Effect of healthcare accessibility on cocoa farmers’ food security explored latest research from the economic, medical and food security literature concerning the eminence of care, physical accessibility, cost, availability of the right type of care for those in need, and its significances on food security, with a focus on healthcare personnel availability. A multistage (five-stage) sampling procedure was employed to select 200 farmers and data were collected using structured questionnaire. Accessibility Index (AI), Food Security Index (FSI) and Tobit regression model were used for the analysis. The accessibility index shows that Owo LGA has 5 patients per doctor, Idanre LGA has 9 patients per doctor and Ile Oluji LGA has 8 patients per doctor while Ondo West LGA has 7 patients per doctor. Consultation cost, service cost and diagnosis cost were found to have negative effect on farmers’ income while medicine and surgical cost were found significant to farmers’ income. Although 65.50% of the respondents were food secured, the number of patient per different health personnel and facility as well as family size (0.000) have a significant relationship with farmers' food security status. Thus, it is suggested that more deployment of health care officers and facilities are needed in the study areas. Key words: Food security, farmers, healthcare, accessibility, income, cocoa.
卫生保健可及性对可可农户粮食安全的影响从经济、医学和粮食安全文献中探讨了最新的研究成果，涉及卫生保健的重要性、物理可及性、成本、为有需要的人提供正确类型的卫生保健的可及性及其对粮食安全的意义，重点是卫生保健人员的可及性。采用多阶段(五阶段)抽样方法抽取200名农户，采用结构化问卷法收集数据。采用可达性指数(AI)、粮食安全指数(FSI)和Tobit回归模型进行分析。可达性指数显示，Owo LGA每名医生有5名病人，Idanre LGA每名医生有9名病人，Ile Oluji LGA每名医生有8名病人，而Ondo West LGA每名医生有7名病人。咨询费用、服务费用和诊疗费对农民收入有负向影响，而医药费和手术费对农民收入有显著影响。虽然65.50%的答复者有粮食保障，但每个不同卫生人员和设施的病人人数以及家庭规模(0.000人)与农民的粮食安全状况有显著关系。因此，建议在研究地区部署更多的保健人员和设施。关键词:粮食安全，农民，医疗保健，可及性，收入，可可。
{"title":"Effect of healthcare accessibility on cocoa farmers food security in Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Esther, O. Adeola","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2021.1288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2021.1288","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of healthcare accessibility on cocoa farmers’ food security explored latest research from the economic, medical and food security literature concerning the eminence of care, physical accessibility, cost, availability of the right type of care for those in need, and its significances on food security, with a focus on healthcare personnel availability. A multistage (five-stage) sampling procedure was employed to select 200 farmers and data were collected using structured questionnaire. Accessibility Index (AI), Food Security Index (FSI) and Tobit regression model were used for the analysis. The accessibility index shows that Owo LGA has 5 patients per doctor, Idanre LGA has 9 patients per doctor and Ile Oluji LGA has 8 patients per doctor while Ondo West LGA has 7 patients per doctor. Consultation cost, service cost and diagnosis cost were found to have negative effect on farmers’ income while medicine and surgical cost were found significant to farmers’ income. Although 65.50% of the respondents were food secured, the number of patient per different health personnel and facility as well as family size (0.000) have a significant relationship with farmers' food security status. Thus, it is suggested that more deployment of health care officers and facilities are needed in the study areas. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Food security, farmers, healthcare, accessibility, income, cocoa.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"248-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45233866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural trade is closely interconnected with a range of food security and development related issues in the case of developing countries. In this regard, diversification of both trade partners and products traded can play an important role in terms of strengthening food security concerning imports, but also as a means to create a more resilient basket of exports. This article analyses the diversification of global agricultural trade from 2000-2019, considering the main players and positions of countries within the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. We scrutinize the trade diversification of the imports and exports of individual countries and groups of countries in terms of both products and markets by assessing the degree of sectorial and geographical concentration of their trade flows in the period from 2000 to 2019. We initially analyze the relation between the exported and imported value of agribusiness, and hereafter estimate indexes of diversification of each country’s agricultural trade partners and concerning the specific products exported and imported. Our conclusions highlight how many developing countries are marked by a low degree of both sectorial and geographical diversification of their agricultural trade, making them vulnerable to fluctuations within global agricultural markets. Key words: Agricultural products, balance of trade, World Trade Organization (WTO), trade concentration. JEL: Q17, F10, C43.
{"title":"The diversification of global agribusiness trade from 2000-2019","authors":"C. C. D. Costa, Niels Søndergaard, M. Jank","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2021.1285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2021.1285","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural trade is closely interconnected with a range of food security and development related issues in the case of developing countries. In this regard, diversification of both trade partners and products traded can play an important role in terms of strengthening food security concerning imports, but also as a means to create a more resilient basket of exports. This article analyses the diversification of global agricultural trade from 2000-2019, considering the main players and positions of countries within the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. We scrutinize the trade diversification of the imports and exports of individual countries and groups of countries in terms of both products and markets by assessing the degree of sectorial and geographical concentration of their trade flows in the period from 2000 to 2019. We initially analyze the relation between the exported and imported value of agribusiness, and hereafter estimate indexes of diversification of each country’s agricultural trade partners and concerning the specific products exported and imported. Our conclusions highlight how many developing countries are marked by a low degree of both sectorial and geographical diversification of their agricultural trade, making them vulnerable to fluctuations within global agricultural markets. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Agricultural products, balance of trade, World Trade Organization (WTO), trade concentration. \u0000 \u0000 JEL: Q17, F10, C43.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"256-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49101648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ntakyo Renzaho Proscovia, J. Mugisha, Robert Bangizi, Diana Namwanje, R. Kalyebara
Financial literacy plays an important role in influencing financial behavior and knowledge of individuals. In this study, the impact of informal financial literacy training on rural smallholder farmers was assessed. Propensity score matching approach was used to assess training effects on distinct dimensions of financial knowledge. The study used a sample of farmers who are members of village savings and loans associations. Findings indicate higher scores (70.6% for training beneficiaries and 68.5% for the control group) in financial goals and the lowest scores (48.0% for training beneficiaries and 43.0% for control group) in planning and managing finances. Although the descriptive statistics show higher scores for the trained farmers, overall financial literacy scores in the different dimensions for trained farmers were not significantly different from those that were not trained. The result was attributed to spillover effects through networks given the period between training and evaluation. More financial education programs could be useful to empower communities with knowledge for informed financial decision making. Key words: Financial literacy, financial decisions, smallholder rural farmers, informal training
{"title":"Influence of informal financial literacy training on financial knowledge and behavior of rural farmers: Evidence from Uganda","authors":"Ntakyo Renzaho Proscovia, J. Mugisha, Robert Bangizi, Diana Namwanje, R. Kalyebara","doi":"10.5897/jdae2021.1290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jdae2021.1290","url":null,"abstract":"Financial literacy plays an important role in influencing financial behavior and knowledge of individuals. In this study, the impact of informal financial literacy training on rural smallholder farmers was assessed. Propensity score matching approach was used to assess training effects on distinct dimensions of financial knowledge. The study used a sample of farmers who are members of village savings and loans associations. Findings indicate higher scores (70.6% for training beneficiaries and 68.5% for the control group) in financial goals and the lowest scores (48.0% for training beneficiaries and 43.0% for control group) in planning and managing finances. Although the descriptive statistics show higher scores for the trained farmers, overall financial literacy scores in the different dimensions for trained farmers were not significantly different from those that were not trained. The result was attributed to spillover effects through networks given the period between training and evaluation. More financial education programs could be useful to empower communities with knowledge for informed financial decision making. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Financial literacy, financial decisions, smallholder rural farmers, informal training","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43657947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Sossou, Elysée M. Houedjofonon, V. Codjo, Daniel M. Noukpozounkou, N. A. Adjovi
The Beninese government has undertaken far-reaching reforms in the agricultural service supply in Benin since 2016. The objective of the article was to assess the level of satisfaction of the agricultural services supply and demand and to analyze the determinants of the level of satisfaction of agricultural services in Benin. The primary data used was provided from entire national territory by taking into account all agricultural areas from a representative sample of 4,880 farmers using the seven Territorial Agencies for Agricultural Development (ATDA). Descriptive statistics and the ordered logit predictive model were the methods of analysis. The results showed an overall satisfaction rate of 18.9%. These results reflect a low level of satisfaction of farmers in Benin. The main determinants of satisfaction with the agricultural services supply were gender, proportion of income from agriculture, contact with an agricultural advice agent, use of chemical fertilizer, use of motorized traction and access to improved seeds/planting materials/suckers. As a result, efforts remain to be made to meet the demand of farmers in providing agricultural service by a better coverage of agricultural services to improve farmers’ income and contribute to food and nutritional security and improved living conditions. Key words: Agriculture, satisfaction, agricultural service, food security, Benin Republic.
{"title":"Agricultural services on the demand and supply for improving agricultural productivity in Benin","authors":"C. Sossou, Elysée M. Houedjofonon, V. Codjo, Daniel M. Noukpozounkou, N. A. Adjovi","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2021.1266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2021.1266","url":null,"abstract":"The Beninese government has undertaken far-reaching reforms in the agricultural service supply in Benin since 2016. The objective of the article was to assess the level of satisfaction of the agricultural services supply and demand and to analyze the determinants of the level of satisfaction of agricultural services in Benin. The primary data used was provided from entire national territory by taking into account all agricultural areas from a representative sample of 4,880 farmers using the seven Territorial Agencies for Agricultural Development (ATDA). Descriptive statistics and the ordered logit predictive model were the methods of analysis. The results showed an overall satisfaction rate of 18.9%. These results reflect a low level of satisfaction of farmers in Benin. The main determinants of satisfaction with the agricultural services supply were gender, proportion of income from agriculture, contact with an agricultural advice agent, use of chemical fertilizer, use of motorized traction and access to improved seeds/planting materials/suckers. As a result, efforts remain to be made to meet the demand of farmers in providing agricultural service by a better coverage of agricultural services to improve farmers’ income and contribute to food and nutritional security and improved living conditions. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Agriculture, satisfaction, agricultural service, food security, Benin Republic.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"227-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45454273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. K. Willy, I. Macharia, George Marechera, Grace Muinga, S. Mugo, R. Rotich, R. Oniang'o, J. Karanja, C. Obunyali, S. Oikeh
This paper utilizes the Economic Surplus Model (ESM) to provide an ex-post evaluation of the economic impact of drought tolerant hybrid maize technology in Kenya. Results indicate that the adoption of DroughtTEGO® varieties will generate economic benefit to producers with a net present value of US$ 2.1 billion over a 20-year period. These benefits are sustainable when adoption levels remain above 32% and yield advantage at least 21% over the commercial hybrids. These results present a compelling reason for investing in development, deployment and upscaling of the technology to mitigate the effects of drought among maize producers in Africa. Key words: Adoption, climate-smart, DroughtTEGO®, drought mitigation, economic impact, economic-surplus model.
{"title":"Economic impact of DroughtTEGO hybrid maize in Kenya","authors":"D. K. Willy, I. Macharia, George Marechera, Grace Muinga, S. Mugo, R. Rotich, R. Oniang'o, J. Karanja, C. Obunyali, S. Oikeh","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2021.1274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2021.1274","url":null,"abstract":"This paper utilizes the Economic Surplus Model (ESM) to provide an ex-post evaluation of the economic impact of drought tolerant hybrid maize technology in Kenya. Results indicate that the adoption of DroughtTEGO® varieties will generate economic benefit to producers with a net present value of US$ 2.1 billion over a 20-year period. These benefits are sustainable when adoption levels remain above 32% and yield advantage at least 21% over the commercial hybrids. These results present a compelling reason for investing in development, deployment and upscaling of the technology to mitigate the effects of drought among maize producers in Africa. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Adoption, climate-smart, DroughtTEGO®, drought mitigation, economic impact, economic-surplus model.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"215-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46309302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Idah Mugambi, L. Karanja, I. Macharia, W. Kaguongo, G. Ngundo, R. Amata, F. Makale, Jane Wanjiku, D. Chacha, M. Nyongesa, J. Kimenju, W. Ochilo, J. Mulema
Potato pest and disease management has been dominated by chemical pesticides, despite their potential undesirable effects on the environment, food safety and human health. This study explores factors influencing intensity of uptake of alternative pest management practices among potato farmers in Kenya, through a survey of 1,002 farmers in six main potato growing counties in the country. A Poisson count model was used to determine the intensity of uptake of alternative pest management practices. On average, farmers employed five practices: weeding, fertilizer application, recommended spacing, scouting, and crop rotation. Age of respondent (older farmers) and utilization of face-to-face and participatory extension approaches were significantly and positively associated with intensity of uptake of alternative pest control practices. Passive sources of extension advice such as radio and television were inversely related to uptake intensity of alternative pest control practices. These findings underscore the efficacy of agricultural information sources that are practical in approach, as they have the greatest potential to influence farmers’ adoption decisions. Mass communication methods create awareness and provide information at low-cost, but are not sufficient in triggering behaviour change when used on their own. There is therefore need to integrate them with conventional extension approaches to achieve the duo benefit of scale and adoption. Keywords: Potato, Alternative pest management practices, Poisson count model, Kenya.
{"title":"What influences uptake of alternative pest management practices by potato farmers? Evidence from six counties in Kenya","authors":"Idah Mugambi, L. Karanja, I. Macharia, W. Kaguongo, G. Ngundo, R. Amata, F. Makale, Jane Wanjiku, D. Chacha, M. Nyongesa, J. Kimenju, W. Ochilo, J. Mulema","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2021.1278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2021.1278","url":null,"abstract":"Potato pest and disease management has been dominated by chemical pesticides, despite their potential undesirable effects on the environment, food safety and human health. This study explores factors influencing intensity of uptake of alternative pest management practices among potato farmers in Kenya, through a survey of 1,002 farmers in six main potato growing counties in the country. A Poisson count model was used to determine the intensity of uptake of alternative pest management practices. On average, farmers employed five practices: weeding, fertilizer application, recommended spacing, scouting, and crop rotation. Age of respondent (older farmers) and utilization of face-to-face and participatory extension approaches were significantly and positively associated with intensity of uptake of alternative pest control practices. Passive sources of extension advice such as radio and television were inversely related to uptake intensity of alternative pest control practices. These findings underscore the efficacy of agricultural information sources that are practical in approach, as they have the greatest potential to influence farmers’ adoption decisions. Mass communication methods create awareness and provide information at low-cost, but are not sufficient in triggering behaviour change when used on their own. There is therefore need to integrate them with conventional extension approaches to achieve the duo benefit of scale and adoption. \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: Potato, Alternative pest management practices, Poisson count model, Kenya.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"205-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46244066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural cooperatives are autonomous associations of individuals formed to augment production, marketing and financial needs of members. In Uganda, performance of cooperatives is largely constrained by weak organizational structures, market failures, and policy weaknesses. An integrated cooperative model (ICM) was introduced to improve performance of cooperatives but the effect of ICM on institutional performance has not been evaluated. This study examined the effect of cooperative integration on bulk production and credit provision to smallholder farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 40 cooperatives for the study. Primary qualitative and secondary quantitative data were collected from 16 focus group discussions and cooperatives’ performance reports respectively. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis, t-test and censored tobit regression model to assess performance of the studied cooperatives. The results showed that integrated cooperatives bulk larger proportions of produce and disburse bigger loan proportions than single cooperatives. Tobit model revealed that integration has a positive significant (p< 0.05) influence on cooperatives’ performance in bulk production and providing credit. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that adoption of ICM improves performance of cooperatives and benefits to small holder farmers. Keywords: Bulk production, credit provision, cooperatives, smallholder farmers
{"title":"Performance of integrated and single cooperatives in bulk production and credit provision to smallholder farmers in Uganda","authors":"M. Nimusiima, J. Mugisha, B. Obaa, R. Agaba","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2020.1245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2020.1245","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural cooperatives are autonomous associations of individuals formed to augment production, marketing and financial needs of members. In Uganda, performance of cooperatives is largely constrained by weak organizational structures, market failures, and policy weaknesses. An integrated cooperative model (ICM) was introduced to improve performance of cooperatives but the effect of ICM on institutional performance has not been evaluated. This study examined the effect of cooperative integration on bulk production and credit provision to smallholder farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 40 cooperatives for the study. Primary qualitative and secondary quantitative data were collected from 16 focus group discussions and cooperatives’ performance reports respectively. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis, t-test and censored tobit regression model to assess performance of the studied cooperatives. The results showed that integrated cooperatives bulk larger proportions of produce and disburse bigger loan proportions than single cooperatives. Tobit model revealed that integration has a positive significant (p< 0.05) influence on cooperatives’ performance in bulk production and providing credit. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that adoption of ICM improves performance of cooperatives and benefits to small holder farmers. \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: Bulk production, credit provision, cooperatives, smallholder farmers","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"238-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43384329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. P. Senyolo, T. Long, V. Blok, Onno S. W. F. Omta, G. Velde
Climate change represents a serious threat to African agriculture, consequently leading to water scarcity and climate variability. These challenges negatively impact agricultural production. Climate-smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies, such as drought-tolerant seed varieties (DTSVs), can provide a solution. However, effective adoption and use of these technologies within smallholder communities is not straight forward. This study investigated the factors determining adoption of CSA technologies by exploring the farmers’ characteristics, contextual factors, and considered additional factors extracted from farmers’ perceptions of CSA technology-specific attributes. The study was carried out in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Quantitative and qualitative data from farmers’ cross-sectional survey (n=196) and focused group discussions (n=5), was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Factor analysis reduced 19 identified CSA technologies specific attributes to 5 factors that were used in the multinomial logistic regression model. Results show a range of drivers and barriers influencing DTSVs adoption. The adoption of DTSVs by sampled smallholder farmers were influenced by training and demonstration; knowledge and benefits related to DTSVs; necessary requirements like receiving tractor services on time, knowledge on better dates of DTSVs and weather information; enabling factors like additional training on DTSVs and information including knowledge about other CSA technologies other than DTSVs, gender, marital status and credit access. These results have policy implications for various stakeholders which reinforce multi-actor approach to climate change adaptation and building of functional institutions, enhancing training of smallholder farmers, improving on access to sufficient demonstrations, climate change information and credit support amongst other support. Key words: Climate smart agriculture, smallholder farmers, drought-tolerant seeds technology adoption, multinomial logit regression.
{"title":"Smallholder adoption of technology: Evidence from the context of climate smart agriculture in South Africa","authors":"M. P. Senyolo, T. Long, V. Blok, Onno S. W. F. Omta, G. Velde","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2020.1191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2020.1191","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change represents a serious threat to African agriculture, consequently leading to water scarcity and climate variability. These challenges negatively impact agricultural production. Climate-smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies, such as drought-tolerant seed varieties (DTSVs), can provide a solution. However, effective adoption and use of these technologies within smallholder communities is not straight forward. This study investigated the factors determining adoption of CSA technologies by exploring the farmers’ characteristics, contextual factors, and considered additional factors extracted from farmers’ perceptions of CSA technology-specific attributes. The study was carried out in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Quantitative and qualitative data from farmers’ cross-sectional survey (n=196) and focused group discussions (n=5), was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Factor analysis reduced 19 identified CSA technologies specific attributes to 5 factors that were used in the multinomial logistic regression model. Results show a range of drivers and barriers influencing DTSVs adoption. The adoption of DTSVs by sampled smallholder farmers were influenced by training and demonstration; knowledge and benefits related to DTSVs; necessary requirements like receiving tractor services on time, knowledge on better dates of DTSVs and weather information; enabling factors like additional training on DTSVs and information including knowledge about other CSA technologies other than DTSVs, gender, marital status and credit access. These results have policy implications for various stakeholders which reinforce multi-actor approach to climate change adaptation and building of functional institutions, enhancing training of smallholder farmers, improving on access to sufficient demonstrations, climate change information and credit support amongst other support. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Climate smart agriculture, smallholder farmers, drought-tolerant seeds technology adoption, multinomial logit regression.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49108237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature-based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) can enhance livelihoods of smallholder farmers and biodiversity conservation in highly degrading ecosystems. These practices are promoted by various development and conservation partners worldwide to combat land degradation and biodiversity loss. However, their adoption remains low for reasons not well understood by their promoters. This can largely be attributed to the failure of the promoters to recognise and acknowledge the perceptions and priorities of target communities. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains to investigate the perceptions of farmers regarding the NIGAs that have potential to enhance both livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Specifically, we use the Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (W)/Kendall’s tau, the Spearman correlation/Spearman’s (rho), and the Likert scale methods to identify the highly ranked NIGAs and test the hypotheses that: (a) the smallholder farmers in the study area did not agree among themselves about the ranking of potential livelihood and biodiversity-enhancing NIGAs, (b) the promotion of agroforestry has reduced the communities’ reliance on firewood, building poles and wood from the Uluguru Forest Reserve (UFR). We used the latter as an indicator of improved biodiversity conservation. We found that agroforestry and beekeeping were the highly ranked NIGAs and the communities in the study area had moderately reduced their reliance on timber products from UFR. We conclude that NIGAs can significantly enhance livelihoods and conserve biodiversity in mountain areas. However, future efforts to promote them should be guided by a thorough understanding and recognition of the real needs and priorities of target beneficiaries. This is imperative for winning their support and for designing the right outreach package. Key words: Uluguru Mountains, Uluguru Forestry Reserve, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance, Likert scale analysis, nature-based income generating activities.
{"title":"Perceptions of smallholder farmers on nature-based income generating activities as potential livelihood and biodiversity conservation strategies in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania","authors":"Willickister R. Kadigi, Y. Ngaga, R. Kadigi","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2020.1248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2020.1248","url":null,"abstract":"Nature-based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) can enhance livelihoods of smallholder farmers and biodiversity conservation in highly degrading ecosystems. These practices are promoted by various development and conservation partners worldwide to combat land degradation and biodiversity loss. However, their adoption remains low for reasons not well understood by their promoters. This can largely be attributed to the failure of the promoters to recognise and acknowledge the perceptions and priorities of target communities. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains to investigate the perceptions of farmers regarding the NIGAs that have potential to enhance both livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Specifically, we use the Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (W)/Kendall’s tau, the Spearman correlation/Spearman’s (rho), and the Likert scale methods to identify the highly ranked NIGAs and test the hypotheses that: (a) the smallholder farmers in the study area did not agree among themselves about the ranking of potential livelihood and biodiversity-enhancing NIGAs, (b) the promotion of agroforestry has reduced the communities’ reliance on firewood, building poles and wood from the Uluguru Forest Reserve (UFR). We used the latter as an indicator of improved biodiversity conservation. We found that agroforestry and beekeeping were the highly ranked NIGAs and the communities in the study area had moderately reduced their reliance on timber products from UFR. We conclude that NIGAs can significantly enhance livelihoods and conserve biodiversity in mountain areas. However, future efforts to promote them should be guided by a thorough understanding and recognition of the real needs and priorities of target beneficiaries. This is imperative for winning their support and for designing the right outreach package. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Uluguru Mountains, Uluguru Forestry Reserve, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance, Likert scale analysis, nature-based income generating activities.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44366226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study estimated the changes in economics and farmer perceptions towards calf welfare as a result of implementing low-cost calf housing enhancements and changes in calf management on Kenyan smallholder dairy farms. The trial involved 187 heifer calves from 150 farms allocated to either an intervention or control group. The interventions were improvements on the floor and roof of the calf housing, and training for the farmers on calf care. Animal- and farm-level characteristics were collected every two months over a 16-month period. Data gathered from questionnaires on the first and sixth visits were used to determine changes in calf management and farmer perceptions on calf welfare pre- and post-intervention. Partial budgeting was used to assess the additional costs and benefits associated with the intervention for heifer calves from birth to 15 months old. The net financial return of undertaking the housing and management improvements was positive at Ksh 6,594 (USD 65.94) per heifer, based on having a larger heifer at 15 months, reduced bedding and medical care costs, and lower risk of death. It is thus concluded that calf housing improvements and on-farm training on calf care are cost-effective and improve management and calf welfare perceptions of farmers. Key words: Heifer, partial budget analysis, zero-grazing.
{"title":"Impact of calf housing improvement and farmer training on finances, management and animal welfare perceptions of Kenyan smallholder dairy farmers","authors":"Kimeli Peter, VanLeeuwen John, Gitau George, Heider Luke, McKenna Shawn, Greenwood Spencer","doi":"10.5897/JDAE2021.1259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2021.1259","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimated the changes in economics and farmer perceptions towards calf welfare as a result of implementing low-cost calf housing enhancements and changes in calf management on Kenyan smallholder dairy farms. The trial involved 187 heifer calves from 150 farms allocated to either an intervention or control group. The interventions were improvements on the floor and roof of the calf housing, and training for the farmers on calf care. Animal- and farm-level characteristics were collected every two months over a 16-month period. Data gathered from questionnaires on the first and sixth visits were used to determine changes in calf management and farmer perceptions on calf welfare pre- and post-intervention. Partial budgeting was used to assess the additional costs and benefits associated with the intervention for heifer calves from birth to 15 months old. The net financial return of undertaking the housing and management improvements was positive at Ksh 6,594 (USD 65.94) per heifer, based on having a larger heifer at 15 months, reduced bedding and medical care costs, and lower risk of death. It is thus concluded that calf housing improvements and on-farm training on calf care are cost-effective and improve management and calf welfare perceptions of farmers. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Heifer, partial budget analysis, zero-grazing.","PeriodicalId":90891,"journal":{"name":"Journal of development and agricultural economics","volume":"13 1","pages":"119-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71145648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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