Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/31275
George Adjei, C. K. Adokoh, J. K. Bentum, G. Hadzi, E. Ameho
Effluents from humans and industrial discharges into the environment pose a serious threat to human health and aquatic life. In view of this, levels of some heavy metals Zn, Pb, Cu, Ti, V and Mn were determined in sediment samples collected from one of the most polluted water bodies (Fosu Lagoon) in the central region of Ghana using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) - (Varian Short Research Article – AA240 FS). The average concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), Titanium (Ti) and Vanadium (V), from the various sites ranged from 138.75 mgkg -1 (Ti) to 4.90 mgkg -1 (Zn). Among the concentrations of heavy metals found in the sediment samples, Ti recorded the highest concentration of 4600 mgkg -1 followed by Mn (290.00 mgkg -1 ) and then Cu (235.93 mgkg -1 ). The sequence of distribution followed Ti>Mn ˃ V>Cu>Pb ˃ Zn. The mean concentration of Mn, Cu, Ti and V exceeded the USEPA and WHO standard guideline whiles Pb and Zn were below the standard regulation limits. The Pearson correlation analysis between the heavy metals at the various sampling points was generally weak, with both positive and inverse correlations demonstrating that heavy metals may be coming from different anthropogenic sources. Comparing results from this study with previous works in the same Lagoon showed increased anthropogenic activities around the lake which pose potential pollution threats to the lagoon especially, the heavy metal pollutants which may be toxic to humans and aquatic life.
{"title":"The Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on the Fosu Lagoon in the Central District of Cape Coast: Integrated Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination","authors":"George Adjei, C. K. Adokoh, J. K. Bentum, G. Hadzi, E. Ameho","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/31275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/31275","url":null,"abstract":"Effluents from humans and industrial discharges into the environment pose a serious threat to human health and aquatic life. In view of this, levels of some heavy metals Zn, Pb, Cu, Ti, V and Mn were determined in sediment samples collected from one of the most polluted water bodies (Fosu Lagoon) in the central region of Ghana using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) - (Varian Short Research Article – AA240 FS). The average concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), Titanium (Ti) and Vanadium (V), from the various sites ranged from 138.75 mgkg -1 (Ti) to 4.90 mgkg -1 (Zn). Among the concentrations of heavy metals found in the sediment samples, Ti recorded the highest concentration of 4600 mgkg -1 followed by Mn (290.00 mgkg -1 ) and then Cu (235.93 mgkg -1 ). The sequence of distribution followed Ti>Mn ˃ V>Cu>Pb ˃ Zn. The mean concentration of Mn, Cu, Ti and V exceeded the USEPA and WHO standard guideline whiles Pb and Zn were below the standard regulation limits. The Pearson correlation analysis between the heavy metals at the various sampling points was generally weak, with both positive and inverse correlations demonstrating that heavy metals may be coming from different anthropogenic sources. Comparing results from this study with previous works in the same Lagoon showed increased anthropogenic activities around the lake which pose potential pollution threats to the lagoon especially, the heavy metal pollutants which may be toxic to humans and aquatic life.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42944753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/32406
G. Manohar, M. Raju, D. Janardhan
work carried out in collaboration between authors GNM and MHR. Author GNM performed the field work and chemical analysis in the laboratory, wrote the protocol and the first draft of the manuscript. Authors GNM and MHR designed the study and author MHR supervised the chemical analysis in the laboratory. Author DJ helped in the statistical study. All the three authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT Aim: The Results: The detailed study of all the water quality variables is discussed in the paper. LSI calculation indicates that majorly 53% of the water samples are classified under the class ‘D’ [Slightly scale forming and corrosive] and 40% of the water samples fall under the group ‘E’ [Scale forming but non-corrosive]. Piper trilinear plot reveals that majorly Ca ++ and Mg ++ are the dominant cations and HCO 3- and Cl - are the dominant anions. Statistical measures such as Mean, SD, SE of sample means, coefficients of Skewness and Kurtosis have been computed using the statistical package to assess the characteristics of the selected water quality variables. Further, 95% confidence intervals have been obtained for the true means of these variables and water quality variables crossing the permissible limits of WHO [1993] have been identified using these confidence limits. Correlation study has been done to estimate the significance of the linear relationship between the pairs of variables at a given level of significance and thereby the set of water quality variables which are interlinked have been identified. Conclusion: The water quality variables which have/have the tendency to cross the permissible limits set by WHO [1993] have been identified using the confidence intervals. Through the Piper plot and LSI calculation, we can conclude that the groundwater samples are alkaline in nature and are not suitable for consumption.
{"title":"Geochemical Analysis of the Groundwater Quality along the Vrishabhavathi River Basin","authors":"G. Manohar, M. Raju, D. Janardhan","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/32406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/32406","url":null,"abstract":"work carried out in collaboration between authors GNM and MHR. Author GNM performed the field work and chemical analysis in the laboratory, wrote the protocol and the first draft of the manuscript. Authors GNM and MHR designed the study and author MHR supervised the chemical analysis in the laboratory. Author DJ helped in the statistical study. All the three authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT Aim: The Results: The detailed study of all the water quality variables is discussed in the paper. LSI calculation indicates that majorly 53% of the water samples are classified under the class ‘D’ [Slightly scale forming and corrosive] and 40% of the water samples fall under the group ‘E’ [Scale forming but non-corrosive]. Piper trilinear plot reveals that majorly Ca ++ and Mg ++ are the dominant cations and HCO 3- and Cl - are the dominant anions. Statistical measures such as Mean, SD, SE of sample means, coefficients of Skewness and Kurtosis have been computed using the statistical package to assess the characteristics of the selected water quality variables. Further, 95% confidence intervals have been obtained for the true means of these variables and water quality variables crossing the permissible limits of WHO [1993] have been identified using these confidence limits. Correlation study has been done to estimate the significance of the linear relationship between the pairs of variables at a given level of significance and thereby the set of water quality variables which are interlinked have been identified. Conclusion: The water quality variables which have/have the tendency to cross the permissible limits set by WHO [1993] have been identified using the confidence intervals. Through the Piper plot and LSI calculation, we can conclude that the groundwater samples are alkaline in nature and are not suitable for consumption.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48316462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/30779
C. Ekeocha, C. Ogukwe, Joy Nikoro
Heavy metal contamination has become a serious environmental problem due to their negative effects on humans, organisms, soil quality, underground water and ecosystem. This research was targeted at the use of multiple ecological risk indices approach in assessing the ecological risk associated with heavy metal contamination in soils in some mechanic villages in Abuja, central Nigeria. To achieve this set objective, four pollution indices models namely: contamination factor (C f ), ecological risk factor (E r ), degree of contamination (C D ) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were explored. Fifteen soil samples were randomly collected with a hand dug auger to a depth range of 0-15 cm with five sample points from each of the three investigated mechanic villages. A control sample was also collected from a distance of 100 km where neither commercial nor industrial activities take place. The sampled soils were further subjected to standard chemical analysis. The automated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for this purpose. The results of the chemical analysis revealed that concentrations of heavy metals in Apo, Kugbo and Zuba mechanic villages followed a trend of Cu > Zn > Cr > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd; Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Fe > Pb > Cd and Zn > Cr > Cu > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd respectively. The multiple ecological risk indices models explored in the study showed various ecological risk level associated with heavy metal contamination of soils from the investigated sites with classes ranging from low to very high ecological risks. This could be traceable to anthropogenic activities like indiscriminate discharge of heavy metal containing waste in soil and poor waste management practice in the mechanic villages. This calls for urgent measure in curtailing indiscriminate waste discharge and the introduction of environmental friendly waste management in the mechanic villages so as to avert epidemics and environmental degradation due to heavy metal pollution.
重金属污染对人类、生物、土壤质量、地下水和生态系统的负面影响已成为一个严重的环境问题。本研究旨在利用多重生态风险指数方法评估尼日利亚中部阿布贾一些机械村土壤重金属污染的生态风险。为了实现这一既定目标，研究了四种污染指数模型，即污染因子(C f)、生态风险因子(E r)、污染程度(C D)和潜在生态风险指数(PERI)。用手挖螺旋钻随机采集15个土壤样本，深度0 ~ 15 cm，在调查的3个机械村各取5个采样点。对照样本也从100公里以外既没有商业活动也没有工业活动的地方收集。采样土壤进一步进行标准化学分析。采用自动原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定。化学分析结果表明，Apo、Kugbo和Zuba机械村重金属浓度呈现Cu b> Zn b> Cr b> Fe b> Pb > Ni > Cd的趋势;Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Fe > Pb > Cd和Zn > Cr > Cu > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd。研究建立的多重生态风险指数模型显示了调查点土壤重金属污染的不同生态风险等级，生态风险等级从低到极高。这可以追溯到人为活动，如在土壤中随意排放含有重金属的废物，以及机械村的废物管理不善。这就要求采取紧急措施，减少随意排放废物，并在技工村实行环境友好型废物管理，以避免因重金属污染造成的流行病和环境退化。
{"title":"Application of Multiple Ecological Risk Indices for the Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils in Major Mechanic Villages in Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"C. Ekeocha, C. Ogukwe, Joy Nikoro","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/30779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/30779","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal contamination has become a serious environmental problem due to their negative effects on humans, organisms, soil quality, underground water and ecosystem. This research was targeted at the use of multiple ecological risk indices approach in assessing the ecological risk associated with heavy metal contamination in soils in some mechanic villages in Abuja, central Nigeria. To achieve this set objective, four pollution indices models namely: contamination factor (C f ), ecological risk factor (E r ), degree of contamination (C D ) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were explored. Fifteen soil samples were randomly collected with a hand dug auger to a depth range of 0-15 cm with five sample points from each of the three investigated mechanic villages. A control sample was also collected from a distance of 100 km where neither commercial nor industrial activities take place. The sampled soils were further subjected to standard chemical analysis. The automated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for this purpose. The results of the chemical analysis revealed that concentrations of heavy metals in Apo, Kugbo and Zuba mechanic villages followed a trend of Cu > Zn > Cr > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd; Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Fe > Pb > Cd and Zn > Cr > Cu > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd respectively. The multiple ecological risk indices models explored in the study showed various ecological risk level associated with heavy metal contamination of soils from the investigated sites with classes ranging from low to very high ecological risks. This could be traceable to anthropogenic activities like indiscriminate discharge of heavy metal containing waste in soil and poor waste management practice in the mechanic villages. This calls for urgent measure in curtailing indiscriminate waste discharge and the introduction of environmental friendly waste management in the mechanic villages so as to avert epidemics and environmental degradation due to heavy metal pollution.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48486618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/bjast/2017/30802
S. Memon, Naeem Ahmed Laghari
{"title":"Time Period in Which Radiation Workers Completed the 20 mSv Annual Limit","authors":"S. Memon, Naeem Ahmed Laghari","doi":"10.9734/bjast/2017/30802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2017/30802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47582025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/31690
S. Bjelić, Bojan L. Jovanović, Z. Bogićević, N. Marković, Igor S. Bjelić
{"title":"Theoretical Model of the Electric Field of Stray Currents in Underground Installations in Urban Environments","authors":"S. Bjelić, Bojan L. Jovanović, Z. Bogićević, N. Marković, Igor S. Bjelić","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/31690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/31690","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49560741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/bjast/2017/32437
M. Grace, O. Owuor, O. David
collaboration between authors. Author MG designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, managed the literature searches and wrote the first of the manuscript. Authors OO and OD managed the analyses of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT Proper nutrition contributes to declines in under-five mortality rates and improves the productivity of adults. Addressing nutritional problems requires adequate information on decreased from 6 to 10 WAE. The Fe levels increased from 4 to 6 WAE while the increase from 6 to 10 WAE was not significant. Magnesium levels significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased from 4 to 8 WAE then decreased, while Mn and Na levels did not vary with harvesting stage. Harvesting the ALVs from 4 to 6 WAE for the supply of P, K, Ca and Zn, 4 to 8 WAE for Mg and 4 to 10 WAE for the supply of Na and Mn is recommended.
{"title":"Minerals and Nutrient Variations as Influenced by Harvesting Stages in selected African Leafy Vegetables Grown in Busia, Kenya","authors":"M. Grace, O. Owuor, O. David","doi":"10.9734/bjast/2017/32437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2017/32437","url":null,"abstract":"collaboration between authors. Author MG designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, managed the literature searches and wrote the first of the manuscript. Authors OO and OD managed the analyses of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT Proper nutrition contributes to declines in under-five mortality rates and improves the productivity of adults. Addressing nutritional problems requires adequate information on decreased from 6 to 10 WAE. The Fe levels increased from 4 to 6 WAE while the increase from 6 to 10 WAE was not significant. Magnesium levels significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased from 4 to 8 WAE then decreased, while Mn and Na levels did not vary with harvesting stage. Harvesting the ALVs from 4 to 6 WAE for the supply of P, K, Ca and Zn, 4 to 8 WAE for Mg and 4 to 10 WAE for the supply of Na and Mn is recommended.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44205457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/30901
Lakmon Kodjovi, S. Kenny, Ayassou Emmanuel, Tchariè Kokou
In this paper we generalize the Riesz integral representation for continuous linear maps associated with additive set-valued maps with values in the set of all closed bounded convex non-empty subsets of any Banach space. We deduce the Riesz integral representation results for set-valued maps, for vector-valued maps of Diestel-Uhl and for scalar-valued maps of Dunford-Schwartz.
{"title":"On the Riesz Integral Representation of Additives Set-Valued Maps (I)","authors":"Lakmon Kodjovi, S. Kenny, Ayassou Emmanuel, Tchariè Kokou","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/30901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/30901","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we generalize the Riesz integral representation for continuous linear maps associated with additive set-valued maps with values in the set of all closed bounded convex non-empty subsets of any Banach space. We deduce the Riesz integral representation results for set-valued maps, for vector-valued maps of Diestel-Uhl and for scalar-valued maps of Dunford-Schwartz.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46786556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/30117
Idzi Alaku, O. Moshood, A. Agbor, A. Amos
Migmatite-gneisses, which include migmatite, granite gneiss, and augen gneiss, underlie more than 70% of Tandama area, in North-western Nigeria. They are associated with schists, and are intruded by granites and pegmatites. These rocks are thought to have undergone a reworking during the Pan-African Orogeny. The aim of this research is to present results of geochemical investigation of Migmatite-gneiss Complex in the study area with a view to determine their geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis. Whole rock geochemical analyses have been used to evaluate the characteristics, petrogenesis and mode of emplacement of the protoliths. Geochemically, these rocks show granitic affinities. They are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous I-type, with S-type characteristic, magnesian to ferroan and alkali calcic and calcic. The protoliths could have been derived from the partial melting of tonalitic to granodioritic crustal rocks at low pressure, thus, producing metaluminous to slightly peraluminous high-silica, ferroan, alkali-calcic to calc-alkali melts, which is why it has some S-type character. These varying features are an indication that the protoliths are derived from mainly crustal melt mingled with mantle-derived component. The varying REEs and trace elements pattern displayed by the rocks is typical signature of arc rocks or continental crustal materials: the LREEs and LILE enrichment along with Rb, K, Pb, and negative Nb, Ta, Ti are evident of this signature. The incompatible trace elements show similarity to those of continental crustal rocks as indicated by the ratios in Th/U (2.21 12.4), Th/Yb (2.60 – 90.95), Ta/Yb (0.03 - 1.43), Ce/Pb (mainly 0.30 – 29.23) and high Ba/Nb (8.56 – 2402), the values of Sr/Y are generally<100, which is an indication of subduction-related rocks,the trend in Sr/Y ratio relative to Y contents in the rocks reflects essentially two types of felsic protolith namely crustal melts and slab melts. Similarly, the magnesian characteristic indicates close affinity to relatively hydrous, oxidizing melts, which is broadly typical of settings related to subduction. The high-K nature is characteristics of crustal rocks derived from remelting and differentiation of arc-accretionary complex crust. The rare earth element (REE) distribution shows that the migmatite-gneisses are enriched in the lighter rare earth elements (LREE) Sm, Pr, Nd, La and Ce, in that order of increasing abundance, with average values of 4.81 ppm, 7.90 ppm, 27.50 ppm, 38.44 ppm, 68.22ppm, respectively; and relatively depleted in the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) Lu, Tm, Tb, Ho, Yb and Er, with average values ranging 0.28 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.58 ppm, 0.65ppm, 1.91 ppm and 1.88 ppm respectively, and they exhibit negative EU anomaly, indicating that the rocks are highly fractionated. REE-chondrite normalized spider plot and plots in the chemical discrimination diagrams including the Y versus Nb plot, show that the protoliths were derived from partial melting
{"title":"Geochemical Characterization and Protolith of the Migmatite-Gneisses of Tandama Area, Katsina State, NW Nigeria","authors":"Idzi Alaku, O. Moshood, A. Agbor, A. Amos","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/30117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/30117","url":null,"abstract":"Migmatite-gneisses, which include migmatite, granite gneiss, and augen gneiss, underlie more than 70% of Tandama area, in North-western Nigeria. They are associated with schists, and are intruded by granites and pegmatites. These rocks are thought to have undergone a reworking during the Pan-African Orogeny. The aim of this research is to present results of geochemical investigation of Migmatite-gneiss Complex in the study area with a view to determine their geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis. Whole rock geochemical analyses have been used to evaluate the characteristics, petrogenesis and mode of emplacement of the protoliths. Geochemically, these rocks show granitic affinities. They are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous I-type, with S-type characteristic, magnesian to ferroan and alkali calcic and calcic. The protoliths could have been derived from the partial melting of tonalitic to granodioritic crustal rocks at low pressure, thus, producing metaluminous to slightly peraluminous high-silica, ferroan, alkali-calcic to calc-alkali melts, which is why it has some S-type character. These varying features are an indication that the protoliths are derived from mainly crustal melt mingled with mantle-derived component. The varying REEs and trace elements pattern displayed by the rocks is typical signature of arc rocks or continental crustal materials: the LREEs and LILE enrichment along with Rb, K, Pb, and negative Nb, Ta, Ti are evident of this signature. The incompatible trace elements show similarity to those of continental crustal rocks as indicated by the ratios in Th/U (2.21 12.4), Th/Yb (2.60 – 90.95), Ta/Yb (0.03 - 1.43), Ce/Pb (mainly 0.30 – 29.23) and high Ba/Nb (8.56 – 2402), the values of Sr/Y are generally<100, which is an indication of subduction-related rocks,the trend in Sr/Y ratio relative to Y contents in the rocks reflects essentially two types of felsic protolith namely crustal melts and slab melts. Similarly, the magnesian characteristic indicates close affinity to relatively hydrous, oxidizing melts, which is broadly typical of settings related to subduction. The high-K nature is characteristics of crustal rocks derived from remelting and differentiation of arc-accretionary complex crust. The rare earth element (REE) distribution shows that the migmatite-gneisses are enriched in the lighter rare earth elements (LREE) Sm, Pr, Nd, La and Ce, in that order of increasing abundance, with average values of 4.81 ppm, 7.90 ppm, 27.50 ppm, 38.44 ppm, 68.22ppm, respectively; and relatively depleted in the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) Lu, Tm, Tb, Ho, Yb and Er, with average values ranging 0.28 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.58 ppm, 0.65ppm, 1.91 ppm and 1.88 ppm respectively, and they exhibit negative EU anomaly, indicating that the rocks are highly fractionated. REE-chondrite normalized spider plot and plots in the chemical discrimination diagrams including the Y versus Nb plot, show that the protoliths were derived from partial melting","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/bjast/2017/28393
Anthony Cemaluk C. Egbuonu, Wisdom O. Nneji, Chimnonye A. Ukasoanya
Musa paradisiaca (plantain) fruit peels and the plant leaves may have some nutrients and antifungal properties. Thus, millimeter, mm) against Candida albicans, however, the activity of the ethanol extract of the leaves (15.67±0.58) was higher (p<0.05) than that of the ethanol extract of the peels and the aqueous extract of the peels and leaves. The difference in activity against C. albicans between the samples extracts in terms of either the same or the different extracting solvent was significant (p<0.05) but the overall difference between the samples compared to the extracting solvents (±0.67) was the same hence non-significant (p>0.05). A similar trend was recorded for the activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the peels and leaves against P. notatum . Thus, the plantain peels and leaves could be alternative source for vitamin C. The extracts (aqueous and ethanol) had activity against C. albicans and P. notatum hence may be useful in managing such pathogen-induced ailments. Overall negligible difference in activity against either C. albicans or P. notatum in terms of samples and the extracting solvents was suggested and this may be an underlying useful trend for comparing the overall antimicrobial activity of different samples and solvents, hence warrants a follow up.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Some Nutrient Contents and Antifungal Properties of Ground Musa paradisiaca (Plantain) Peels and Leaves","authors":"Anthony Cemaluk C. Egbuonu, Wisdom O. Nneji, Chimnonye A. Ukasoanya","doi":"10.9734/bjast/2017/28393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2017/28393","url":null,"abstract":"Musa paradisiaca (plantain) fruit peels and the plant leaves may have some nutrients and antifungal properties. Thus, millimeter, mm) against Candida albicans, however, the activity of the ethanol extract of the leaves (15.67±0.58) was higher (p<0.05) than that of the ethanol extract of the peels and the aqueous extract of the peels and leaves. The difference in activity against C. albicans between the samples extracts in terms of either the same or the different extracting solvent was significant (p<0.05) but the overall difference between the samples compared to the extracting solvents (±0.67) was the same hence non-significant (p>0.05). A similar trend was recorded for the activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the peels and leaves against P. notatum . Thus, the plantain peels and leaves could be alternative source for vitamin C. The extracts (aqueous and ethanol) had activity against C. albicans and P. notatum hence may be useful in managing such pathogen-induced ailments. Overall negligible difference in activity against either C. albicans or P. notatum in terms of samples and the extracting solvents was suggested and this may be an underlying useful trend for comparing the overall antimicrobial activity of different samples and solvents, hence warrants a follow up.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46814396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2017/32785
Bamidele Onipede, S. Joseph, O. Odiba
Continued development of automatic change over switch is a necessary requirement for the principle of energy mix especially in developing countries characterised by insufficient mains power supply. In this paper, we report how we were able to intuitively use basic electronic components to implement an efficient automatic change over switch. In the event of a power failure from the mains supply, this automatic changeover is designed and constructed to switch on a standby generator and transfer the installation load to it (the generator) and vice versa when power is restored. The switching time was calculated and tested to be about 0.88 ms which is sufficient to prevent any noticeable disruption in the power supply to the installation load, whether home or industrial.
{"title":"Developing an Automatic Switch for Home or Industrial Power Supply Changeover","authors":"Bamidele Onipede, S. Joseph, O. Odiba","doi":"10.9734/BJAST/2017/32785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/32785","url":null,"abstract":"Continued development of automatic change over switch is a necessary requirement for the principle of energy mix especially in developing countries characterised by insufficient mains power supply. In this paper, we report how we were able to intuitively use basic electronic components to implement an efficient automatic change over switch. In the event of a power failure from the mains supply, this automatic changeover is designed and constructed to switch on a standby generator and transfer the installation load to it (the generator) and vice versa when power is restored. The switching time was calculated and tested to be about 0.88 ms which is sufficient to prevent any noticeable disruption in the power supply to the installation load, whether home or industrial.","PeriodicalId":91221,"journal":{"name":"British journal of applied science & technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49264824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：