arteriography was requested showing two lobulated aneurysms at the level of the common femoral artery, as well as an aneurysm in the superficial femoral artery at the level of the thigh Figure 1, all of which were compatible with mycotic aneurysms. Quickly antibiotic treatment with Daptomycin 7","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75270026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-18DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00237
Mohammad M. Islam
{"title":"Bootstrap confidence intervals for dissolution similarity factor f2","authors":"Mohammad M. Islam","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00237","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84335358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-06DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00235
Shariful Islam, M. Khudri
In 2016, an epidemiology study3 was conducted on breast cancer among the female patients in Bangladesh. The study indicated that 90 % respondents practice breastfeeding their baby. Around 56 % respondents had the parenchymal pattern of the breast in mammography. The study also revealed that less than 50% respondents had the history of disease on breast cancer, 25 % had the history of benign breast cancer and 2 % had the experiences to use radiation. Another study4 showed that knowledge about breast cancer screening was seemingly high, but only a few respondents were conversant with the diagnosis methods of breast cancer. Only 5 respondents had the idea about the required age and frequency for performing mammography. The study also reported that the minority of respondents (about 38%) knew the crucial role of nutritious food in lowering the risk. A group of researchers performed a hospital based epidemiology study at National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH) in Dhaka and identified physical inactivity, being menopause, positive family history of breast cancer, and history of induced abortion as significant risk factors.5 The study recommended longer duration of breastfeeding and special attention for breast cancer prevention.
{"title":"Epidemiology based study on the risk factors of breast cancer research: the Bangladesh perspective","authors":"Shariful Islam, M. Khudri","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00235","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016, an epidemiology study3 was conducted on breast cancer among the female patients in Bangladesh. The study indicated that 90 % respondents practice breastfeeding their baby. Around 56 % respondents had the parenchymal pattern of the breast in mammography. The study also revealed that less than 50% respondents had the history of disease on breast cancer, 25 % had the history of benign breast cancer and 2 % had the experiences to use radiation. Another study4 showed that knowledge about breast cancer screening was seemingly high, but only a few respondents were conversant with the diagnosis methods of breast cancer. Only 5 respondents had the idea about the required age and frequency for performing mammography. The study also reported that the minority of respondents (about 38%) knew the crucial role of nutritious food in lowering the risk. A group of researchers performed a hospital based epidemiology study at National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH) in Dhaka and identified physical inactivity, being menopause, positive family history of breast cancer, and history of induced abortion as significant risk factors.5 The study recommended longer duration of breastfeeding and special attention for breast cancer prevention.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77640856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00233
Heon-Jae Jeong, S. Han
{"title":"Protecting good Samaritans from the law","authors":"Heon-Jae Jeong, S. Han","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00233","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86178808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-29DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00234
Daniel Welday, R. Shanker
In almost every fields of knowledge including engineering, biomedical science, social science, insurance, finance, etc, the statistical analysis and modeling of real life time data are crucial for researchers and policy makers. The classical one parameter life time distributions, namely exponential and Lindley, introduced by Lindley,1 are not always suitable due to theoretical or applied point of view for real lifetime data. To overcome the shortcomings of these classical one parameter distributions and have a better lifetime distribution, a number of one parameter lifetime distributions have been introduced in statistics literature and the statistics literature is flooded with a number of one parameter life time distributions. Shanker2 has introduced a one parameter lifetime distribution named Aradhana distribution having scale parameter θ and defined by its probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function (cdf)
{"title":"A generalized Aradhana distribution with properties and applications","authors":"Daniel Welday, R. Shanker","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00234","url":null,"abstract":"In almost every fields of knowledge including engineering, biomedical science, social science, insurance, finance, etc, the statistical analysis and modeling of real life time data are crucial for researchers and policy makers. The classical one parameter life time distributions, namely exponential and Lindley, introduced by Lindley,1 are not always suitable due to theoretical or applied point of view for real lifetime data. To overcome the shortcomings of these classical one parameter distributions and have a better lifetime distribution, a number of one parameter lifetime distributions have been introduced in statistics literature and the statistics literature is flooded with a number of one parameter life time distributions. Shanker2 has introduced a one parameter lifetime distribution named Aradhana distribution having scale parameter θ and defined by its probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function (cdf)","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87171347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-16DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00230
Reza E Rabbi Shant, Israt Rayhan
Under-graduation years are the important lifespan that makes an adolescent to adulthood. In this time a student falls in a new environment. In this student life one can enjoy various pleasant moments as well as can face some problems such as separation from family, an unknown environment, feeling loneliness, economic difficulties, adjusting to new residence. These types of changes in all sectors can affect one’s psychology. However depression is one of the most serious problems may easily affect the university students. Nowadays many countries are thinking about depression. Many surveys and projects are taking steps to know the level of depression, analyzing the consequences and how to cure depression. Sometimes a higher depression level is so crude that one can commit suicide. Inspiration from the thriving needs to focus on depression, this study wants to know the factors which are closely related on depression and how close the relation is!
{"title":"Depression level of undergrad students: BDI scale","authors":"Reza E Rabbi Shant, Israt Rayhan","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00230","url":null,"abstract":"Under-graduation years are the important lifespan that makes an adolescent to adulthood. In this time a student falls in a new environment. In this student life one can enjoy various pleasant moments as well as can face some problems such as separation from family, an unknown environment, feeling loneliness, economic difficulties, adjusting to new residence. These types of changes in all sectors can affect one’s psychology. However depression is one of the most serious problems may easily affect the university students. Nowadays many countries are thinking about depression. Many surveys and projects are taking steps to know the level of depression, analyzing the consequences and how to cure depression. Sometimes a higher depression level is so crude that one can commit suicide. Inspiration from the thriving needs to focus on depression, this study wants to know the factors which are closely related on depression and how close the relation is!","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85394597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-16DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00231
Muhammad Faisal Fahim
Anisometropia is the condition in which the two eyes have unequal refractive power, one eye may be markedly stronger than the other and it is significant cause of amblyopia. The anomaly is found in every possible variety; one eye may be emmetropic and its fellow eye of any other denomination, hypermetropic, myopic or astigmatic; or both eyes may be ametropic.1 A difference in power of two diopters or more is the accepted threshold to label the condition anisometropia. In certain types of anisometropia, the visual cortex of the brain will not use both eyes together (binocular vision), and will instead suppress the central vision of one of the eyes. If this occurs often enough during the first 10 years of life while the visual cortex is developing, it can result in lazy eye (amblyopia), a condition where even when correcting the refractive error properly, the person is still not correctable to 20/20.2 Children who have anisometropia, a difference in refractive error between their two eyes, are known to be at risk of amblyopia.3 Furthermore, most investigators have reported that the greater the magnitude of the anisometropia, the more severe the amblyopia tends to be.4 Because anisometropic amblyopia is treatable in childhood, with optical correction alone or accompanied by patching or penalization of the nonamblyopic eye, eye care professionals advocate methods for detection of anisometropia in young children.5 Amblyopia is unilateral or bilateral decrease in best corrected visual acuity by formed vision deprivation and abnormal binocular interaction for which there is no pathology of eye and visual pathway.6 Amblyopia is a developmental visual disorder characterized by abnormal form vision and binocular functions.7
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