Pub Date : 2015-08-22DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000192
F. Omer, N. Hassan, H. Hussain, Sami Mana, O. Awad
Background: International travel can pose various risks to health, depending on the characteristics of both the traveller and the travel. Travellers may encounter sudden and significant changes in altitude, humidity, microbes, and temperature, which can result in ill health. In addition, serious health risks may arise in areas where accommodation is of poor quality, hygiene and sanitation are inadequate, medical services are not well developed and clean water is unavailable. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards travel health among Dubai’s travellers traveling abroad. Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in Jebel Ali Free zone‘s companies employees where on line self- administrated questionnaire has been distributed to the employees of randomly selected 20 companies. 162 responses were collected. Results: The study showed that only 22.8% of respondents had sought pre-travel health advice from travel clinic, 77.8% of respondents were less than 40 years old, and of (40.7%) of respondents planned their trips only one to 2 weeks before travel. The most frequently reported destinations were, Asia (30.2%), India (24.7%) followed by Africa which constitutes (16%). There was a good knowledge regarding importance of vaccination (96.2%), and malaria drug prophylaxis (83.4%), but there was a low attitude towards vaccinations (55.6%). Conclusions: The result of this short study period provided a valuable insight into the knowledge, attitude and practice of the respondents with significant low awareness of pre-travel health advice as reflected by the low uptake of specialist travel medicine advice with regard to travel vaccinations and malaria Prophylaxis which highlighted an important educational need for Dubai travellers.
{"title":"Gaps in Utilizing Traveller Health Services in Dubai, Policies, Practises and Protocols","authors":"F. Omer, N. Hassan, H. Hussain, Sami Mana, O. Awad","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"Background: International travel can pose various risks to health, depending on the characteristics of both the traveller and the travel. Travellers may encounter sudden and significant changes in altitude, humidity, microbes, and temperature, which can result in ill health. In addition, serious health risks may arise in areas where accommodation is of poor quality, hygiene and sanitation are inadequate, medical services are not well developed and clean water is unavailable. \u0000Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards travel health among Dubai’s travellers traveling abroad. \u0000Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in Jebel Ali Free zone‘s companies employees where on line self- administrated questionnaire has been distributed to the employees of randomly selected 20 companies. 162 responses were collected. \u0000Results: The study showed that only 22.8% of respondents had sought pre-travel health advice from travel clinic, 77.8% of respondents were less than 40 years old, and of (40.7%) of respondents planned their trips only one to 2 weeks before travel. The most frequently reported destinations were, Asia (30.2%), India (24.7%) followed by Africa which constitutes (16%). There was a good knowledge regarding importance of vaccination (96.2%), and malaria drug prophylaxis (83.4%), but there was a low attitude towards vaccinations (55.6%). \u0000Conclusions: The result of this short study period provided a valuable insight into the knowledge, attitude and practice of the respondents with significant low awareness of pre-travel health advice as reflected by the low uptake of specialist travel medicine advice with regard to travel vaccinations and malaria Prophylaxis which highlighted an important educational need for Dubai travellers.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-12DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000194
I. Chibuzo
Phase I delays have been documented to be common in developing countries, including Sub – Saharan Africa (SSA [1-3]. A phase I delay is that caused by the patient’s reluctance to seek medical attention [4]. Late presentation is the order of the day in Sub-Saharan Africa for a multitude of pathologies [5-7], with phase I delays being implicated in a substantial number of articles [8-11]. The outcome of many diseases is a function of the delay in presentation [5]. Phase I delays in general, worsen disease outcomes.
{"title":"Cancer Presentation in a Developing Nation: The 3:1 Ratio","authors":"I. Chibuzo","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"Phase I delays have been documented to be common in developing countries, including Sub – Saharan Africa (SSA [1-3]. A phase I delay is that caused by the patient’s reluctance to seek medical attention [4]. Late presentation is the order of the day in Sub-Saharan Africa for a multitude of pathologies [5-7], with phase I delays being implicated in a substantial number of articles [8-11]. The outcome of many diseases is a function of the delay in presentation [5]. Phase I delays in general, worsen disease outcomes.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-05DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000191
A. Uba, S. Usman, Musbahu M Sani, U. Abdullahi, M. Muhammad, U. Abdussalam
Gene mutation is a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA which results in an impaired or loss of functions of the associated gene. Mutation can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagenic agent. It is considered deleterious when it affects the phenotypic expression of the gene products. However, some mutations, such as CCR5 gene mutation turns out to be beneficial. HIV virus uses the gene product, CCR5, as a co-receptor along with CD4 receptor to enter the host’s cell. The product of CCR5 mutant gene does not interact with HIV surface antigen, hence blocks the primary entry of the virus and thus provides immunity to AIDS for homozygous carriers and greatly slows the progress of the disease in heterozygous carriers. How about the critical role of the gene, being the gene encoding a member of the beta chemokine receptors, which in turn play an important role in the immune response? This is probably compensated by genomic redundancy of chemokine-receptor functions. Genetic redundancy refers to the situation where the loss of a gene can be completely or partially compensated by one or more other genes. Taken together, CCR5 Δ32 protein product is of clinical significance in conferring resistance to HIV infection and is thought to reduce the surface expression of wild type CCR5. In this review we highlight the origin of CCR5 Δ32 HIVResistance Allele and discuss chemokine receptors’ functional redundancy as the phenomenon compensating for the normal function the allele in individuals carrying the mutation.
{"title":"Genetic Redundancy and Chemokines: CCR5 ÃÂ32 HIV-Resistance Allele","authors":"A. Uba, S. Usman, Musbahu M Sani, U. Abdullahi, M. Muhammad, U. Abdussalam","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000191","url":null,"abstract":"Gene mutation is a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA which results in an impaired or loss of functions of the associated gene. Mutation can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagenic agent. It is considered deleterious when it affects the phenotypic expression of the gene products. However, some mutations, such as CCR5 gene mutation turns out to be beneficial. HIV virus uses the gene product, CCR5, as a co-receptor along with CD4 receptor to enter the host’s cell. The product of CCR5 mutant gene does not interact with HIV surface antigen, hence blocks the primary entry of the virus and thus provides immunity to AIDS for homozygous carriers and greatly slows the progress of the disease in heterozygous carriers. How about the critical role of the gene, being the gene encoding a member of the beta chemokine receptors, which in turn play an important role in the immune response? This is probably compensated by genomic redundancy of chemokine-receptor functions. Genetic redundancy refers to the situation where the loss of a gene can be completely or partially compensated by one or more other genes. Taken together, CCR5 Δ32 protein product is of clinical significance in conferring resistance to HIV infection and is thought to reduce the surface expression of wild type CCR5. In this review we highlight the origin of CCR5 Δ32 HIVResistance Allele and discuss chemokine receptors’ functional redundancy as the phenomenon compensating for the normal function the allele in individuals carrying the mutation.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-03DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000193
E. Puca, G. Stroni, E. Qyra, Zhenisa Hysenaj, Liridon Zguri, A. Pilaca
Leptospirosis is a disease with a large geographical spreading. The clinical picture varies from undiagnosed, flulike syndrome to multiorgan involvement forms. Involvement of pericardium during leptospirosis is a rare event but not unknown. Objective: Our aim is to describe a severe case of leptospirosis (Weil's diseases) with prominent liver involvement, complicated with exudative pericarditis. Materials and Methods: A male patient, working as a mechanic, presents with fever, conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, pronounced myalgia and anuria for more than two days. Based on the clinical evidence, laboratory results showing multiorgan involvement and the epidemiological data, the patient was suspected for leptospirosis. Results: Referring to the above mentioned data, the patient was serologically tested with ELISA for leptospirosis, which resulted positive for IgM and IgG in two blood samples. Conclusion: Severe clinical presentations of leptospirosis are not rare and cardiac involvements are not to, but remain underreported in most of the cases. Through this case report, we want to share our experience with our colleague and at the same time we want to bring into attention the rare complications of leptospirosis, such as pericarditis in our case.
{"title":"Pericarditis as a Rare Complication of Severe Leptospirosis","authors":"E. Puca, G. Stroni, E. Qyra, Zhenisa Hysenaj, Liridon Zguri, A. Pilaca","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"Leptospirosis is a disease with a large geographical spreading. The clinical picture varies from undiagnosed, flulike syndrome to multiorgan involvement forms. Involvement of pericardium during leptospirosis is a rare event but not unknown. \u0000Objective: Our aim is to describe a severe case of leptospirosis (Weil's diseases) with prominent liver involvement, complicated with exudative pericarditis. \u0000Materials and Methods: A male patient, working as a mechanic, presents with fever, conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, pronounced myalgia and anuria for more than two days. Based on the clinical evidence, laboratory results showing multiorgan involvement and the epidemiological data, the patient was suspected for leptospirosis. \u0000Results: Referring to the above mentioned data, the patient was serologically tested with ELISA for leptospirosis, which resulted positive for IgM and IgG in two blood samples. \u0000Conclusion: Severe clinical presentations of leptospirosis are not rare and cardiac involvements are not to, but remain underreported in most of the cases. Through this case report, we want to share our experience with our colleague and at the same time we want to bring into attention the rare complications of leptospirosis, such as pericarditis in our case.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-13DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000E127
M. Giangaspero
A new animal health strategy has been developed for the European Union in 2007. European Member States competent authorities implemented a 4 pillars action plan based on prioritization of intervention, legislative framework, prevention, surveillance and preparedness, and science, innovation and research. The initiative identified long term preventive approaches and recognized the strong relations among animal health and welfare and public health. A positive impact was demonstrated by reported epidemiological trends, showing decreases of certain infectious diseases incidences. However, despite steps toward the application of the new strategy, problems such as the full control of tuberculosis, object of prophylactic campaigns for more than 50 years, still remain to be solved. In addition, high attention is required to face emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. Exotic diseases such as blue tongue, African swine fever and lumpy skin disease recently challenged Europe showing their potential of transboundary diseases, and indicating that sustainable animal health prevention strategies should be based on interdisciplinary approaches, international cooperation and in line with the “One health” principle.
{"title":"European Animal Health Strategy and Transboundary Diseases","authors":"M. Giangaspero","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000E127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E127","url":null,"abstract":"A new animal health strategy has been developed for the European Union in 2007. European Member States competent authorities implemented a 4 pillars action plan based on prioritization of intervention, legislative framework, prevention, surveillance and preparedness, and science, innovation and research. The initiative identified long term preventive approaches and recognized the strong relations among animal health and welfare and public health. A positive impact was demonstrated by reported epidemiological trends, showing decreases of certain infectious diseases incidences. However, despite steps toward the application of the new strategy, problems such as the full control of tuberculosis, object of prophylactic campaigns for more than 50 years, still remain to be solved. In addition, high attention is required to face emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. Exotic diseases such as blue tongue, African swine fever and lumpy skin disease recently challenged Europe showing their potential of transboundary diseases, and indicating that sustainable animal health prevention strategies should be based on interdisciplinary approaches, international cooperation and in line with the “One health” principle.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70279080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-11DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000I102
D. Pal, Manoj Gupta, D. Lahre, M. Ghosh, S. Pal
Arsenic is a natural semi-metallic chemical that is found all over the world in groundwater. The WHO cut-off value for arsenic in drinking water is 0.01 mg/L [1]. Chronic arsenicosis is caused by long term exposure to arsenic compounds via ingestion or inhalation. Basal cell carcinoma is the commonest skin malignancy accounting for upto 80% of all cancers arising from epidermis [2]. Its main modality of treatment is surgery and is generally curative.
{"title":"Chronic Arsenicosis with Basal Cell Carcinoma of Scalp: A Rare Co-incidence","authors":"D. Pal, Manoj Gupta, D. Lahre, M. Ghosh, S. Pal","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000I102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000I102","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic is a natural semi-metallic chemical that is found all over the world in groundwater. The WHO cut-off value for arsenic in drinking water is 0.01 mg/L [1]. Chronic arsenicosis is caused by long term exposure to arsenic compounds via ingestion or inhalation. Basal cell carcinoma is the commonest skin malignancy accounting for upto 80% of all cancers arising from epidermis [2]. Its main modality of treatment is surgery and is generally curative.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000I102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70279349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000188
S. Asuke, J. Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Asuke Ua
BCG immunization at birth is an evidence-based intervention for the reduction of tuberculosis transmission. While performance of BCG immunization is commonly measured by coverage, ensuring that every child is immunized immediately after birth is an important public health goal. This study was aimed at assessing the coverage and factors influencing BCG immunization delays in Hayin Mallam, Zango Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 mothers of under-fives who were enrolled into the survey. A pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from these mothers. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. Majorities (76.7%) of the children were immunized with BCG, but only 44.7% of them received the vaccine in the first 7 days of life. Majority of the mothers (42.9%) had post-secondary education; this did not translate to being aware of the correct timing of BCG vaccination. The major determinants of delay in a child receiving BCG were mothers’ educational status, whether she attended ANC and whether she delivered in a health facility. Even though most of the under-fives were immunized with BCG, a significant number received it later than the recommended time. Efforts to improve female education must be intensified, and antenatal care attendance and hospital delivery improved so that these could serve as avenues for educating mothers on the usefulness of immunization, particularly if done according to schedule.
{"title":"Survey on Coverage and Factors Influencing Delays in BCG Immunization in Hayin Mallam Zango, Zaria, North Western Nigeria","authors":"S. Asuke, J. Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Asuke Ua","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"BCG immunization at birth is an evidence-based intervention for the reduction of tuberculosis transmission. While performance of BCG immunization is commonly measured by coverage, ensuring that every child is immunized immediately after birth is an important public health goal. This study was aimed at assessing the coverage and factors influencing BCG immunization delays in Hayin Mallam, Zango Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 mothers of under-fives who were enrolled into the survey. A pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from these mothers. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. Majorities (76.7%) of the children were immunized with BCG, but only 44.7% of them received the vaccine in the first 7 days of life. Majority of the mothers (42.9%) had post-secondary education; this did not translate to being aware of the correct timing of BCG vaccination. The major determinants of delay in a child receiving BCG were mothers’ educational status, whether she attended ANC and whether she delivered in a health facility. Even though most of the under-fives were immunized with BCG, a significant number received it later than the recommended time. Efforts to improve female education must be intensified, and antenatal care attendance and hospital delivery improved so that these could serve as avenues for educating mothers on the usefulness of immunization, particularly if done according to schedule.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000189
Edia-Asuke Ua, Z. Abubakar, S. Asuke
A survey was conducted amongst 100 randomly selected out-patients attending a Public tertiary Hospital in Kaduna State, Nigeria, in order to ascertain the prevalence of Hepatitis B infection and the general knowledge of people about this highly infectious disease. Sera collected were tested for the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Wondfo Diagnostic rapid test Kit (China). Questionnaires were also distributed to the subjects in order to ascertain their perception about the disease, and to obtain useful socio demographic information. Chi square test was used to ascertain statistical associations between important characteristics in the study population. A total of 12 out of hundred patients tested positive to HBsAg, giving a prevalence of 12%. There was significant association (p˂0.01) between seropositivity/blood donation, and also between seropositivity/hepatitis B immunization (p˂0.05). There was generally a poor knowledge about HBV infection in the study population.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Infection among out Patients Attending a Public Tertiary Hospital in Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"Edia-Asuke Ua, Z. Abubakar, S. Asuke","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was conducted amongst 100 randomly selected out-patients attending a Public tertiary Hospital in Kaduna State, Nigeria, in order to ascertain the prevalence of Hepatitis B infection and the general knowledge of people about this highly infectious disease. Sera collected were tested for the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Wondfo Diagnostic rapid test Kit (China). Questionnaires were also distributed to the subjects in order to ascertain their perception about the disease, and to obtain useful socio demographic information. Chi square test was used to ascertain statistical associations between important characteristics in the study population. A total of 12 out of hundred patients tested positive to HBsAg, giving a prevalence of 12%. There was significant association (p˂0.01) between seropositivity/blood donation, and also between seropositivity/hepatitis B immunization (p˂0.05). There was generally a poor knowledge about HBV infection in the study population.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-29DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000E126
A. Oryan, Soodeh Alidadi
Toxocariasis together with Chagas disease, neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis and trichmoniasis are considered as the five most important neglected parasitic diseases [1]. Toxocariasis is a helminthic zoonosis mostly caused by two species of the ascarid nematodes Toxocara canis and to a lesser extent T. cati [2-4]. However, Toxocaris leonina belonging to the family Ascarididae can produce mixed infections with both Tocoxara species in dogs and cats [4]. In addition, it is able to infect humans; therefore it has zoonotic and public health importance [4,5]. Toxocaris leonina has been regarded as a causative agent of visceral larval migrans in human beings [5]. Toxocara canis and T. cati are common roundworms of the small intestine of canids and felids, respectively [4,6]. Toxocariasis carries a major health risk particularly in developing countries [7]. Human toxocariasis tends to be more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries and rural populations than in temperate, urban and industrialized ones [4,7,8]. In tropical and subtropical regions, the humid climate provides surviving of parasite eggs in soil and this limits the control, preventive and eradicative programs [4]. Despite the poor hygiene and inappropriate anthelmintic treatments in dogs in rural settings, environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs is common in outdoor parks of urban and suburban settings [4,8,9]. Human beings as paratenic hosts become infected by ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil, from contaminated vegetables and fruits or consuming raw or undercooked meat and viscera of infected paratenic hosts including chicken, calves and lambs [7,10-12].
{"title":"Toxocariasis: A Neglected Parasitic Disease with Public Health Importance","authors":"A. Oryan, Soodeh Alidadi","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000E126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E126","url":null,"abstract":"Toxocariasis together with Chagas disease, neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis and trichmoniasis are considered as the five most important neglected parasitic diseases [1]. Toxocariasis is a helminthic zoonosis mostly caused by two species of the ascarid nematodes Toxocara canis and to a lesser extent T. cati [2-4]. However, Toxocaris leonina belonging to the family Ascarididae can produce mixed infections with both Tocoxara species in dogs and cats [4]. In addition, it is able to infect humans; therefore it has zoonotic and public health importance [4,5]. Toxocaris leonina has been regarded as a causative agent of visceral larval migrans in human beings [5]. Toxocara canis and T. cati are common roundworms of the small intestine of canids and felids, respectively [4,6]. Toxocariasis carries a major health risk particularly in developing countries [7]. Human toxocariasis tends to be more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries and rural populations than in temperate, urban and industrialized ones [4,7,8]. In tropical and subtropical regions, the humid climate provides surviving of parasite eggs in soil and this limits the control, preventive and eradicative programs [4]. Despite the poor hygiene and inappropriate anthelmintic treatments in dogs in rural settings, environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs is common in outdoor parks of urban and suburban settings [4,8,9]. Human beings as paratenic hosts become infected by ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil, from contaminated vegetables and fruits or consuming raw or undercooked meat and viscera of infected paratenic hosts including chicken, calves and lambs [7,10-12].","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"116 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70279068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-28DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000E125
M. Zaghloul
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), caused by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and type B enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus [1,2]. The disease (TSS) was initially described in 1978 and came to public attention in 1980 with the occurrence of a series of menstrual-associated cases and at least 50% of non-menstrual cases. TSST-1 is a pyrogenic toxin superantigen produced by Staphylococcus aureus [3,4]. TSST-1 super antigen activate avast number of T cells in a T cell receptor Β chain Vβ-selective manner in direct association with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigenpresenting cells especially Vβ2+ T cells [5-7].
{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome","authors":"M. Zaghloul","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000E125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E125","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), caused by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and type B enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus [1,2]. The disease (TSS) was initially described in 1978 and came to public attention in 1980 with the occurrence of a series of menstrual-associated cases and at least 50% of non-menstrual cases. TSST-1 is a pyrogenic toxin superantigen produced by Staphylococcus aureus [3,4]. TSST-1 super antigen activate avast number of T cells in a T cell receptor Β chain Vβ-selective manner in direct association with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigenpresenting cells especially Vβ2+ T cells [5-7].","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70279056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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