Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00252
S. Mishra
Efficient management of “infectious diseases” (Ids: caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; and spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another) is an important aspects of achieving overall Millennium Development Goals (MDGs: eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people).1 Emerging infectious diseases are “those infectious diseases whose incidence of occurrence in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future”. Such diseases also include those infections that (a) “appear in new geographic areas”, and/or (b) “increase abruptly”. The new infectious diseases and those which are re-emerging after a period of quiescence are also grouped under emerging infectious diseases.
{"title":"Infectious diseases and millennium development goals (MDGs)","authors":"S. Mishra","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00252","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient management of “infectious diseases” (Ids: caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; and spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another) is an important aspects of achieving overall Millennium Development Goals (MDGs: eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people).1 Emerging infectious diseases are “those infectious diseases whose incidence of occurrence in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future”. Such diseases also include those infections that (a) “appear in new geographic areas”, and/or (b) “increase abruptly”. The new infectious diseases and those which are re-emerging after a period of quiescence are also grouped under emerging infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85485428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00251
J. Subramani
The foremost and an important work to be completed immediately after the bed coffee in the morning by many is to solve a simple puzzle called Sudoku appeared in the newspapers and/or magazines. In fact millions of people from different parts of the world including from Japan, Great Britain, India and elsewhere become addict to tackle the latest edition of the Sudoku Puzzle. The puzzle typically consists of a nine–by–nine grid. Some of the grids contain numbers; most of the grids are blank. The goal is to fill in the blanks with digits from 1 to 9 so that each row, each column, and each of the nine three–by– three squares within the outer squares making up the grid contains just one of each of the nine digits. Here, the rules are very simple but the puzzles can be very challenging and highly addictive. It’s basically a logic puzzle; there’s no math involved in solving it. The digits could just as easily be nine different letters, shapes, or colors. There is mathematics and computer science, however, in analyzing the puzzles and creating efficient computer programs for generating and solving the Sudoku puzzles. A Sudoku grid is a special case of a mathematical object called a Latin square. A Latin square consists of n sets of numbers from 1 to n arranged in a square pattern so that no row or column contains the same number twice or more. The additional constraint is that a standard nine–by–nine sudoku puzzle has three– by–three squares within the Latin square that also contain each of the nine digits once and only once.
{"title":"Construction and analysis of Sudoku square designs with rectangles","authors":"J. Subramani","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00251","url":null,"abstract":"The foremost and an important work to be completed immediately after the bed coffee in the morning by many is to solve a simple puzzle called Sudoku appeared in the newspapers and/or magazines. In fact millions of people from different parts of the world including from Japan, Great Britain, India and elsewhere become addict to tackle the latest edition of the Sudoku Puzzle. The puzzle typically consists of a nine–by–nine grid. Some of the grids contain numbers; most of the grids are blank. The goal is to fill in the blanks with digits from 1 to 9 so that each row, each column, and each of the nine three–by– three squares within the outer squares making up the grid contains just one of each of the nine digits. Here, the rules are very simple but the puzzles can be very challenging and highly addictive. It’s basically a logic puzzle; there’s no math involved in solving it. The digits could just as easily be nine different letters, shapes, or colors. There is mathematics and computer science, however, in analyzing the puzzles and creating efficient computer programs for generating and solving the Sudoku puzzles. A Sudoku grid is a special case of a mathematical object called a Latin square. A Latin square consists of n sets of numbers from 1 to n arranged in a square pattern so that no row or column contains the same number twice or more. The additional constraint is that a standard nine–by–nine sudoku puzzle has three– by–three squares within the Latin square that also contain each of the nine digits once and only once.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86528969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-22DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00250
L. Fenga
Among the many denoising methods and techniques successfully employed for univariate time series – e.g. based on regression,1 Kalman filter,2,3 decomposition,4 wavelet5,6 and non-linear method7– those based on algorithms of the type Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) exponential filters have been massively used, given their satisfactory performances (see, for example,8 and, more recently9). Such methods are useful for their ability to maximize the amount of relevant information that can be extracted from “real life” time series. In fact, regardless the scientific field time dependent data are collected for (e.g. engineering, economics, physics, environmental), they can never be error–free. In spite of all of the efforts and precautions one might take in order to provide clean data – e.g. robust data acquisition methods, reliable routine checks, sophisticated procedures for error correction, fail safe data storage and data communication lines – reality is way too complex for such procedures to be completely reliable.
{"title":"Smoothing parameter estimation for first order discrete time infinite impulse response filters","authors":"L. Fenga","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00250","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many denoising methods and techniques successfully employed for univariate time series – e.g. based on regression,1 Kalman filter,2,3 decomposition,4 wavelet5,6 and non-linear method7– those based on algorithms of the type Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) exponential filters have been massively used, given their satisfactory performances (see, for example,8 and, more recently9). Such methods are useful for their ability to maximize the amount of relevant information that can be extracted from “real life” time series. In fact, regardless the scientific field time dependent data are collected for (e.g. engineering, economics, physics, environmental), they can never be error–free. In spite of all of the efforts and precautions one might take in order to provide clean data – e.g. robust data acquisition methods, reliable routine checks, sophisticated procedures for error correction, fail safe data storage and data communication lines – reality is way too complex for such procedures to be completely reliable.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87075598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-17DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00249
I. Etikan, Kamila Bukirova, Meliz Yuvalı
Survival analysis is a very specific type of statistical analyses. Survival analysis is aimed to analyze not the event itself but the time lapsed to the event. This time of interest is also referred to as the failure time or survival time. The time used in survival analysis might be measured in different intervals: days, months, weeks, years, etc. The lengthy studies as a matter of course are preferred for being analyzed since they provide stronger evidence and more reliable results. However, it is practically unfeasible for some of the events to be observed over a long period of time. For example, in a study of the pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal and rapidly growing type of cancer; researchers might get a very low median for survival time, which may indicate that half of the participants died within just a three month period. The studies, perhaps, would not be stopped at the moment of reaching three or six month period and may continue up until five years, but just on the miniscule, if any, number, of participants. The events in the survival analysis are usually deleterious in nature. The death is the prototypical event for the analysis, termed usually as a failure. Other events, such as an occurrence of a disease, relapse, smoking and drinking resumption, complication of the disease, might be of the research interest as well. The survival analysis methods can be used in other than medicine fields as well: in economics, political science, sociology, engineering.
{"title":"Choosing statistical tests for survival analysis","authors":"I. Etikan, Kamila Bukirova, Meliz Yuvalı","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00249","url":null,"abstract":"Survival analysis is a very specific type of statistical analyses. Survival analysis is aimed to analyze not the event itself but the time lapsed to the event. This time of interest is also referred to as the failure time or survival time. The time used in survival analysis might be measured in different intervals: days, months, weeks, years, etc. The lengthy studies as a matter of course are preferred for being analyzed since they provide stronger evidence and more reliable results. However, it is practically unfeasible for some of the events to be observed over a long period of time. For example, in a study of the pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal and rapidly growing type of cancer; researchers might get a very low median for survival time, which may indicate that half of the participants died within just a three month period. The studies, perhaps, would not be stopped at the moment of reaching three or six month period and may continue up until five years, but just on the miniscule, if any, number, of participants. The events in the survival analysis are usually deleterious in nature. The death is the prototypical event for the analysis, termed usually as a failure. Other events, such as an occurrence of a disease, relapse, smoking and drinking resumption, complication of the disease, might be of the research interest as well. The survival analysis methods can be used in other than medicine fields as well: in economics, political science, sociology, engineering.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90040801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00248
S. Tzortzios
It is rather a very well known feeling in the teaching statistics rooms the common students’ anxiety for their inability to make clear the practical applications of the theoretical statistics on real biological research matters. Of course, it could be considered somehow reasonable some decades ago, as then there were not so many data available, neither computers in the lectures rooms and surely not any statistical software for the proper data organization, manipulation and analysis. Neither the students nor the researchers were of a diminished intelligence, but the lack of the proper tools available today was the reason of their inability to understand well the theory and make it applicable to practical matters. Frank Yates an enthusiastic user of computers writing used to say. to be a good theoretical statistician one must also compute, and must therefore have the best computing aids.
{"title":"Biometrical applications in biological sciences-A review on the agony for their practical efficiency-Problems and perspectives","authors":"S. Tzortzios","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00248","url":null,"abstract":"It is rather a very well known feeling in the teaching statistics rooms the common students’ anxiety for their inability to make clear the practical applications of the theoretical statistics on real biological research matters. Of course, it could be considered somehow reasonable some decades ago, as then there were not so many data available, neither computers in the lectures rooms and surely not any statistical software for the proper data organization, manipulation and analysis. Neither the students nor the researchers were of a diminished intelligence, but the lack of the proper tools available today was the reason of their inability to understand well the theory and make it applicable to practical matters. Frank Yates an enthusiastic user of computers writing used to say. to be a good theoretical statistician one must also compute, and must therefore have the best computing aids.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86777015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.15406/JEID.2017.1.00001
Q. Abdullah, Salwa H. Alkhyat, Anas A Almahbashi, Mofeed Al-Nowihi, Assem Al-Thobahni, Mohammed N Q Al-Bana, Saad Al-Arnoot
Brucellosis, commonly known as “undulant fever”, “Mediterranean fever” or “Malta fever” is a leading cause of zoonosis worldwide caused by the bacterial genus brucella.1 Brucella is an aerobic, gram-negative, non-fermenting, facultative intracellular, non-motile, non-spore-forming, cocci, cocobacilli or short rods based on DNA homology and represent a single species.2,3 It is transmitted to humans by direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their products.1–5 The entry of the organism is the conjunctiva, respiratory mucosa and damaged skin.6 Generally the transmission from person to person is uncommon, however the human sources of infection may occur in the following ways: vertical transmission with placental circulation, breast feeding, sexual contact, blood transfusion and bone marrow transplantation.7
{"title":"Seroprevalence of brucella infection among pregnant women in Sana’a city, Yemen","authors":"Q. Abdullah, Salwa H. Alkhyat, Anas A Almahbashi, Mofeed Al-Nowihi, Assem Al-Thobahni, Mohammed N Q Al-Bana, Saad Al-Arnoot","doi":"10.15406/JEID.2017.1.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JEID.2017.1.00001","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis, commonly known as “undulant fever”, “Mediterranean fever” or “Malta fever” is a leading cause of zoonosis worldwide caused by the bacterial genus brucella.1 Brucella is an aerobic, gram-negative, non-fermenting, facultative intracellular, non-motile, non-spore-forming, cocci, cocobacilli or short rods based on DNA homology and represent a single species.2,3 It is transmitted to humans by direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their products.1–5 The entry of the organism is the conjunctiva, respiratory mucosa and damaged skin.6 Generally the transmission from person to person is uncommon, however the human sources of infection may occur in the following ways: vertical transmission with placental circulation, breast feeding, sexual contact, blood transfusion and bone marrow transplantation.7","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91521075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00247
Gebawo Tibesso
Mycobaterium bovis is among a pathogenic species which belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), a group of genetically closely related mycobacteria.1 Mycobaterium bovis (M. bovis) is an intracellular, non-motile, facultative, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast bacillus.2 The MTBC sub-group also comprises M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. canettii, M. pinnipedii, M. microti and M. caprae that are generally regarded as host adapted but with the ability to spill over into other species. Mycobaterium bovis is the primary cause of bovine tuberculosis (BTB). M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. caprae and M. canettii are human pathogens. M. caprae which causes infection in goats has been initially classified as subspecies of M. bovis but was recently recognized as a species on its own. M. microti affects rodents and M. pinnipedii have been isolated from seals.2 Mycobaterium bovis has an exceptionally wide range of mammalian hosts and affects all age groups of susceptible hosts of domestic, wild animals and human.2 Cattle are the most common maintenance host for M. bovis infection from which transmission can occur to wildlife, or people animals.3
{"title":"Review on epidemiological features of Mycobaterium bovis at the human, cattle and wildlife interface in Ethiopia","authors":"Gebawo Tibesso","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00247","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobaterium bovis is among a pathogenic species which belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), a group of genetically closely related mycobacteria.1 Mycobaterium bovis (M. bovis) is an intracellular, non-motile, facultative, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast bacillus.2 The MTBC sub-group also comprises M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. canettii, M. pinnipedii, M. microti and M. caprae that are generally regarded as host adapted but with the ability to spill over into other species. Mycobaterium bovis is the primary cause of bovine tuberculosis (BTB). M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. caprae and M. canettii are human pathogens. M. caprae which causes infection in goats has been initially classified as subspecies of M. bovis but was recently recognized as a species on its own. M. microti affects rodents and M. pinnipedii have been isolated from seals.2 Mycobaterium bovis has an exceptionally wide range of mammalian hosts and affects all age groups of susceptible hosts of domestic, wild animals and human.2 Cattle are the most common maintenance host for M. bovis infection from which transmission can occur to wildlife, or people animals.3","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85080891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00246
Sirwan Sleman
Influenza or flu is a contagious respiratory disease of birds, human& many other mammals and it is caused by influenza viruses. The flu viruses are of three types A, B and C but only type A is mainly found to cause severe epidemics and pandemics among human population. This is because the influenza A virus is serologically having several different subtypes based on combination between their surface antigens known as Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA), which are 18 and 11 in number respectively [1,2]. This serological variation is thought to enable the virus to undergo a constant antigenic variation to evade host immune system by using different mechanisms and as a result new strains with partially or completely changed surface antigens will develop which cannot be recognized by the pre-existing immunity against the older strains, either leading to a seasonal epidemic or spread more extensively causing a rare pandemic [1]. Different kind of drugs and compounds with antiviral activities have been described at different stages and targets of viral life cycle, especially at the attachment and entry targets (e.g. HA, NA, and M2 inhibitors). This is; however, the emergence of drug resistance has been reported due to continuous antigenic variations at those targets. Therefore, other alternative targets of viral cycle are thought to be essential to control the viral replication and pandemic infections, and more recently nuclear export of NP is found to be an effective and alternative target for development of anti-influenza a compounds. Several compounds are described to be effective against this target and most common examples are leptomycin B, Verdinixor, RK424, DP2392-E10...etc.
{"title":"How influenza a causes ‘‘epidemics and pandemics’’ among the population: novel targets for anti-influenza molecules","authors":"Sirwan Sleman","doi":"10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/BBIJ.2018.07.00246","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza or flu is a contagious respiratory disease of birds, human& many other mammals and it is caused by influenza viruses. The flu viruses are of three types A, B and C but only type A is mainly found to cause severe epidemics and pandemics among human population. This is because the influenza A virus is serologically having several different subtypes based on combination between their surface antigens known as Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA), which are 18 and 11 in number respectively [1,2]. This serological variation is thought to enable the virus to undergo a constant antigenic variation to evade host immune system by using different mechanisms and as a result new strains with partially or completely changed surface antigens will develop which cannot be recognized by the pre-existing immunity against the older strains, either leading to a seasonal epidemic or spread more extensively causing a rare pandemic [1]. Different kind of drugs and compounds with antiviral activities have been described at different stages and targets of viral life cycle, especially at the attachment and entry targets (e.g. HA, NA, and M2 inhibitors). This is; however, the emergence of drug resistance has been reported due to continuous antigenic variations at those targets. Therefore, other alternative targets of viral cycle are thought to be essential to control the viral replication and pandemic infections, and more recently nuclear export of NP is found to be an effective and alternative target for development of anti-influenza a compounds. Several compounds are described to be effective against this target and most common examples are leptomycin B, Verdinixor, RK424, DP2392-E10...etc.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79256133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-27DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.Issue.00244
C. Ambrosi
Community-acquired (CA) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occurs among healthy people or individuals with no identifiable healthcare-related predisposing risk factors. Communities all over the world with social and material deprivation have been significantly affected by the emergence of the condition since the end of the 20th century [1-7]. While the first documented cases of CA-MRSA infections occurred among Australian and Canadian aborigines in the early 1990s, infections that sharing the same genetical features than these first cases spread throughout the world. Particularly, in Brazil, the first report of CA-MRSA was similar to the Oceanian clones: two young individuals (23-year-old male and 34-yearold female who presented respectively skinand soft tissueassociated infections, and a male, 56 years old, presenting with septic arthritis were first documented who came from a city in the south of the country Porto Alegre) [8]. Currently, CA-MRSA infections are increasing within outcare departments in large metropolitan cities [1,7,9-11].
{"title":"Predisposing risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection: a study in a teaching hospital","authors":"C. Ambrosi","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2018.Issue.00244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2018.Issue.00244","url":null,"abstract":"Community-acquired (CA) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occurs among healthy people or individuals with no identifiable healthcare-related predisposing risk factors. Communities all over the world with social and material deprivation have been significantly affected by the emergence of the condition since the end of the 20th century [1-7]. While the first documented cases of CA-MRSA infections occurred among Australian and Canadian aborigines in the early 1990s, infections that sharing the same genetical features than these first cases spread throughout the world. Particularly, in Brazil, the first report of CA-MRSA was similar to the Oceanian clones: two young individuals (23-year-old male and 34-yearold female who presented respectively skinand soft tissueassociated infections, and a male, 56 years old, presenting with septic arthritis were first documented who came from a city in the south of the country Porto Alegre) [8]. Currently, CA-MRSA infections are increasing within outcare departments in large metropolitan cities [1,7,9-11].","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83552849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00242
Lavanya Gudapuri
Commonly, antiseptic agents are used as preventive agents while antimicrobial agents are used for therapeutic purposes. Cross-resistance of antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents is not thoroughly studied. Theoretically, it is possible since antiseptic agents sometimes act at the same receptors or pathways as the antimicrobial agents to curtail the infections. Due to this, exposure to antiseptic agents can trigger mutations in the receptors or the pathways which can result in the development of antimicrobial resistance. The term “cross-resistance” in the field of antimicrobial resistance is poorly defined. Many authors use the term “crossresistance” to indicate the development of resistance to different classes of antimicrobials such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, polymyxins etc. [3-5]. It is often used in the same context as multidrug resistance. For this paper, cross-resistance specifically refers to the development of resistance to both antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents. Very few studies are available on the crossresistance between antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents. Wand et al found that invitro exposure of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures to chlorhexidine resulted in the development of colistin resistance [6]. They detected specific mutations in the PhoP/Q following the exposure to chlorhexidine that resulted in the development of resistance to both chlorhexidine and colistin.
{"title":"Cross– resistance between antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents","authors":"Lavanya Gudapuri","doi":"10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2018.07.00242","url":null,"abstract":"Commonly, antiseptic agents are used as preventive agents while antimicrobial agents are used for therapeutic purposes. Cross-resistance of antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents is not thoroughly studied. Theoretically, it is possible since antiseptic agents sometimes act at the same receptors or pathways as the antimicrobial agents to curtail the infections. Due to this, exposure to antiseptic agents can trigger mutations in the receptors or the pathways which can result in the development of antimicrobial resistance. The term “cross-resistance” in the field of antimicrobial resistance is poorly defined. Many authors use the term “crossresistance” to indicate the development of resistance to different classes of antimicrobials such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, polymyxins etc. [3-5]. It is often used in the same context as multidrug resistance. For this paper, cross-resistance specifically refers to the development of resistance to both antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents. Very few studies are available on the crossresistance between antiseptic agents and antimicrobial agents. Wand et al found that invitro exposure of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures to chlorhexidine resulted in the development of colistin resistance [6]. They detected specific mutations in the PhoP/Q following the exposure to chlorhexidine that resulted in the development of resistance to both chlorhexidine and colistin.","PeriodicalId":90455,"journal":{"name":"Biometrics & biostatistics international journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79112629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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